ORGAN TİCARETİNİN ETİK VE PRATİK SONUCU

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 34, 373 - 402, 31.12.2020

Seval Yaman Hasan Çağatay

Öz

Organ nakli ve dolayısıyla organ temini, insanlık için kelimenin asıl anlamıyla ölüm kalım meselesi ve insanlara sunulan yaşam kalitesinin çok önemli bir belirleyenidir. Organ bağışına alternatif olarak görülebilecek organ ticareti, dünyada sadece İran’da uygulanmakta olup, kalan tüm ülkeler tarafından yasaklanmıştır. Organ satışı ayrıca Dünya Sağlık Örgütü gibi konu ile ilgili kuruluşlar tarafından da etik açıdan uygun bir seçenek olarak görülmemektedir. Organ satışına karşı olanların, üzerine bir literatür inşa edilmiş etik ve pratik kaygıları hiç şüphesiz derinlemesine bir tartışmayı hak etmektedir. Öte yandan, karşıt görüşün hiç değilse teorik olarak tartışılmasının, insanlığa karşı sorumluluğun gereği olduğu da savunulabilir. Bu makalede organ ticaretinin etik olarak yanlışlığını savunan argümanların nihai bir nitelik taşımadığı savunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

organ bağışı, organ satışı, sağlık politikaları, özsahiplik, etik

Kaynakça

• Agence de la Biomédecine, https://www.dondorganes.fr/questions/124/quelle-est-la-loi-sur-le-don-dorganes (05.03.2017).
• Alpınar-Şencan, Zümrüt (2016), “Reconsidering Kantian Argument Against Organ Selling”, Med Health Care and Philos, 19 (1), p. 21-31.
• An Open Letter to President Barack Obama, Secretary of Health and Human Services Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Attorney General Eric Holder and Leaders of Congress, https://www.ustransplantopenletter.org (02.12.2017).
• Bailey, Everton (1999), “Should the State Have Rights to Your Organs? Dissecting Brazil’s Mandatory Organ Donation Law”, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 30 (3), p. 707-726.
• Barnett, Andrew H., Roger D. Blair and David L. Kaserman (1992), “Improving Organ Donation: Compensation versus Market”, Inquiry, 29 (3), p. 372-378.
• BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/937204.stm (4.11.2016).
• Borna, Shaheen (1987), “Morality and Marketing Human Organs”, Journal of Business Ethics, 6 (1), p. 37-44.
• Brecher, Bob (1990), “The Kidney Trade: or, the Customer is Always Wrong”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 16 (3), p. 120-123.
• Castro, L. D. (2003), “Commodification and Exploitation: Arguments in Favour of Compensated Organ Donation”, J Med Ethics, 29 (3), p. 142-146.
• Chadler, Jennifer A. (2005), “Priority Systems in the Allocation of Organs for Transplant: Should We Reward Those Who Have Previously Agreed to Donate?”, Health Law Journal, 13, p. 99-138.
• Cherry, Mark J. (2000), “Is a Market in Human Organs Necessarily Exploitative”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 12 (4), p. 337-360.
• Cohen, Cynthia B. (1999), “Selling Bits and Pieces of Humans to Make Babies: The Gift of the Magi Revisited”, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 24 (3), p. 288-306.
• Demirdöğen, Yavuz (2016), “How does Incentive Affect Donation Rates: Turkey Case”, Inquiry: Sarajevo Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (1), p. 175- 189.
• Demirdöğen, Yavuz (2017), Cost-Benefit Analysis of Kidney Donation Systems and Alternative Donation Proposal for Turkey (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi/Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu Başkanlığı (2017), http://www2.diyanet.gov.tr/dinisleriyuksekkurulu/Sayfalar/OrganNakli.aspx (02.03.2017). Dworkin, Gerald (1994), "Markets and Morals: The Case for Organ”, Morality, Harm, and the Law, (Boulder: Westview Press): 155-161.
• Epstein, M. (2011), “If I were a Rich Man, Could I sell a Pancreas? A Study in the Locus of Oppression”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 37 (2), p. 109- 112.
• Erin, Charles A. and John Harris (1999), “Presumed Consent or Contracting Out”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 25 (5), p. 365-366.
• Forbes (2017), http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2015/12/14/sell-organs/#642fafa24644 (02.07.2017).
• Frey, Bruno S. and Felix Oberholzer-Gee (1997), “The Cost of Price Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Motivation Crowding-Out”, The American Economic Review, 87 (4), p. 746-755.
• Griffin, Anne (2007), “Kidneys on Demand”, British Medical Journal, 334 (7592), p. 502-505.
• Gneezy Uri and Aldo Rustichini (2000), “A Fine is a Price”, Journal of Legal Studies, 29, p. 1-17.
• Hippen, Benjamin E. (2008), “Organ Sales and Moral Travails: Lessons from the Living Kidney Vendor Program in Iran”, Policy Analysis, 614, p. 1- 20.
• Hylton, Keith N. (1996), “The Law and Ethics of Organ Sales”, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik / Annual Review of Law and Ethics, Themenschwerpunkt: Bioethik und Medizinrecht / Bioethics and the Law, 4, p. 115-136.
• Hürriyet (2016), http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/organ-nakli-tartismasi-40033241 (28.8.2016).
• Joralemon, Donald (1995), “Organ Wars: The Battle for the Body Parts”, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, 9 (3), p. 335-356.
• Mahoney, Julia D. (2009), “Altruism, Market and Organ Procurement”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 72 (3), p. 17-35.
• Ministry of Health (2017), https://www.health.govt.nz/about-ministry/leadership-ministry/expert-groups/national-renal-transplant-service/educational-resources (02.07.2017).
• Quigley, Muireann, Linda Wright and Vardit Ravitsky (2012), “Organ Donation and Priority Points in Israel: An Ethical Analysis”, Transplantation, 93, p. 970-973.
• Radcliffe-Richards J., A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney (1998), “The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales”, The Lancet, 351, p. 1950-1952.
• Rothbard, Murray N. (2009), Eşitlikçilik: Doğaya Karşı İsyan, (Çev. Mustafa Acar), (Ankara: Liberte Yayınları).
• Satel, Sally, Joshua C. Morrison and Rick K. Jones (2014), “State Organ-Donation Incentives under The National Organ Transplant Act”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 77, p. 217-252.
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1996), “Theft or Life: Globalization of Organ Stealing Rumors”, Anthropology Today, 12 (3), p. 3-11.
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1998a), “Organ Trade: The New Cannibalism”, New Internationalist, p. 14-17.
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1998b), “Truth and Rumor on the Organ Trail”, Natural History Magazine, p. 48-57.
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (2000), “The Global Traffic of Human Organs”, Current Anthropology, 41 (2), p. 1-22.
• Shapiro, Robyn S. (2003), “Legal Issues in Payment of Living Donors for Solid Organs” Human Rights, 30 (2), p. 19-21.
• S.H.D. (1985), “Regulating the Sale of Human Organs”, Virginia Law Review, 71 (6), p. 1015-1038.
• Shimazono, Yosuke (2007), “The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, December, 85 (12), p. 955-962.
• Singapore Hospice Council (2018), http://singaporehospice.org.sg/organ-donation/ (07.09.2018).
• Taylor, Robert S. (2007), “Self Ownership and Tansplantable Human Organs”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 21 (1), p. 89-107.
• The Economist 82017), http://www.economist.com/node/8173039 (02.07.2017).
• The Guardian (2017), https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/02/france-organ-donation-law (02.07 .2017).
• The New York Times (2017), http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/15/opinion/15satel.html (02.07.2017).
• The Washington Post (2016), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/09/19/va-doctor-plans-company-to-arrange-sale-of-humankidneys/afdfac69-62ed-4066-b296-fcf892eab758/ (7.11.2016).
• Tober, Diane M. (2007), “Kidneys and Controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Case of Organ Sale”, Body & Society, 13 (3), p. 151–170.
• Türkiye Transplantasyon, Diyaliz ve İzlem Sistemleri (2017), https://organkds.saglik.gov.tr/KamuyaAcikRapor.aspx?q=ORGANBEKLEME, (02.07.2017).
• Uğur, Zeynep Burcu (2018), “Unwillingness to Organ Donation and Religious Concerns in Turkey”, İnsan ve Toplum, 8 (3), p. 35-50.
• Uğur, Zeynep Burcu (2015), “Does Presumed Consent Save Lives? Evidence from Europe”, Health Economics, 24, p. 1560-1572.
• U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation (2017), https://www.organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html#waitinglist (04.06.2017).
• Zargooshi, Javaad (2001), “Quality of Life of Iranian Kidney ‘Donors’”, The Journal Of Urology, 166, p. 1790–1799.
• Wilkinson, Stephen (2003) Bodies for Sale: Ethics and Exploitation in the Human Body Trade, (New York: Routledge).
• World Health Organization (2017), http://www.who.int/transplantation/en/ (05.04.2017).