YUMUŞAK DOKU YENILENMESI İÇİN BİYOAKTİF VE YAPIŞKAN ENJEKTE EDİLEBİLİR CMC–PVA TABANLI HİDROJELLER

Öz

Düzensiz ve eksüdatif yara geometrilerine uyum sağlayabilen enjekte edilebilir hidrojeller, cerrahi sürenin kısalmasına, hasta konforunun artmasına ve pansuman değişimlerinin azalmasına katkı sağlar. Bu çalışmada, prokain (PC) yüklü karboksimetilselüloz/poli(vinil alkol) (CMC–PVA) hidrojeller çok işlevli yara örtüleri olarak geliştirilmiştir. Jelasyon; CMC’nin Ca²⁺ ile iyonik çapraz bağlanması, PC’nin elektrostatik/hidrojen bağı etkileşimleriyle tutulması ve PVA’nın ağın güçlendirilmesiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan iç içe geçmiş ağ, kayma incelmesi ve %74 kendini iyileştirme göstererek kolay enjektabilite ve hızlı şekil korunumunu sağlamıştır. Lap-shear testinde 0.8–1.1 MPa yapışma kuvveti elde edilmiş; 40–60 g/g şişme oranları yakın doku teması ve sürekli hidratasyonu desteklemiştir. %95’e varan kontrollü PC salımı ve %40 DPPH giderimi sağlamıştır. Hemoliz <%5 düzeyinde kalmış, pıhtılaşma indeksi kontrolde %92 iken %28’e düşmüştür; çizik iyileşmesi testinde 48 saatte fibroblast göçü olumsuz etkilenmemiştir. SEM–EDS orta PC yüklemesinde homojen mikro yapı gösterirken, yüksek yükleme mikrogözenekler ve düşük modülle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Tüm atom düzeyi moleküler dinamikler dermal dokuya uygun mekanik sertlik aralığını doğrulamıştır. PC yüklü CMC–PVA hidrojeller; enjekte eidlebilir, güçlü doku yapışması, hemostatik etki, antioksidan kapasite ve hücre uyumluluğunu bir arada sunarak, geniş, anatomik olarak karmaşık veya cerrahi olarak eksize edilmiş doku defektleri için ileri düzey yara örtüleri olarak önemli bir potansiyel taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enjekte edilebilir hidrojel
• Hemostatik aktivite
• Kontrollü salım
• Na-CMC
• Biyoyapışkanlık

INJECTABLE CMC–PVA HYDROGELS WITH DUAL HAEMOSTATIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FOR SOFT TISSUE REPAIR

Öz

Injectable hydrogels that adapt to irregular and exudative wound geometries can shorten surgical procedures, enhance patient comfort, and reduce dressing frequency. Here, carboxymethyl-cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CMC–PVA) hydrogels loaded with procaine (PC) were developed as multifunctional wound dressings. Sequential gelation—ionic cross-linking of CMC with Ca²⁺, electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding association of PC, and subsequent PVA incorporation—yields an interpenetrating network exhibiting shear-thinning viscosity and 74% self-healing recovery, ensuring facile syringe extrusion and rapid shape retention. Lap-shear tests revealed adhesive strengths of 0.8–1.1 MPa, while swelling ratios of 40–60 g g⁻¹ maintained tissue contact and hydration. Controlled release achieved 95% PC delivery within 6 h, enabling localized analgesia and 40% DPPH scavenging. Hemolysis was below 5 %, the blood-clotting index decreased from 92 % (control) to 28 %, and fibroblast migration remained unaffected after 48 h. SEM–EDS confirmed homogeneous morphology at moderate PC loading, whereas excessive drug induced microvoids. Experimental findings, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, indicated stiffness values compatible with dermal tissue mechanics. The developed PC-loaded CMC–PVA hydrogels combine injectability, bioadhesion, hemostasis, antioxidant activity, and cytocompatibility, offering a promising platform for soft-tissue regeneration and advanced wound management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Injectable hydrogel
• Hemostatic activity
• Controlled release
• Na-CMC
• Bioadhesion

Kaynakça

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