ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENT IN HIGH-RISK ENVIRONMENTS: A GROUP THERAPY-BASED MODEL PROPOSAL FOR INTELLIGENCE TEAMS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 58 - 74, 28.12.2025

Nedim Havle

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.1649854

https://izlik.org/JA29HZ37HJ

Öz

This study aims to propose a "Group Therapy-Based Improvement Model" to enhance team dynamics and organizational learning within the complex decision-making processes of intelligence agencies. The model draws upon the principles of psychotherapy and evidence-based organizational development methods to overcome organizational barriers created by hierarchical structures and risk-averse cultures. In this study, the theoretical framework of the model was constructed using systematic literature review, conceptual synthesis, and thematic analysis methods. Findings indicate that creating a safe and inclusive environment, implementing group dynamics development techniques (such as role-playing, gamification, sociogram analysis, etc.), fostering therapeutic leadership skills, and cultivating a feedback culture can significantly improve critical thinking, information sharing, and collective decision-making processes in intelligence teams. Tools proposed by the model, such as anonymous communication platforms, shadow tracking, and Devil's Advocate protocols, facilitate the emergence of diverse perspectives by reducing hierarchical pressure. In conclusion, the "Group Therapy-Based Improvement Model" holds the potential to enhance the organizational agility, adaptability, and operational effectiveness of intelligence agencies. Future research is recommended to test the empirical validity of the model through field applications and to examine adaptation strategies in different organizational contexts in depth. Recommendations for practitioners include steps such as implementing the model gradually, using language appropriate to the organizational culture, establishing secure digital platforms, and supporting leadership training with therapeutic principles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intelligence Teams , Group Therapy , Organizational Improvement , Psychological Safety.

YÜKSEK RİSKLİ ORTAMLARDA ÖRGÜTSEL İYİLEŞTİRME: İSTİHBARAT EKİPLERİ İÇİN GRUP TERAPİSİ TEMELLİ BİR MODEL ÖNERİSİ

https://izlik.org/JA29HZ37HJ

Öz

Bu çalışma, istihbarat teşkilatlarının karmaşık karar alma süreçlerinde ekip dinamiklerini ve örgütsel öğrenmeyi geliştirmek amacıyla "Grup Terapisi Temelli İyileştirme Modeli"ni önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Model, yüksek hiyerarşik yapılar ve riskten kaçınma kültürünün yarattığı örgütsel engelleri aşmak için psikoterapi prensiplerinden ve kanıt temelli örgütsel gelişim yöntemlerinden yararlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, sistematik literatür taraması, kavramsal sentez ve tematik analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak modelin kuramsal çerçevesi oluşturulmuştur. Bulgular, güvenli ve kapsayıcı bir ortam yaratmanın, grup dinamiklerini geliştirme tekniklerinin (rol değişimi, oyunlaştırma, sosyogram analizi vb.), terapötik liderlik becerilerinin ve geri bildirim kültürünün istihbarat ekiplerinde eleştirel düşünce, bilgi paylaşımı ve kolektif karar alma süreçlerini önemli ölçüde iyileştirebileceğini göstermektedir. Modelin önerdiği anonim iletişim platformları, gölge takip ve Şeytanın Avukatı protokolleri gibi araçlar, hiyerarşik baskıyı azaltarak farklı bakış açılarının ortaya çıkmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Sonuç olarak, "Grup Terapisi Temelli İyileştirme Modeli", istihbarat teşkilatlarının örgütsel çevikliğini, adaptasyon yeteneğini ve operasyonel etkinliğini artırma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Gelecek araştırmaların, modelin ampirik geçerliliğini saha uygulamalarıyla test etmesi ve farklı kurumsal bağlamlardaki adaptasyon stratejilerini derinlemesine incelemesi önerilmektedir. Uygulayıcılar için öneriler ise, modelin kademeli olarak hayata geçirilmesi, kurumsal kültüre uygun bir dil kullanılması, güvenli dijital platformların oluşturulması ve liderlik eğitimlerinin terapötik prensiplerle desteklenmesi gibi adımları içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İstihbarat Ekipleri , Grup Terapisi , Örgütsel İyileştirme , Psikolojik Güvenlik.

Teşekkür

Yardım ve destekleri için Adalet Bakanlığı Ord. Prof. Dr. Sulhi Dönmezer İstanbul Eğitim Merkezi Öğretim Üyesi Psikolog Sudiye Aksoy'a teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

• Anderson, R. (2020). Security engineering: A guide to building dependable distributed systems (3. baskı). John Wiley ve Sons.
• Anderson, C. ve Brown, C. E. (2010). The functions and dysfunctions of hierarchy. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 55–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.002
• Argyris, C. (1977). Double loop learning in organizations. Harvard Business Review, 55(5), 115–125.
• Argote, L. (2012). Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science ve Business Media.
• Bar-Tal, D. (2017). Self-censorship: The conceptual framework. In D. Bar-Tal (Ed.), Self-censorship in contexts of conflict (ss. 1–18). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1
• Benke, I., Schneider, M., Liu, X. ve Maedche, A. (2022). TeamSpiritous -A Retrospective Emotional Competence Development System for Video-Meetings. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555117
• Betts, R. K. (1978). Analysis, war, and decision: Why intelligence failures are inevitable. World Politics, 31(1), 61–89.
• Bion, W. R. (1961). Experiences in groups and other papers. Tavistock.
• Blatner, A. (2000). Foundations of psychodrama: History, theory, and practice (4. baskı). Springer Publishing Co.
• Böhm, R., Rusch, H. ve Baron, J. (2020). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. Journal of Economic Behavior ve Organization, 178, 947–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.020
• Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008
• Borgatti, S. P. ve Everett, M. G. (2006). A graph-theoretic perspective on centrality. Social Networks, 28(4), 466–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2005.11.005
• Braun, V. ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
• Brown, J. ve Isaacs, D. (2005). The World Café: Shaping our futures through conversations that matter. Berrett-Koehler.
• Bulbul, S., İsiacik, S. ve Aytac, S. (2022). Measurement of perceived psychological safety: ıntegration, review and evidences for the scale in the context of Turkey. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-974757
• Burt, R. S. (1992). The social structure of competition. In Networks and organisations: Form and action (ss. 57–91).
• Collins, N. L. ve Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 116(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457
• Corey, M. S. ve Corey, G. (2018). Groups: Process and practice (10. baskı). Cengage.
• Creswell, J. W. ve Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Cross, R. ve Parker, A. (2004). The hidden power of social networks: Understanding how work really gets done in organizations. Harvard Business School Press.
• Dunn, J., Ruedy, N. E. ve Schweitzer, M. E. (2012). It hurts both ways: How social comparisons harm affective and cognitive trust. Organizational Behavior ve Human Decision Processes, 117, 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.08.001
• Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
• Edmondson, A. C. (2004). Psychological safety, trust, and learning in organizations: A group-level lens. In R. M. Kramer ve K. S. Cook (Eds.), Trust and distrust in organizations: Dilemmas and approaches (ss. 239–272). Russell Sage Foundation.
• Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 543–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/256434
• Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.
• Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial expressions. Prentice Hall.
• Freedman, L. (2013). Strategy: A history. Oxford University Press.
• Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.
• Ge, Y. (2020). Psychological safety, employee voice, and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 48, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8907
• Godet, M. ve Roubelat, F. (1996). Creating the future: The use and misuse of scenarios. Long Range Planning, 29(2), 164–171.
• Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. ve McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business School Press.
• Gordon, T. (2000). Parent effectiveness training: The proven program for raising responsible children. Three Rivers Press.
• Hackman, J. R. ve Wageman, R. (2005). A theory of team coaching. Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159119
• Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C. ve McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18, e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
• Havle, N. ve Aksoy, S. (2025). Bilişsel bariyerlerden kurumsal yönetime: İstihbarat topluluklarında önyargı yönetimi. Telakki Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 263–288.
• Heuer, R. J., Jr. (2007). Psychology of intelligence analysis. Reston, VA: Pherson Associates.
• Horwitz, S. K. ve Horwitz, I. B. (2007). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management, 33(6), 987–1015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308587
• Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
• Johnson, D. W. ve Johnson, R. T. (2009). An educational psychology success story: Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. Educational Researcher, 38(5), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09339057
• Kipper, D. A. (1992). Psychodrama: Group psychotherapy through role playing. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42(4), 495–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1992.11490720
• Kotter, J. (2007). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Engineering Management Review, IEEE, 37. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2009.5235501
• London, M. ve Smither, J. W. (1995). Can multi-source feedback change perceptions of goal accomplishment, self-evaluations, and performance-related outcomes? Theory-based applications and directions for research. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 803–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01782.x
• Matsumoto, D. ve Hwang, H. S. (2018). Microexpressions and emotion recognition. In The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem solving in adulthood (ss. 209–234).
• Mccarthy, A. ve Garavan, T. (2001). 360° feedback process: Performance, improvement and employee career development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25, 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590110380614
• Moreno, J. L. (1946). Psychodrama: Vol. 1. The first volume. Beacon House.
• Moreno, J. L. (1953). Who shall survive? Foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy and socio-drama (2.baskı). Beacon House.
• Pearce, C. L. ve Conger, J. A. (Eds.). (2003). Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership. SAGE.
• Rogers, C. R. (1970). Carl Rogers on encounter groups. Harper and Row.
• Rogers, C. R. (1977). On personal power: Inner strength and its revolutionary impact. Delacorte.
• Rosenberg, M. B. (2015). Nonviolent communication: A language of life: Life-changing tools for healthy relationships (D. Chopra, Foreword). PuddleDancer Press.
• Sabin, P. (2014). Simulating war: Studying conflict through simulation games. Bloomsbury Academic.
• Salas, E., Wildman, J. L. ve Piccolo, R. F. (2009). Using simulation-based training to enhance management education. Academy of Management Learning ve Education, 8(4), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2009.47785474
• Salovey, P. ve Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
• Schein, E. H. (1993). On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 40–51.
• Schweiger, D. M., Sandberg, W. R. ve Ragan, J. W. (1986). Group approaches for improving strategic decision making: A comparative analysis of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus. Academy of Management Journal, 29(1), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.2307/255859
• Schweiger, D. M., Sandberg, W. R. ve Rechner, P. L. (1989). Experiential effects of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus approaches to strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 745–772. https://doi.org/10.2307/256567
• Scott, J. (2012). Social network analysis, overview of. In R. Meyers (Ed.), Computational complexity (ss. 1–25). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1800-9_178
• Squire, K. (2011). Video games and learning: Teaching and participatory culture in the digital age. Teachers College Press.
• Taleb, N. N. (2007). The Black Swan: The impact of the highly improbable. Random House.
• Tuckman, B. W. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022100
• Urhan, B. (2018). Beden dili. Konuşulmayan Dil Sözsüz İletişim.
• Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R. ve Nunamaker, J. F. (1992). Group size and anonymity effects on computer-mediated idea generation. Small Group Research, 23(1), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496492231004
• Van Creveld, M. (1985). Command in war. Harvard University Press.
• Waldman, D. A. ve Atwater, L. E. (2009). The power of 360° feedback: How to leverage performance evaluations for top productivity. Taylor and Francis Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080514253
• Walton, G. M. ve Cohen, G. L. (2011). A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science, 331(6023), 1447–1451. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198364
• Wasserman, S. ve Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
• Yalom, I. D. ve Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5.baskı). Basic Books/Hachette Book Group.
• Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7.baskı). Pearson.