KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BİR ÇEVREYE DOĞRU: ÇEVRESEL BOZULMADA YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ, FİNANSAL GELİŞME VE ASKERİ HARCAMALARIN ROLÜ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, “kırılgan beşli” ekonomiler olarak bilinen Brezilya, Hindistan, Endonezya, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye örnekleminde askeri harcamalar, finansal kalkınma, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, 1990-2022 dönemi için yıllık veriler kullanılarak panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, finansal kalkınma ve askeri harcamalar ile çevre kirliliği arasında uzun vadeli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Her ülkede MILEX, RENW ve FD ile CAFP arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. İncelenen tüm ülkelerde, CAFP'nin MILEX ve FD'deki artışla birlikte arttığı, RENW'deki artışla birlikte ise azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. MILEX ile CAFP arasındaki ilişkinin en yüksek olduğu ülkenin Hindistan, bu ilişkinin en düşük olduğu ülkenin ise Brezilya olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Güney Afrika, RENW ile CAFP arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkinin en zayıf olduğu ülke olarak belirlenirken, bu ilişkinin en güçlü olduğu ülkenin Türkiye olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. FD ile CAFP arasındaki en yüksek ilişkiye sahip olan ülkenin Hindistan oldu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Askeri Harcamalar
• Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi
• Finansal Kalkınma
• Karbon Ayak İzi

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN THE FRAGILE FIVE COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE IN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Öz

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between military expenditure, financial development, renewable energy consumption, and environmental pollution in a sample of the "fragile five" economies: Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey. For this purpose, panel data analysis was conducted using annual data for the period 1990-2022. The results showed a long-term relationship between renewable energy consumption, financial development, military expenditure, and environmental pollution. A significant relationship was found between MILEX, RENW, and FD, and CAFP in each country. In all countries examined, it was observed that CAFP increased with increases in MILEX and FD, and decreased with increases in RENW. India showed the strongest relationship between MILEX and CAFP, while Brazil showed the weakest. South Africa was identified as the country with the weakest long-term relationship between RENW and CAFP, while Turkey showed the strongest. India was found to have the highest relationship between FD and CAFP.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Military Expenditure
• Renewable Energy Consumption
• Financial Development
• Carbon Footprint

Kaynakça

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