Avrupa’da Aşırı Sağ Partiler ve Göçmenlere Yaklaşımları; Seçilmiş Örnekler

Öz

Immigration and the integration of migrants to the European society have always been a part of the European agenda. The topic had been politicized since the first guest worker agreements, yet it has never been this securitized as it has been in the XXI. century. Starting with the 2000s, the world is living through the sixth wave of global migration and this unprecedented human movement has its societal and political consequences. This study addresses the migration policies of selected European far right parties. The analysis will start with the features of far right and its ideologies. After a brief look at the public opinion toward migrants in selected states, the study will investigate migration policies and discourses of far-right parties in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Denmark.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Migration Policies
• Far right
• Populism
• Nationalism
• Xenophobia

Avrupa’da Aşırı Sağ Partiler ve Göçmenlere Yaklaşımları; Seçilmiş Örnekler

Öz

Göç ve göçmenlerin Avrupa toplumuna uyumu her zaman Avrupa gündeminin bir parçası olmuştur. Konu ilk konuk işçi anlaşmalarından bu yana oldukça siyasi bir hal almışsa da hiç XXI. yüzyılda olduğu kadar güvenlikleştirilmemiştir. 2000’li yıllarla beraber dünya altıncı küresel göç dalgasından geçmekte ve pek tabii bunun toplumsal ve siyasal sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Avrupa’daki seçilmiş aşırı sağ partilerin göçmen politikalarını ele almaktadır. Analiz aşırı sağın özellikleri ve ideolojileri ile başlayacaktır. Akabinde seçilmiş ülkelerde kamuoyunun göçmenlere ilişkin görüşlerine kısaca bakıldıktan sonra çalışma Almanya, Fransa, Hollanda ve Danimarka aşırı sağ partilerin göç politikalarını ve göçe ilişkin söylemlerini inceleyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göç Politikaları
• Aşırı Sağ
• Popülizm
• Milliyetçilik
• Yabancı Düşmanlığı

Kaynakça

1. Abadan- Unat, N. (2017). Bitmeyen göç- konuk işçilikten ulus- ötesi yurttaşlığa. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
2. Akça, İ.(2018). 1980 sonrası Türkiye’de hegemonya projeleri ve otoriterizmin değişen biçimleri. İ. Akça, A. Bekmen, ve B. A. Özden (Ed.). Yeni Türkiye" Ye Varan Yol: Neoliberal Hegemonyanın İnşası içinde (ss.27-68). İstanbul: İletişim.
3. Akgündüz, A. (2013). Guest worker migration in post-war Europe (1946- 1974): An Analytical Appraisal. In Rath, J. ve Martinello, M. (Eds.), An ıntroduction to ınternational migration studies- European perspectives (pp. 181-210). ), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
4. Andreassen, R. (2013). Denmark, migration 16th century to present, In Ness, I. ve Block, M. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of global human migration. Wiley: Blackwell Publishing.
5. Bächler, C. M. Ve Hopmann, D.N. (2017). Denmark: The rise of the Danish People’s Party. In Aalberg, C. De Vreese, J. Strömbäck, F. Esser, & C. Reinemann (Eds.). Populist political communication in Europe (pp. 39-51). London & New York: Routledge.
6. BBC (2020). Germany's AfD: How right-wing is nationalist Alternative for Germany? 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37274201 adresinden edinilmiştir.
7. Bendixen, C.M. (2021). Denmark: survey finds that majority overestimates integration problems 01. 09. 2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/news/denmark-survey-finds-majority-overestimates-integration-problems_en adresinden edinilmiştir.
8. Bennhold, K. (2019). German Elections reveal, and deepen, a New East-West divide. The New York Times. 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/31/world/europe/east-germany-afd-elections-saxony-brandenburg-merkel.html adresinden edinilmiştir.

9. Betz, H-G. (2002). Conditions favoring the success and failure of radical right-wing popülist parties. In contemporary democracies. In Y. Mény & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 197–213). Houndmills, U.K.: Palgrave.
10. Bleich, E. (2001). Race policy in France. Brookings. 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.brookings.edu/articles/race-policy-in-france/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
11. Bonjour, S., & Block, L. (2016). Ethnicizing citizenship, questioning membership. Explaining the decreasing family migration rights of citizens in Europe. Citizenship Studies, 20 (6-7), pp. 779-794.
12. Bora, T. ve Canefe, N. (2008). Türkiye’de popülist milliyetçilik. T. Bora, ve M. Gültekingil (Ed.). Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce: Milliyetçilik Cilt 4 içinde (ss. 635-662). İstanbul: İletişim.
13. Boubtane, E. (2022). France reckons with ımmigration amid reality of rising far right. Mıgration Policy Institute. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/france-immigration-rising-far-right adresinden edinilmiştir.
14. Brandt, M. (2022). AfD flies out of the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament. Statista. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://de.statista.com/infografik/5926/afd-in-den-landtagen/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
15. Bredgaard, T. Ve Lind Ravn, R. (2021). Denmark: from integration to repatriation.In Galgóczi, B. (Ed.), Betwixt and between: ıntegrating refugees into the Eu labour market (pp. .67-82). Brussels: ETUI.
16. Brygger, R., Nielsen Breidah, K. Ve Ghoul Andersen, J. (2021). Danskerne tror, integrationen går meget værre end i virkeligheden. 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://videnscenterforintegration.dk/index.php/2021/10/28/danskerne-tror-integrationen-gar-vaerre-end-i-virkeligheden/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
17. Caiani, M. & Weisskircher, M. (2022). Anti-nationalist Europeans and pro-European nativists on the streets: visions of Europe from the left to the far right, Social Movement Studies, 21 (1-2), pp. 216-233.
18. Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy, Political Studies, 47 (1), pp. 2–16.
19. Caramani, D. & Manucci, L. (2019). National past and populism: the re- elaboration of fascism and its impact on right-wing populism in Western Europe,.West European Politics, 42 (6), pp. 1159-1187.
20. Castles, S. (1986). The Guest Worker in Western Europe. The International Migration Review, Winter, no. 4 (20), Special Issue: Temporary Worker Programs: Mechanisms, Conditions, Consequences pp. 761-778.
21. Chu, L. Ve Sweeney, B. (2021). Denmark evicts ‘ghetto’ residents to ıntegrate them. will ıt help?. 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0602/Denmark-evicts-ghetto-residents-to-integrate-them.-Will-it-help adresinden edinilmiştir.
22. Cody, J. (2020). Poll: Vast majority of French against accepting more migrants, believe migrants make France less safe. Remix News. 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://rmx.news/article/poll-vast-majority-of-french-against-accepting-more-migrants-believe-migrants-make-france-less-safe/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
23. Cole, A. (2011). Comparative political parties: systems and organizations. In J. T. Ishiyama, & M. Breuning (Eds.). 21st century political science: A reference handbook (pp.150-158). London: Sage Publications.
24. Connolly, K. (2021). Germany election: far-right AfD loses status as main opposition. The Guardian. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/27/germany-election-far-right-afd-loses-status-at-main-opposition adresinden edinilmiştir.
25. Damhuis, K. (2019).The biggest problem in the Netherlands: Understanding Party for Freedom’s politization of Islam. Brookings. 19.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-biggest-problem-in-the-netherlands-understanding-the-party-for-freedoms-politicization-of-islam/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
26. Danış, D. (2021). Göç ve entegrasyon tartışmalarına Fransa’dan bakış: demograf Patrıck Simon’la söyleşi. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 43(1), ss.136-155.
27. Danimarka Haber Gazetesi (2006). Irkçı saldırılar artıyor. 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://haber.dk/pdf/sayilar/200608.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
28. Denmark.dk (2022). The history of Denmark. 15.08.2022 tarihinde https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history adresinden edinilmiştir.
29. Destatis (2022a). 19.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/_node.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
30. Destatis (2022b). 19.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/_node.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
31. DutchNews.nl (2012). Problems with Poles? Report them to us, says new PVV website. 10.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2012/02/problems_with_poles_report_the/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
32. Duverger, M. (1974). Siyasi partiler. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
33. DW (2022). Germans less skeptical of immigration. DW. 19.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.dw.com/en/germans-less-skeptical-of-immigration/a-60801783 adresinden edinilmiştir.
34. Eroukhmanhoff, C. (2017). Securitisation Theory. In S. McGlinchey, R. Walters & C. Scheinpflug (Eds.). International Relations Theory (pp. 104- 110). England: E-International Relations Publishing.
35. Eurostat (2016). Asylum decisions in the EU EU Member States granted protection to more than 330 000 asylum seekers in 2015 Half of the beneficiaries were Syrians. Eurostat Press Office. 22.10.2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7233417/3-20042016-AP-EN.pdf/34c4f5af-eb93-4ecd-984c-577a5271c8c5 adresinden edinilmiştir.
36. Filc, D. (2015). Latin American inclusive and European exclusionary populism: colonialism as an explanation, Journal of Political Ideologies, 20 (3), pp. 263-283.
37. France24 (2022). France 2022 - Presidential election - Second-round results. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.france24.com/en/france-2022-presidential-election-second-round-results adresinden edinilmiştir.
38. Franklin, P. (2022). New populist party storms into Danish politics. The Post. 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://unherd.com/thepost/new-populist-party-storms-into-danish-politics/ adresinden edinilmişir.
39. Freedomhouse (2021). Freedom in the World 2021 Denmark. 24.06.2022 tarihinde https://freedomhouse.org/country/denmark/freedom-world/2021 adresinden edinilmiştir.
40. Gedmin, J. (2019). Right-wing populism in Germany: Muslims and minorities after the 2015 refugee crisis. Brookings. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.brookings.edu/research/right-wing-populism-in-germany-muslims-and-minorities-after-the-2015-refugee-crisis/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
41. Gellner, Ernest (1964). Thought and Change, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
42. Goalwin, G. J. (2017). Understanding the exclusionary politics of early Turkish nationalism: an ethnic boundary-making approach. Nationalities Papers, 45 (6), pp. 1150-1166.
43. Golder, M. (2016). Far right parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 19, pp. 477- 497.
44. Goodwin, M. J. (2007), Grandpa's Fascism and the New Kids on the Block: Contemporary Approaches to the Dark Side of Europe. Ethnopolitics 6 (1), pp. 145-154.
45. Grabow, K. (2016). PEGIDA and the Alternative für Deutchland: Two Sides of the Same Coin. European View, 15, pp. 173- 181.
46. Gunther, R. ve Diamond, L. (2001). Types and functions of parties. In R. Gunther & Diamond, L. (Eds.) Political Parties And Democracy (pp.3-39). London, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
47. Hainsworth, P. (2008). The extreme right in Western Europe. New York: Routledge.
48. Halhallı, B. (2020). Avrupa’daki aşırı sağ partilerin ideolojik yapısı. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (20), ss.450-471.
49. Halikiopoulou, D. & Vlandas, T. (2019). What is new and what is nationalist about Europe’s new nationalism? Explaining the rise of teh far right in Europe. Nations and Nationalism, 25 (2), pp. 409- 434.
50. Hawkins, K. A. (2009). Is Chavez populist? Measuring populist discourse in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), pp.1040–1067.
51. Hekimoğlu (Örs), B. (2018). Faşizm: Modernitenin karanlık yüzü. B. Hekimoğlu (Örs) (Ed.). 19.yüzyıldan 20.yüzyıla Modern Siyasal İdeolojiler içinde (ss.477-514). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
52. IFOP (2018). Immıgratıon: the vıew of the French. 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.ifop.com/publication/le-regard-des-francais-sur-limmigration/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
53. Ignazi, P. (2006). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. New Yor: Oxford University Press.
54. INED (2020). How many immigrants are there in France? 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.ined.fr/en/everything_about_population/demographic-facts-sheets/faq/how-many-immigrants-france/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
55. IOM (2021). World Migration Report 2022. Switzerland: International Organization for Migration.
56. Iosifides, T. (2019). Nitel Göç Araştırmalarında Epistemolojik Meseleler: Özdüşünümsellik, Nesnellik ve Öznellik. E. Yalaz ve R. Zapata- Barrero (Eds.). Avrupa göç çalışmalarında nitel araştırmalar (ss.112-132). İstanbul: Göç Araştırmaları Derneği ve Henrich Böll Vakfı.
57. Jagers, J., & Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium. Journal of European Integration, 26(1), pp. 61-81.
58. Jupskås, A. R. (2015). Institutionalized right-wing populism in times of economic crisis: A comparative study of the Norwegian Progress Party and the Danish People’s Party. In H. Kriesi & T. Pappas (Eds.), European populism in the shadow of the GreatRecession. Colchester (pp. 23-40), England, UK: ECPR Press.
59. Kaçar-Aşcı, F. (2021). Migrants as floating signifiers in and through right-wing populist political style: the case of the AfD. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Topluluğu Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29 (2), ss. 209-228.
60. Kanellopoulos, K. et al. (2021). Transnational Solidarity, Migration, and the Refugee Crisis: (In)Formal Organising and Political Environments in Greece, Germany and Denmark, Sociological Research, 26 (3), pp. 717–738.
61. Kaya, A. (2016). İslam, göç ve entegrasyon Güvenlikleştirme çağı. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
62. Kedourie, Elie (I960). Nationalism, London: Hutchinson.
63. Kerestecioğlu, İ. (2018). Milliyetçilik: “Uyuyan Güzeli Uyandıran Prens”ten Framkeştayn’ın Canavarına. B. Hekimoğlu (Örs) (Ed.). 19.yüzyıldan 20.yüzyıla Modern Siyasal İdeolojiler içinde (ss.307-350). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
64. Kešić, J. & Duyvendak, J. W. (2019). The nation under threat: secularist, racial and populist nativism in the Netherlands. Patterns of Prejudice, 53 (5), pp. 441-463.
65. Koçak, O., ve Gündüz, D. (2016). Avrupa Birliği göç politikaları ve göçmenlerin sosyal olarak içerilmelerine etkisi. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (12), ss. 66-91.
66. Koçak, Z. (2022). Danimarka’nın yeni gettoları. Bağımsız Gazeteciler Platformu. 03.09.2022 tarihinde http://platform24.org/yazarlar/3217/danimarka-nin-yeni-gettolari adresinden edinilmiştir.
67. Kohn, H. (1955). Nationalism: Its meaning and history. Princeton: Van Nostrand.
68. Kohn, H. (1967). The Idea of Nationalism. New York: Macmillan.
69. Kosiara-Pedersen, K. (2019). Change and stability. How the party leaderships of the Danish Progress Party and Danish People’s Party are organized. Polish Political Science Review, 7 (1), ss. 61-79.
70. Küçük, B. (2021). Danimarka Başbakanı Frederiksen: Sosyal uyumumuz tehdit altında; hedefimiz 'sıfır sığınmacı', 24.06.2022 tarihinde https://tr.euronews.com/2021/01/23/danimarka-basbakan-frederiksen-sosyal-uyumumuz-tehdit-alt-nda-hedefimiz-s-f-r-s-g-nmac adresinden edinilmiştir.
71. Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Lonon and NewYork: Verso.
72. Laclau, E. (2012). Politics and ideology in Marxist theory capitalism – fascism – populism. London and New York: Verso.
73. Mair, Peter & Mudde, Cas (1998). The party family and its study. Annual Review of Political Science, 1, pp. 211- 229.
74. Mann, M. (2004). Fascists. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press.
75. Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style. Political Studies, 62(2), pp. 381–397.
76. Mudde, C. (1996). The war of words defining the extreme right party family. West European Politics, 19 (2), pp. 225-248.
77. Mudde, C. (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right, UK: Manchester University Press.Sakellariou.
78. Mudde, C. (2010) The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy. West European Politics, 33 (6), ss. 1167-1186. Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, no. 2 (48), pp. 147-174.
79. Newth, G. (2021). Rethinking ‘Nativism’: beyond the ideational approach. Identities, pp. 1- 20.
80. O’Sullivan, F. (2020). How Denmark's 'ghetto list' is ripping apart migrant communities. The Guardian 01.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/how-denmarks-ghetto-list-is-ripping-apart-migrant-communities adresinden edinilmiştir.
81. Osce Odihr Hate Crime Reporting (2020) 08.09.2022 tarihinde https://hatecrime.osce.org/denmark adresinden edinilmiştir.
82. Özdemir, E. ve Atılgan, G. (2014). Siyasal partiler. G. Atılgan ve E.A. Aytekin, (Ed.), Siyaset Bilimi Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler içinde (ss. 239-253). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
83. Özmen, N. (2017). Karikatür Krizi: Danimarka’da Homojen Kültür Söylemi ve İslamofobinin Tezahürü. Diyanet İlmi Dergi, 53 (2), ss.101-118.
84. Pascual, J. (2022). On immigration, a choice between continuing course with Macron or Le Pen's hard right turn. Le Monde. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2022/04/21/on-immigration-a-choice-between-continuing-course-with-macron-or-le-pen-s-hard-right-turn_5981152_5.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
85. Pérez, J.S. (2019). Yükselen milliyetçilik çağında Avrupa’da Türk ve diğer “göçmenlere” yönelik siyasi yaklaşımlar ve geleceğe dönük perspektifler – Danimarka. Politeknik, 23, s.3.
86. Plamentz, J. (1973). Two types of nationalism. E. Kamenka (Ed.). Nationalism: the natüre and evolution of idea (pp. 22-37). Australia: The Australian University.
87. Ray, M. (2022). Marine Le Pen French politician 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marine-Le-Pen adresinden edinilmiştir.
88. Reuters (2022). Factbox: Far-right Le Pen cloaks nationalist policies with social veneer. 16.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/far-right-le-pen-cloaks-nationalist-policies-with-social-veneer-2022-04-23/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
89. Sarıbay, A. Y. (1982). Siyasal parti sistemlerini tasnif önerilerine eleştirel bir yaklaşım. Bursa Üniversitesi İktisadi ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (1), ss.145-167.
90. Schiller, G. N. (2007). Beyond the nation state and its units of analysis: Towards a new research agenda for migration studies. Essentials of Migration Theory, Bielefeld: COMCAD.
91. Shulman, S. (2002). Challenging the Civic/ Ethnic and West/ East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 35 (5). June 2002, pp. 554- 585.
92. Smith, A.D. (1994). Milli Kimlik. İstanbul: İletişim.
93. Spruyt, B. ve Rooduijin, M. (2021). Ideologically consistent, but for whom? An empirical assessment of the populism- elitism- pluralism set of attitudes and the moderating role of political sophistication, Politics, pp. 1- 17.
94. Statista (2018). What do you think are the main issues regarding immigration in France today? 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.statista.com/statistics/960160/views-issues-regarding-immigration-france/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
95. Statista (2019). Share of votes in the Danish Parliament election on June 5, 2019, by party. 01.09.2022 tarihinde: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1013598/parliament-election-results-in-denmark/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
96. Statista (2021). Population of the Netherlands in 2021, by background. 13.06.2021 tarihinde https://www.statista.com/statistics/519912/population-of-the-netherlands-by-background/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
97. Statista (2022a). Number of immigrants living in Denmark in 2022, by country of origin 03.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.statista.com/statistics/571909/number-of-immigrants-in-denmark-by-country-of-origin/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
98. Statista (2022b). Number of asylum seekers in Denmark from 2011 to 2021. 24.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.statista.com/statistics/1171340/number-of-asylum-seekers-in-denmark/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
99. Statline (2022). Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table adresinden edinilmiştir.
100. Stritzel, Holger (2007). Towards a theory of securitization: Copenhagen and beyond. European Journal of International Relations, 13(3), pp. 357–383 .
101. Suvin, Adrko R., (2017). To explain fascism today, Critique, 45 (3), pp. 259-302.
102. Taggart, P. (2000). Populism, Buckingham: Open University Press.
103. Taureck, Rita (2006). Securitization theory and securitization studies. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9, pp. 53–61.
104. Trading Economics (2022). France - Foreign-born population. 03.09.2022 tarihinde https://tradingeconomics.com/france/foreign-born-population-eurostat-data.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
105. Traverso, E. (2019). The New Faces of Fascism- Populism and the Far- Right. Londra: Verso.
106. Triadafilopoulos, T. ve Schöwalder, K. (2006). How the Federal Republic became an immigration country- norms, politics and the failure of West Germany’s Guest Worker System. German Politics and Society, no 3, 80 (24), pp. 1- 19.
107. Usta, G. (2019). Danimarka’da her şey güzel olacak mı?. Birikim Dergisi. 01.,9.2022 tarihinde https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/9595/danimarkada-her-sey-guzel-olacak-mi adresinden edinilmiştir.
108. Ünal Eriş, Ö.ve Öner, S.(2021).Securitization of Migration and the Rising Influence of Populist Radical Right Parties in European Politics. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (20), pp. 161- 193.
109. Van der Valk, I. (2020). Discrimination and Anti- Discrimination of Muslims in the Netherlands: an Institutional Approach. In Saral, M. Ve Bahçecik, Ş. O. (Eds.), State, religion and Muslims: Between discrimination and protection at the legislative, executive and judicial levels (pp. 347- 395). The Netherlands: Brill.
110. Vaughan, K. R. (2021). Anti-Immigrant Sentiment and Opposition to Democracy in Europe, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 19 (4), pp. 540-556.
111. Vieten, U. M. & Poynting, S. (2016). Contemporary Far- Right Racist Populism in Europe. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 37 (6), pp.533-540.
112. Widfeldt, A. (2000). Scandinavia: Mixed success for the populist right. Parliamentary Affairs, 53(3), 486–500.
113. WPR (2022). France Population 2022 (Live) 13.06.2022 tarihinde https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/france-population adresinden edinilmiştir.
114. Yılmaz, F. (2015). From immigrant worker to Muslim immigrant: Challenges for feminism. European Journal of Women's Studies, 22 (1), ss. 37-52.
115. Zaslove. A. (2004). The Dark Side of European Politics: Unmasking the Radical Right. Journal of European Integration, 26 (1), pp. 61-81.