KİRAZLI SAHASININ YAPISAL KARAKTERİSTİĞİ, ÇANAKKALE, TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 17 - 27, 30.06.2024

Mehmet Çam , Nuretdin Kaymakçı , İlkay Kuşçu , Mehtap Karcı

https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.1373912

Öz

Jeolojik evrimi, Tetis okyanuslarının Senozoyik öncesi dönemde kapanması ve takip eden Senozoyik sırasınca çarpışma ve çarpışma sonrası açılmalı tektonik rejim ile ilişkili olan Biga Yarımadası, Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısında yer almaktadır. Kirazlı sahası ve çevresindeki bölgesel çalışma alanı, Pontid İç Süturu (IPS) boyunca Paleo-Tetis kenar denizlerinin kapanması sırasında Permo-Triyas Rodop ve Sakarya zonlarının kenetlendiği Biga yarımadasının merkezini kapsamaktadır. Kuzeye doğru dalan ve çarpışan Neo-Tetis, Biga yarımadasını İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Süturu boyunca güneyden sınırlamaktadır. Takip eden çarpışma ve çarpışma sonrası slab break-off ve slab roll-back olaylarına, kıtasal genişleme, metamorfik çekirdek kompleksi oluşumu, yitim cephesinin güneye çekilmesi eşlik etmiş ve genellikle güneye doğru gençleşen bir mağmatizmaya sebep olmuştur.
Saha gözlemleri Kirazlı sahasının doğu kesiminde hem Rodop hem de Sakarya temel kayalarının bulunduğunu, sahanın geri kalan kısmında bu temelin Oligosen yaşlı volkanik istif tarafından ötüldüğünü göstermektedir. Çarpışma sonrası tektonik rejim sonucu ortaya çıkan Senozoyik yapısal mimarisi, bölgesel ve Kirazlı sahası ölçeğindeki çalışma alanlarında sırasıyla üç ve dört baskın fay oryantasyonu içerir. Bu bölgesel ve lokal ölçekteki fayların tektonik özelliklerini incelemek, Senozoyik yapılar arasındaki zamansal ve mekânsal ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmak için faydalı olacaktır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma belirlenen baskın fay yönelimlerinin tektonik özelliklerini inceleyip tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biga yarımadası, Kirazlı sahası, Tetis okyanusları, Yitim cephesi, Senozoyik genişleme, Rodop zonu, Sakarya zonu, Yapısal mimari

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KIRAZLI DISTRICT, ÇANAKKALE, TÜRKİYE

Öz

The Biga Peninsula, which geologically evolved in relation with the the closure of the Tethyan oceans during pre-Cenozoic and subsequent syn-, post-collisional extensional tectonic regime throughout the Cenozoic located in the northwestern Türkiye. The Kirazlı district and and surrounding regional study area covers the central part of Biga Peninsula where Permo-Triassic Rhodope and Sakarya Zones sutured during closure of Paleo-Tethyan marginal seas along Intra-Pontide Suture (IPS). Neo-Tethyan northward subduction and closure, limit the Biga Peninsula from south along İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture (IAES). Following syn- and post-collisional, slab break-off, slab roll-back events accompanied by crustal extension, metamorphism, core-complex formation, southward retreat of subduction front and resulted in generally southward younging magmatism.
Field observations showed that Kirazlı district was exampled both Rhodope and Sakarya basement rocks along its eastern sector those were covered by Oligocene volcanic sequence at the rest of district. Resultant Cenozoic structural architecture of post-collisional tectonic regime includes three and four predominant fault orientations respectively in regional and district scale study areas. Investigating the tectonic characteristics of these faults at both regional and district scales will be instrumental in unveiling the temporal and spatial relationships among Cenozoic structures. To achieve this goal, the study examines and discusses the tectonic properties associated with the identified predominant fault orientations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biga peninsula, Kirazlı district, Tethyan oceans, Subduction, Cenozoic extension, Rhodop zone, Sakarya zone, Structural architecture

Teşekkür

This article is based on the studies carried out within the scope of the doctoral thesis titled " Temporal and Spatial Relations of Continental Deformation and Tectonic Controls with Porphyry Cu-Au and Epithermal Au Mineralization İn The Kirazlı Gold Deposit ". Alamos Gold Inc., Exploration Director Mehtap Karcı and Senior Geologist Gülsevim Özışık is greatfully thanked for their data sharing, accommodation and logistics support. Also Seequent® is thanked for providing academic licence for “Leapfrog Geo”.

Kaynakça

• Kaymakcı, N., Aldanmaz, E., Langereis, C., Spell, T.L., Gürer, O.F. and Zanetti, K.A., “Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetism and 40Ar–39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks” Geological Magazine, 144(2), 379-392, 2007.
• Gürer, Ö.F., Sangu, E., Özburan, M., Gürbüz, A., Gürer, A. and Sinir, H., “Plio-Quaternary kinematic development and paleostress pattern of the Edremit Basin, western Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 679, 199-210, 2016.
• Gürer, Ö.F., Sanğu, E., Gürer, A. and Akın, M., “Late Cenozoic shift from extension to strike-slip stress regime in the west of the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey” Journal of Structural Geology, 148, 104348, 2021.
• Koçyiğit, A., “Neotectonics of the Sarıköy-İnova and Çan-Bayramiç-Ezine fault zones: basin formation, age and Slip Rates, NW Anatolia-Turkey” Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, In Press.
• Sánchez, M. G., McClay, K. R., King, A. R., and Wijbrams, J. R. (Editor, J. P. Richards), “Cenozoic crustal extension and its relationship to porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) and epithermal Au-(Ag) mineralization in the Biga Peninsula, Northwestern Turkey”, Tectonics and Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt (Vol. 19), Society of Economic Geologists Inc., 2016.
• Şengör, A.M.C., Tüysüz, O., Imren, C., Sakınç, M., Eyidoğan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X. and Rangin, C., “The North Anatolian fault: A new look”, Annual Review Earth Planetary Science, 33, 37-112, 2005.
• Şengor, A.M.C., Görür, N., Şaroğlu, F., “Strike-slip deformation basin formation and sedimentation: strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study”, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Special Publication), 37, 227–264, 1985.
• Altunkaynak, Ş., Genç, Ş.C., “Petrogenesis and time-progressive evolution of the Cenozoic continental volcanism in the Biga Peninsula, NW Anatolia (Turkey)”, Lithos, 102(1), 316-340, 2008.
• Kuşcu, İ., Tosdal, R. M., and Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu, G., “Episodic porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) formation and associated magmatic evolution in Turkish Tethyan collage”. Ore Geology Reviews, 107, 119-154, 2019.
• Brunetti, P., Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and post-ore modifications of the Halilağa porphyry Cu-Au deposit, NW Turkey, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 2016.
• Yigit, O., “A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey”, Ore Geology Reviews, 46, 118-148, 2012.
• Agostini, S., Doglioni, C., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., and Tonarini, S., “On the geodynamics of the Aegean rift” Tectonophysics, 488(1-4), 7–21, 2010.
• Brun, J., and Faccenna, C., “Exhumation of High-pressure rocks driven by slab rollback”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 272(1-2), 1–7, 2008.
• Brun, J.P., and Sokoutis, D., “Kinematics of the southern Rhodope core complex (North Greece)” International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96, 1079–1099, 2007.
• Jolivet, L., Brun, J.P., “Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean”, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99, 109–138, 2010.
• Okay, A., Siyako, M. and Burkan, K.A., “Geology and tectonic evolution of the Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey”, Bulletin-Technical University of Istanbul, 44, 191-255, 1991.
• Okay, A.I. and Satır, M., “Upper Cretaceous eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks from the Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 47–56, 2000.
• Okay, A.I., Tansel, I. and Tüysüz. O., “Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey”, Geological Magazine, 138(2).117-142, 2001.
• Beccaletto, L., and Jenny, C., “Geology and correlation of the Ezine zone: A Rhodope fragment in NW Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 145–176, 2004.
• Beccaletto, L., Bonev, N., Bosch, D., and Bruguier, O., “Record of a Palaeogene syn-collisional extension in the north Aegean region: Evidence from the Kemer micaschists (NW Turkey)”, Geological Magazine, 144(2), 393–400, 2007.
• Moix, P., Beccaletto, L., Kozur, H.W., Hochard, C., Rosselet, F., and Stampfli, G.M., “A new classification of the Turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region”, Tectonophysics, 451(1-4), 7–39, 2008.
• Aygül, M., Topuz, G., Okay, A., Satir, M. and Meyer, H.P., “The Kemer Metamorphic Complex (NW Turkey): a subducted continental margin of the Sakarya Zone”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21(1),19-35, 2012.
• Şengün, F., Yiğitbaş, E. and Tunc, I.O., 2011, “Geology and tectonic emplacement of eclogite and blueschists, Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(3), 273-285, 2011.
• Bingol, E., Akyürek, B. and Korkmazer, B., “Geology of the Biga Peninsula and some characteristics of the Karakaya Formation”, Symposium Book of 50th anniversary of the Turkish Republic, MTA, Ankara, 71–76, 1975.
• Okay, A.I. and Altıner, D., “Uppermost Triassic limestone in the Karakaya Complex stratigraphic and tectonic significance”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 187–199, 2004.
• Pickett, E.A., and Robertson, A.H., “Formation of the late Palaeozoicearly Mesozoic Karakaya Complex and related ophiolites in NW Turkey by Palaeotethyan subduction-accretion”, Journal of the Geological Society, 153(6), 995-1009, 1996.
• Okay, A.I. and Göncüoğlu, M.C., “The Karakaya complex: a review of data and concepts.” Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 77–95, 2004
• Federici, I., Cavazza, W., Okay, A., Beyssac, O., Zattin, M., Corrado, S. and Dellisanti, F., “Thermal evolution of the Permo−Triassic Karakaya subduction-accretion complex between the Biga Peninsula and the Tokat Massif (Anatolia)”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19(4), 409-429, 2010.
• Cavazza, W., Okay, A.I., and Zattin, M., “Rapid early-middle Miocene exhumation of the Kazdağ Massif (Western Anatolia)”, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 1935–1947, 2009.
• Duru, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Şentürk, Y., Yavaş, F. and Kar, H., “New results on the lithostratigraphy of the Kazdag Massif in northwestern Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 177–186, 2004.
• Duru, M., Dönmez, M., Ilgar, A., Pehlivan, Ş., and Akçay, A. E., “Geological map of the Biga Peninsula: Ankara, Turkey”, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey (MTA) Publications, 1:250,000 scale, MTA, Ankara, 2012.
• Okay, A.I., Satır, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R. and Akyüz, S., (Editor, Yin, A. and Harrison, M.), “Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in northwestern Turkey: geologic and geochronologic constraints”, Tectonics of Asia, Cambridge University, Cambridge, 420–441, 1996.
• Beccaletto, L., Bartolini, A.C., Martini, R., Hochuli, P.A., and Kozur, H., “Biostratigraphic data from the Cetmi melange, northwest Turkey: Palaeogeographic and tectonic implications”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 221(3-4), 215–244, 2005.
• Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., “Tethyan Evolution of Turkey: A Plate Tectonic Approach” Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241, 1981.
• Ring, U., Glodny, J., Will, T., and Thomson, S., “The Hellenic subduction system: High-pressure metamorphism, exhumation, normal faulting, and large-scale extension”, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38, 45–76, 2010.
• Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denèle, Y., Brun, J.P. and Philippon, M., “Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat”, Tectonophysics, 597, 1-33, 2013.
• Menant, A., Sternai, P., Jolivet, L., Guillou-Frottier, L., and Gerya, T., “3D numerical modeling of mantle flow, crustal dynamics and magma genesis associated with slab roll-back and tearing: The eastern Mediterranean case”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 442, 93-107, 2016.
• Yılmaz, Y., “Comparison of young volcanic associations of western and eastern Anatolia under compressional regime; a review”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44(1-2), 69–87, 1990.
• Ercan, T., Satır, M., Steinitz, G., Dora, A., Sarıfakioğlu, E., Adis, C., Walter, H.J., and Yildirim, T., “Features of Tertiary volcanism observed at Biga Peninsula and Gokceada, Tavsan Islands, NW Anatolia”, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey (MTA) Bulletin, 117, 55–86, 1995.
• Bonev, N., Beccaletto, L., Robyr, M., and Monié, P., “Metamorphic and age constraints on the Alekeci shear zone: Implications for the extensional exhumation history of the northern Kazdag massif, NW Turkey” Lithos, 113(1-2), 331–345, 2009.
• Cormier, A., Jutras, M., Welhener, H., Minard, T., Chiaramello, P., Cremeens, J., NI 43-101 Technical Report Feasibility Study Technical Report on the Kirazlı Project, Çanakkale Province, Alamos Gold Inc., Turkey, 2017.
• Bozkurt, E., and Sözbilir, H., “Tectonic evolution of the Gediz graben: Field evidence for an episodic, two-stage extension in western Turkey”, Geological Magazine, 141(1), 63–79, 2004.
• Jolivet, L. and Faccenna, C., “Mediterranean extension and the Africa‐Eurasia collision”, Tectonics, 19(6), 1095-1106, 2000.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B., “The cause of N–S extensional tectonics in western Turkey: Tectonic escape vs. backarc spreading vs. orogenic collapse”, Journal of Geodynamics, 22(1-2), 145–153, 1996.
• Şengor, A.M.C., “The North Anatolian transform fault: its age, offset and tectonic significance”, Journal of Geological Society of London, 136(3), 269–282, 1979.
• Aldanmaz E., Pearce J.A., Thirlwall M.F., and Mitchell J.G., “Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post collision volcanism in western Anatolia”, Turkey Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102(1-2), 67–95, 2000.
• Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y., Genç, C.S., Sunal, G., Gertisser, R., Furnes, H., and Yang, J., “Spatial, temporal and geochemical evolution of OligoMiocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia, Turkey”, Gondwana Research, 21(4), 961–986, 2012.
• Black, K.N., Catlos, E.J., Oyman, T., and Demirbilek, M., “Timing Aegean extension: Evidence from in situ U-Pb geochronology and cathodoluminescence imaging of granitoids from NW Turkey”, Lithos, 180, 92–108, 2013.
• Delaloye, M. and Bingöl, E., “Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution”, International Geology Review, 42(3), 241-268, 2000.
• Karacik, Z., Yilmaz, Y., Pearce, J.A. and Ece, Ö.I., “Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey”, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 1181-1200, 2008.
• Kuscu, I., “Metallogenesis of the Tethyan Collage: Magmatic association and age of ore deposits in Turkey”, MDRU-Industry collaborative initiative Project Report: Year-2 update to sponsor companies, MDRU contribution, 269, 2009.
• Aluç A, Ulianov A, Karcı M, Selby D. and Moritz R., “Magmatic evolution and timing of ore formation at the high-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit and porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization, Kirazlı district, Biga Peninsula, Turkey”, Goldschmidt 2021, Virtual, 4-9 July, 2021.
• Erenoğlu, O., Bozcu, M., and Billor, M.Z., “Age and petrology of Eocene-Oligocene calc-alkaline volcanism in Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey): Implications for magma origin and geodynamic evolution”, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 192, 104559, 2022.
• Murakami, H., Watanabe,Y., and Stein, H., “Re-Os ages for molybdenite from the Tepeoba breccia centered Cu-Mo-Au deposit, western Turkey: Brecciation-triggered mineralization”, Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 805-808, 2005.
• Helvaci, C., Ersoy, E.Y., Sözbilir, H., Erkul, F., Sümer, O., and Uzel, B., “Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Miocene volcanic rocks from the Karaburun Peninsula” Implications for amphibole-bearing lithospheric mantle source, western Anatolia”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 185(3), 181–202, 2009.
• Innocenti, F., Agostini, S., Doglioni, C., Manetti, P., and Tonarini, S., “Geodynamic evolution of the Aegean: Constraints from the Plio-Pleistocene volcanism of the Volos-Evia area”, Journal of the Geological Society, 167(3), 475–489, 2010.
• Rojay, B. and Sϋzen, M.L., “Geological Report on the Kirazlı Prospect, Çanakkale”, Golder Associates (Golder), 2010.
• Aluç A., Kuşçu, İ. and Moritz, R., “Identifying potential porphyry Cu mineralization at the Kirazli district in Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey): Insights from the mapping hydrothermal alteration by using shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometry”, Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1), 53-62, 2023.
• Van Hinsbergen, D.J. and Schmid, S.M., “Geodynamic evolution of the Aegean: Constraints from the Plio-Pleistocene volcanism of the Volos-Evia area” Tectonics, 31(5), 475-489, 2012.
• Yılmaz, Y., Genç, S.C., Karacik, Z. and Altunkaynak, Ş., “Two contrasting magmatic associations of NW Anatolia and their tectonic significance”, Journal of Geodynamics, 31(3), 243–271, 2001.