Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 95 - 104, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.702286

Öz

In this study, anode electrodes were modified and bismuth loaded to enhance chromium redox reaction for iron chromium redox flow batteries. Graphite felt anode electrode surface was modified by two step chemical treatment. Corrosive HF was used as an etchant to increase porosity at the first step and oxidizing H2O2 was used to increase wettability of electrode at the second step. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were used for the physical and chemical characterization of electrode materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweeping voltammetry (LSV) techniques were conducted to investigate Cr2+/Cr3+ redox reaction kinetics for the modified electrodes with or without bismuth loading. Carbon nanoparticles formed on the surface and oxygen content increased. Contact angle for pristine graphite felt decreased from 132.6° to 128.5°, electrode wettability increased after treatment with HF and H2O2. Dispersion of bismuth particles became more uniform on modified electrode. Compared to untreated felt, the diffusion coefficient for Cr2+ has been almost doubled on modified graphite felt and Cr2+ concentration on the surface increased. When bismuth was in solution, reaction was controlled by charge transfer for modified electrode. In contrast, when bismuth was loaded onto the felt electrodes, reaction became diffusion controlled.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.16.013

Teşekkür

Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Ondokuz Mayıs University scientific research project through grant number PYO.MUH.1904.16.013.

Kaynakça

  • [1] J. Baker, “New technology and possible advances in energy storage,” Energy Policy, vol. 36, pp. 4368–4373, 2008.
  • [2] C. R. Dennison, E. Agar, B. Akuzum, and E. C. Kumbur, “Enhancing Mass Transport in Redox Flow Batteries by Tailoring Flow Field and Electrode Design,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 163, no. 1, pp. A5163–A5169, 2016.
  • [3] Y. K. Zeng, T. S. Zhao, L. An, X. L. Zhou, and L. Wei, “A comparative study of all-vanadium and iron-chromium redox fl ow batteries for large-scale energy storage,” J. Power Sources, vol. 300, pp. 438–443, 2015.
  • [4] D. A. Johnson and M. A. Reid, “Chemical and Electrochemical Behavior of the Cr(lll)/Cr(ll) Half- Cell in the Iron-Chromium Redox Energy Storage System,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 132, no. 5, pp. 1058–1062, 1985.
  • [5] T. X. H. Le, M. Bechelany, and M. Cretin, “Carbon felt based-electrodes for energy and environmental applications : A review,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 122, pp. 564–591, 2017.
  • [6] P. Leung, X. Li, C. P. De Leon, L. Berlouis, C. T. John Low, and F. C. Walsh, “Progress in redox flow batteries , remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage,” RSC Adv., vol. 2, no. 27, pp. 10125–10156, 2012.
  • [7] M. Sun, B., Skyllas Kazacos, “Modification of Graphite Electrode Materials for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Application-I. Thermal Treatment,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1253–1260, 1992.
  • [8] P. Mazúr et al., “Performance evaluation of thermally treated graphite felt electrodes for vanadium redox fl ow battery and their four-point single cell characterization,” J. Power Sources, vol. 380, pp. 105–114, 2018.
  • [9] B. Sun and M. Skyllas Kazacos, “Chemical Modification of Graphite Electrode Materials for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Application-Part II. Acid Treatments,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2459–2465, 1992.
  • [10] L. Yue, W. Li, F. Sun, L. Zhao, and L. Xing, “Highly hydroxylated carbon fibres as electrode materials of all-vanadium redox flow battery,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 48, pp. 3079–3090, 2010.
  • [11] X. Li, K. Huang, S. Liu, and L. Chen, “Electrochemical behavior of diverse vanadium ions at modified graphite felt electrode in sulphuric solution,” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 51–56, 2007.
  • [12] X. Li, K. Huang, S. Liu, N. Tan, and L. Chen, “Characteristics of graphite felt electrode electrochemically oxidized for vanadium redox battery application,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 195–199, 2007.
  • [13] L. Estevez et al., “Tunable Oxygen Functional Groups as Electrocatalysts on Graphite Felt Surfaces for All-Vanadium Flow Batteries,” ChemSusChem, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1455–1461, 2016.
  • [14] E. Hollax and D. S. Cheng, “The Influence of Oxidative Pretreatment of Graphite Electrodes on The Catalysis of The Cr3+ / Cr2+ and Fe3+ / Fe2+ Redox Reactions,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 655–664, 1985.
  • [15] Y. K. Zeng, T. S. Zhao, X. L. Zhou, L. Zeng, and L. Wei, “The effects of design parameters on the charge-discharge performance of iron-chromium redox flow batteries,” Appl. Energy, vol. 182, pp. 204–209, 2016.
  • [16] Y. K. Zeng, X. L. Zhou, L. Zeng, X. H. Yan, and T. S. Zhao, “Performance enhancement of iron-chromium redox flow batteries by employing interdigitated flow fields,” J. Power Sources, vol. 327, pp. 258–264, 2016.
  • [17] B. Li et al., “Bismuth Nanoparticle Decorating Graphite Felt as a High- Performance Electrode for an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery,” Nanoletters, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1330–1335, 2013.
  • [18] Z. González, A. Sánchez, C. Blanco, M. Granda, R. Menéndez, and R. Santamaría, “Enhanced performance of a Bi-modified graphite felt as the positive electrode of a vanadium redox fl ow battery,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 13, pp. 1379–1382, 2011.
  • [19] D. J. Suárez, Z. González, C. Blanco, M. Granda, R. Menéndez, and R. Santamaría, “Graphite felt modified with bismuth nanoparticles as negative electrode in a vanadium redox flow battery,” ChemSusChem, vol. 7, pp. 914–918, 2014.
  • [20] X. Yang, T. Liu, C. Xu, H. Zhang, X. Li, and H. Zhang, “The catalytic effect of bismuth for VO2+ / VO2+ and V3+/V2+ redox couples in vanadium flow batteries,” J. Energy Chem., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2017.
  • [21] C. D. Wu, D. A. Scherson, E. J. Calvo, and E. B. Yeager, “A Bismuth-Based Electrocatalyst for the Chromous-Chromic Couple in Acid Electrolytes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 133, no. 10, pp. 2109–2112, 1986.
  • [22] A. Z. Weber, M. M. Mench, J. P. Meyers, P. N. Ross, J. T. Gostick, and Q. Liu, “Redox flow batteries : a review,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 41, pp. 1137–1164, 2011.
  • [23] Z. He et al., “HF / H2O2 treated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 423, pp. 111–118, 2017.
  • [24] X. L. Zhou, Y. K. Zeng, X. B. Zhu, L. Wei, and T. S. Zhao, “A high-performance dual-scale porous electrode for vanadium redox fl ow batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 325, pp. 329–336, 2016.
  • [25] Z. Zhang, J. Xi, H. Zhou, and X. Qiu, “KOH etched graphite felt with improved wettability and activity for vanadium flow batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 218, pp. 15–23, 2016.
  • [26] L. Zhou, Z. Hu, C. Zhang, Z. Bi, T. Jin, and M. Zhou, “Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 111, pp. 131–136, 2013.
  • [27] L. Zhou, M. Zhou, Z. Hu, Z. Bi, and K. G. Serrano, “Chemically modified graphite felt as an efficient cathode in electro-Fenton for p -nitrophenol degradation,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 140, pp. 376–383, 2014.
  • [28] R. E. G. Smith, T. J. Davies, N. D. B. Baynes, and R. J. Nichols, “The electrochemical characterisation of graphite felts,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 747, pp. 29–38, 2015.
  • [29] K. J. Kim, M.-S. Park, Y.-J. Kim, S. X. Dou, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, “A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 3, no. 33, pp. 16913–16933, 2015.
  • [30] G. Wei, C. Jia, J. Liu, and C. Yan, “Carbon felt supported carbon nanotubes catalysts composite electrode for vanadium redox flow battery application,” J. Power Sources, vol. 220, pp. 185–192, 2012.
  • [31] C. Gao et al., “Influence of Fenton’s reagent treatment on electrochemical properties of graphite felt for all vanadium redox flow battery,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 88, pp. 193–202, 2013.
  • [32] H. Zhang, Y. Tan, J. Li, and B. Xue, “Studies on properties of rayon- and polyacrylonitrile-based graphite felt electrodes affecting Fe / Cr redox flow battery performance,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 248, pp. 603–613, 2017.
  • [33] Z. Gonzalez et al., “Outstanding electrochemical performance of a graphene-modified graphite felt for vanadium redox flow battery application,” J. Power Sources, vol. 338, pp. 155–162, 2017.
  • [34] D. M. Kabtamu, J. Chen, Y. Chang, and C. Wang, “Water-activated graphite felt as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox fl ow batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 341, pp. 270–279, 2017.
  • [35] J. Zhou et al., “Characterization of surface oxygen complexes on carbon nanofibers by TPD , XPS and FT-IR,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 45, pp. 785–796, 2007.
  • [36] Q. Yin, N. P. Brandon, and G. H. Kelsall, “Electrochemical synthesis of Cr (II) at carbon electrodes in acidic aqueous solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 30, pp. 1109–1117, 2000.
  • [37] C. Y. Yang, “Catalytic electrodes for the Redox Flow Cell energy storage device*,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 12, pp. 425–434, 1982.
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 95 - 104, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.702286

Öz

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.16.013

Kaynakça

  • [1] J. Baker, “New technology and possible advances in energy storage,” Energy Policy, vol. 36, pp. 4368–4373, 2008.
  • [2] C. R. Dennison, E. Agar, B. Akuzum, and E. C. Kumbur, “Enhancing Mass Transport in Redox Flow Batteries by Tailoring Flow Field and Electrode Design,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 163, no. 1, pp. A5163–A5169, 2016.
  • [3] Y. K. Zeng, T. S. Zhao, L. An, X. L. Zhou, and L. Wei, “A comparative study of all-vanadium and iron-chromium redox fl ow batteries for large-scale energy storage,” J. Power Sources, vol. 300, pp. 438–443, 2015.
  • [4] D. A. Johnson and M. A. Reid, “Chemical and Electrochemical Behavior of the Cr(lll)/Cr(ll) Half- Cell in the Iron-Chromium Redox Energy Storage System,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 132, no. 5, pp. 1058–1062, 1985.
  • [5] T. X. H. Le, M. Bechelany, and M. Cretin, “Carbon felt based-electrodes for energy and environmental applications : A review,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 122, pp. 564–591, 2017.
  • [6] P. Leung, X. Li, C. P. De Leon, L. Berlouis, C. T. John Low, and F. C. Walsh, “Progress in redox flow batteries , remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage,” RSC Adv., vol. 2, no. 27, pp. 10125–10156, 2012.
  • [7] M. Sun, B., Skyllas Kazacos, “Modification of Graphite Electrode Materials for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Application-I. Thermal Treatment,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1253–1260, 1992.
  • [8] P. Mazúr et al., “Performance evaluation of thermally treated graphite felt electrodes for vanadium redox fl ow battery and their four-point single cell characterization,” J. Power Sources, vol. 380, pp. 105–114, 2018.
  • [9] B. Sun and M. Skyllas Kazacos, “Chemical Modification of Graphite Electrode Materials for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Application-Part II. Acid Treatments,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2459–2465, 1992.
  • [10] L. Yue, W. Li, F. Sun, L. Zhao, and L. Xing, “Highly hydroxylated carbon fibres as electrode materials of all-vanadium redox flow battery,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 48, pp. 3079–3090, 2010.
  • [11] X. Li, K. Huang, S. Liu, and L. Chen, “Electrochemical behavior of diverse vanadium ions at modified graphite felt electrode in sulphuric solution,” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 51–56, 2007.
  • [12] X. Li, K. Huang, S. Liu, N. Tan, and L. Chen, “Characteristics of graphite felt electrode electrochemically oxidized for vanadium redox battery application,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 195–199, 2007.
  • [13] L. Estevez et al., “Tunable Oxygen Functional Groups as Electrocatalysts on Graphite Felt Surfaces for All-Vanadium Flow Batteries,” ChemSusChem, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1455–1461, 2016.
  • [14] E. Hollax and D. S. Cheng, “The Influence of Oxidative Pretreatment of Graphite Electrodes on The Catalysis of The Cr3+ / Cr2+ and Fe3+ / Fe2+ Redox Reactions,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 655–664, 1985.
  • [15] Y. K. Zeng, T. S. Zhao, X. L. Zhou, L. Zeng, and L. Wei, “The effects of design parameters on the charge-discharge performance of iron-chromium redox flow batteries,” Appl. Energy, vol. 182, pp. 204–209, 2016.
  • [16] Y. K. Zeng, X. L. Zhou, L. Zeng, X. H. Yan, and T. S. Zhao, “Performance enhancement of iron-chromium redox flow batteries by employing interdigitated flow fields,” J. Power Sources, vol. 327, pp. 258–264, 2016.
  • [17] B. Li et al., “Bismuth Nanoparticle Decorating Graphite Felt as a High- Performance Electrode for an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery,” Nanoletters, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1330–1335, 2013.
  • [18] Z. González, A. Sánchez, C. Blanco, M. Granda, R. Menéndez, and R. Santamaría, “Enhanced performance of a Bi-modified graphite felt as the positive electrode of a vanadium redox fl ow battery,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 13, pp. 1379–1382, 2011.
  • [19] D. J. Suárez, Z. González, C. Blanco, M. Granda, R. Menéndez, and R. Santamaría, “Graphite felt modified with bismuth nanoparticles as negative electrode in a vanadium redox flow battery,” ChemSusChem, vol. 7, pp. 914–918, 2014.
  • [20] X. Yang, T. Liu, C. Xu, H. Zhang, X. Li, and H. Zhang, “The catalytic effect of bismuth for VO2+ / VO2+ and V3+/V2+ redox couples in vanadium flow batteries,” J. Energy Chem., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2017.
  • [21] C. D. Wu, D. A. Scherson, E. J. Calvo, and E. B. Yeager, “A Bismuth-Based Electrocatalyst for the Chromous-Chromic Couple in Acid Electrolytes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 133, no. 10, pp. 2109–2112, 1986.
  • [22] A. Z. Weber, M. M. Mench, J. P. Meyers, P. N. Ross, J. T. Gostick, and Q. Liu, “Redox flow batteries : a review,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 41, pp. 1137–1164, 2011.
  • [23] Z. He et al., “HF / H2O2 treated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 423, pp. 111–118, 2017.
  • [24] X. L. Zhou, Y. K. Zeng, X. B. Zhu, L. Wei, and T. S. Zhao, “A high-performance dual-scale porous electrode for vanadium redox fl ow batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 325, pp. 329–336, 2016.
  • [25] Z. Zhang, J. Xi, H. Zhou, and X. Qiu, “KOH etched graphite felt with improved wettability and activity for vanadium flow batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 218, pp. 15–23, 2016.
  • [26] L. Zhou, Z. Hu, C. Zhang, Z. Bi, T. Jin, and M. Zhou, “Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 111, pp. 131–136, 2013.
  • [27] L. Zhou, M. Zhou, Z. Hu, Z. Bi, and K. G. Serrano, “Chemically modified graphite felt as an efficient cathode in electro-Fenton for p -nitrophenol degradation,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 140, pp. 376–383, 2014.
  • [28] R. E. G. Smith, T. J. Davies, N. D. B. Baynes, and R. J. Nichols, “The electrochemical characterisation of graphite felts,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 747, pp. 29–38, 2015.
  • [29] K. J. Kim, M.-S. Park, Y.-J. Kim, S. X. Dou, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, “A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 3, no. 33, pp. 16913–16933, 2015.
  • [30] G. Wei, C. Jia, J. Liu, and C. Yan, “Carbon felt supported carbon nanotubes catalysts composite electrode for vanadium redox flow battery application,” J. Power Sources, vol. 220, pp. 185–192, 2012.
  • [31] C. Gao et al., “Influence of Fenton’s reagent treatment on electrochemical properties of graphite felt for all vanadium redox flow battery,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 88, pp. 193–202, 2013.
  • [32] H. Zhang, Y. Tan, J. Li, and B. Xue, “Studies on properties of rayon- and polyacrylonitrile-based graphite felt electrodes affecting Fe / Cr redox flow battery performance,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 248, pp. 603–613, 2017.
  • [33] Z. Gonzalez et al., “Outstanding electrochemical performance of a graphene-modified graphite felt for vanadium redox flow battery application,” J. Power Sources, vol. 338, pp. 155–162, 2017.
  • [34] D. M. Kabtamu, J. Chen, Y. Chang, and C. Wang, “Water-activated graphite felt as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox fl ow batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 341, pp. 270–279, 2017.
  • [35] J. Zhou et al., “Characterization of surface oxygen complexes on carbon nanofibers by TPD , XPS and FT-IR,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 45, pp. 785–796, 2007.
  • [36] Q. Yin, N. P. Brandon, and G. H. Kelsall, “Electrochemical synthesis of Cr (II) at carbon electrodes in acidic aqueous solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 30, pp. 1109–1117, 2000.
  • [37] C. Y. Yang, “Catalytic electrodes for the Redox Flow Cell energy storage device*,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 12, pp. 425–434, 1982.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Candan Karaeyvaz 0000-0002-8130-2216

Berker Fıçıcılar 0000-0003-3882-1691

Proje Numarası PYO.MUH.1904.16.013
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaeyvaz, C., & Fıçıcılar, B. (2020). SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 6(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.702286
AMA Karaeyvaz C, Fıçıcılar B. SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY. MJST. Haziran 2020;6(1):95-104. doi:10.22531/muglajsci.702286
Chicago Karaeyvaz, Candan, ve Berker Fıçıcılar. “SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 6, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.702286.
EndNote Karaeyvaz C, Fıçıcılar B (01 Haziran 2020) SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 6 1 95–104.
IEEE C. Karaeyvaz ve B. Fıçıcılar, “SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY”, MJST, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 95–104, 2020, doi: 10.22531/muglajsci.702286.
ISNAD Karaeyvaz, Candan - Fıçıcılar, Berker. “SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 6/1 (Haziran 2020), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.702286.
JAMA Karaeyvaz C, Fıçıcılar B. SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY. MJST. 2020;6:95–104.
MLA Karaeyvaz, Candan ve Berker Fıçıcılar. “SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, c. 6, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 95-104, doi:10.22531/muglajsci.702286.
Vancouver Karaeyvaz C, Fıçıcılar B. SURFACE MODIFIED AND BISMUTH LOADED GRAPHITE FELTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANODE ELECTRODE KINETICS IN IRON CHROMIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY. MJST. 2020;6(1):95-104.

5975f2e33b6ce.png
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri ve Teknoloji Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.