Deaf Parents’ Life Experiences About Their Hearing Children

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 32 - 55, 30.06.2024

Serpil Yıldız Çoksan , Aynur Bütün Ayhan , Şahin Karabulut

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.1486768

Öz

This study aimed to understand and explore the experiences of deaf parents who have hearing parents by examining in depth their experiences while raising their hearing children. To do this, we conducted in-depth interviews with four deaf parents (four mothers and four fathers) using Turkish Sign Language. Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed four main themes: (a) concern about the child, (b) need for social support, (c) communication, and (d) access to information sources. All these themes indicated that deaf parents in Türkiye have difficulty communicating in hearing society, have problems receiving public services through sign language, and experience prenatal and postnatal anxiety about their children because they have difficulty accessing suitable sources of information. We discussed the findings in the context of Türkiye's policies towards the Deaf community and the types of intervention Programs that may be suitable to be implemented in the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parenting in Deaf families, Turkish Sign Language, Deaf in Türkiye, Deaf parents with hearing children

Etik Beyan

This research was approved by Ankara University Ethics Committee.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank Dr. Sami Çoksan, who provided feedback on the first version and strengthened our paper, and the families who participated in our research.

Sağır Yetişkinlerin İşiten Çocuklarına İlişkin Yaşam Deneyimleri

Öz

Bu çalışma, işiten ebeveynleri olan sağır ebeveynlerin, işiten çocuklarını yetiştirirken yaşadıkları deneyimleri derinlemesine inceleyerek, deneyimlerini keşfetmeyi ve anlamayı amaçlamıştır. Bunun için dört sağır ebeveynle (dört anne ve dört baba) Türk İşaret Dili kullanılarak derinlemesine yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analiz bulguları, görüşmelerde dört ana temanın varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır: (a) çocukla ilgili endişeler, (b) sosyal destek ihtiyacı, (c) iletişim ve (d) bilgi kaynaklarına erişim. Tüm bu temalar, Türkiye'deki sağır ebeveynlerin işiten toplum ile iletişim kurmakta zorlandıklarını, işaret dili aracılığıyla kamu hizmetlerinden yararlanmada sorun yaşadıklarını, uygun bilgi kaynaklarına erişimde zorlandıkları için çocukları hakkında doğum öncesi ve doğum sonrası kaygı yaşadıklarını göstermiştir. Bulgular Türkiye'nin Sağır toplumuna yönelik politikaları ve gelecekte uygulanması uygun olabilecek müdahale programı türleri bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağır ailelerde ebevenylik, Türk İşaret Dili, Türkiye'de Sağırlık, sağır ebeveynler, sağır ebeveynlerin deneyimleri

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma Ankara Üniversitesi Etik Kurul Başkanlığı'nca onaylanmıştır.

Teşekkür

İlk versiyonuna geribildirim vererek araştırmanın güçlenmesini sağlayan Dr. Sami Çoksan’a ve araştırmamıza katılan ailelere teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

• Alma, L., Çoksan, S., & Koca-Atabey, M. (2023). Colors of hearings: A subjective experience of synesthesia among six siblings. Ayna – Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 124-144. Doi:10.31682/ayna.1144465
• Barker, D. H., Quittner, A. L., Fink, N. E., Eisenberg, L. S., Tobey, E. A., Niparko, J. K., & CDaCI Investigative Team. (2009). Predicting behavior problems in deaf and hearing children: The influences of language, attention, and parent–child communication. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 373-392. Doi:10.1017/S0954579409000212
• Buchino, M. A. (1990). Hearing children of deaf parents: A counseling challenge. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 24(3), 207-212.
• Burge, J. (2018). Children of Deaf Adults: Interpreting identity [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Central London Institute of Education.
• Chaudhury, S. (2014). Anxiety and depression in mothers of deaf children: Awareness needed. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University, 7(6), 720-730.
• Chininthorn, P., Glaser, M., Tucker, W. D., & Diehl, J. C. (2016). Exploration of deaf people’s health information sources and techniques for information delivery in Cape Town: a qualitative study for the design and development of a mobile health app. JMIR Human Factors, 3(2), e28. Doi:10.2196/humanfactors.6653
• Clark, K. (2003, April 24). Communication and parenting issues in families with deaf parents and hearing children. Children of Deaf Adults: CODA's. Retrieved from http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-layout/coda.htm
• Cline, T., Crafter, S., de Abreu, G., & O’Dell, L. (2017). Child language brokers’ representations of parent-child relationships. In R. Antonini, L. Cirillo, L. Rossato, & I. Torresi (Eds.), Non-professional interpreting and translation: State of the art and future of an emerging field of research (pp. 281-293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Cohen, S., Moran-Ellis, J., & Smaje, C. (1999). Children as informal interpreters in GP consultations: Pragmatics and ideology. Sociology of Health & Illness, 21(2), 163–186. Doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00148
• Daniel, S., Strom, R., & Escobar, J. (1986). Supporting Venezuelan families through parent attitude assessment. Journal of Instructional Psychology 13(3),147-152.
• Daniels, M. (1994) The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development, Communication Education, 43(4), 291-298, Doi:10.1080/03634529409378987.
• Dirks, E., & Rieffe, C. (2019). Are you there for me? Joint engagement and emotional availability in parent–child interactions for toddlers with moderate hearing loss. Ear and Hearing,40(1), 18-26. Doi:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000596
• Duppong-Hurley, K., Hoffman, S., Barnes, B., & Oats, R. (2016). Perspective on engagement barriers and alternative delivery formats from non-completers of a community-run parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 545-552. Doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0253-0
• Ebrahimi, H., Mohammadi, E., Pirzadeh, A., Shamshiri, M., Mohammadi, M. A. (2017). Living with worry: The experience of mothers with deaf child. International Journal of Pediatrics,5(6), 5183-5193. Doi:10.22038/ijp.2017.22743.1914
• Filer, R. D., Filer, P. A. (2000). Practical considerations for counselors working with hearing children of deaf parents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(1) 38-43. Doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02558.x
• Hardonk, S., Bosteels, S., Desnerck, G., Loots, G., Van Hove, G., Van Kerschaver, E., Vanroelen, C., & Louckx, F. (2010). Pediatric cochlear implantation: a qualitative study of parental decision-making processes in Flanders, Belgium. American Annals of the Deaf, 155(3), 339-352. DOI:10.1353/aad.2010.0012
• Harvey, M. A. (1989). Psychotherapy with deaf and hard-of-hearing persons: A systematic model. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Heath, S. M., Wigley, C. A., Hogben, J. H., Fletcher, J., Collins, P., Boyle, G. L., Eustice, S. (2018). Patterns in participation: Factors influencing parent attendance at two, center-based early childhood interventions. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 253-267. Doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0878-2
• Henderson, D., & Hendershott, A. (1991). ASL and the family system. American Annals of the Deaf, 136(4), 325-329.
• Hoffmeister, R. (1985). Families with deaf parents: A functional perspective. In S.K Thurman (Eds.), Children of handicapped parents research and clinical perspectives. (pp. 111- 130) Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
• Hofmann, K., & Chilla, S. (2015) Bimodal bilingual language development of hearing children of deaf parents. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(1), 30-46. Doi:10.1080/08856257.2014.943563.
• Humphries, T., Kushalnagar, P., Mathur, G., Napoli, D. J., Padden, C., Rathmann, C., & Smith, S. (2016). Language choices for deaf infants: Advice for parents regarding sign languages. Clinical Pediatrics, 55(6), 513-517. Doi:10.1177/0009922815616891
• İlkbaşaran, D. (2015). Literacies, mobilities and agencies of deaf youth in Turkey: Constraints and opportunities in the 21st Century. University of California, San Diego.
• Jackson, C. W., Traub, R. J., Jones, E., Strom, R., & Daniels, S. (1989). Evaluating the success of deaf parents. American Annals of the Deaf, 134(5), 312-316. Doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0511
• Kemaloğlu, Y. (2016). Türkiye’de sağırların görünürlüğü ve toplumsal ve eğitimsel sorunları üzerine demografik bir inceleme [Demographic analysis on the visibility of the deaf and social and educational issues]. In E. Arık (ed.), Ellerle konuşmak: Türk İşaret Dili araştırmaları (pp. 51–79) Koç University Press.
• Kushalnagar, P., Bruce, S., Sutton, T., & Leigh, I. W. (2017). Retrospective basic parent child communication difficulties and risk of depression in deaf adults. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29(1), 25-34. Doi:10.1007/s10882-016-9501-5
• Levine, D., Strother-Garcia, K., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2016). Language development in the first year of life: What deaf children might be missing before cochlear implantation. Otology & Neurotology, 37(2), e56-e62.
• Levinger, M., Orlev, L. (2008). What deaf parents “hear”. Journal of International Social Research, 1(4), 413-430.
• Mallory, B. L., Schein, J. D., & Zingle, H. W. (1991). Parenting resources of deaf parents with hearing children. JADARA, 25(3), 16-30.
• Mallory, B. L., Schein, J. D., & Zingle, H. W. (1992). Improving the validity of the PSNI assessing the performance of deaf parents of hearing children. American Annals of the Deaf, 137(1), 14-21. Doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0473
• McKee, M. M., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Winters, P. C., Fiscella, K., Zazove, P., Sen, A., & Pearson, T. (2015). Assessing health literacy in Deaf American Sign Language users. Journal of Health Communication, 20(2), 92–100. Doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1066468.
• Meyer, B., Pawlack, B., & Kliche, O. (2010). Family interpreters in hospitals: Good reasons for bad practice? mediAzioni, 10, 297–324.
• Mitchell, R. E., & Karchmer, M. (2004). Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States. Sign Language Studies, 4(2), 138-163.
• Moeller, M. P., Carr, G., Seaver, L., Stredler-Brown, A., & Holzinger, D. (2013). Best practices in family-centered early intervention for children who are deaf or hard of hearing: An international consensus statement. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18(4), 429-445. Doi:10.1093/deafed/ent034
• Napier, J. (2021). Sign language brokering in deaf-hearing families. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Naseribooriabadi, T., Sadoughi, F., & Sheikhtaheri, A. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of health literacy among D/deaf individuals: A review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(11), 1465.
• Newport, E. L., Meier, R. P. (1985). The acquisition of American sign language. In. Slobin D (Ed.), The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition (pp. 881-938). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Padden, C., & Humphries, T. (2005). Inside Deaf culture. Harvard University Press.
• Petitto, L. A., Katerelos, M., Levy, B. G., Gauna, K., Tétreault, K., & Ferraro, V.(2001). Bilingual signed and spoken language acquisition from birth: Implications for the mechanisms underlying early bilingual language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 28(2), 453. Doi:10.1017/S0305000901004718
• Pöchhacker, F. (2004). I in TS: On partnership in translation studies. In C. Schäffner (Ed.). Translation research and interpreting research: Traditions, gaps and synergies (pp. 104–115). Clevedon Multilingual Matters.
• Preston, P. (1998). Mother father deaf. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schein, J. (1989). At home among strangers. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
• Schiff, N. B., Ventry, I. M. (1976). Communication problems in hearing children of deaf parents. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 41(3), 348-358. Doi:10.1044/jshd.4103.348.
• Schiff-Myers, N. (1988). Hearing children of deaf parents. D Bishop, K Mogford. In D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Eds.), Language development in exceptional circumstances (pp. 47-61). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
• Seven, Y., & M, Göl-Güven. (2016). Bir dil iki Dünya: Sağır anne babanın işiten çocuğu olmak [One language, two Worlds: being the hearing child of deaf parents] In E. Arık (Ed.) Ellerle konuşmak: Türk İşaret Dili araştırmaları (pp. 411-444). Koç University Press.
• Singleton J. L., & Tittle M. D. (2000). Deaf parents and their hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5(3), 221-236. Doi:10.1093/deafed/5.3.221
• Smith, J. A. (1999). Identity development during the transition to motherhood: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 17(3), 281-299. Doi:10.1080/02646839908404595
• Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis: A reply to the commentaries and further development of criteria. Health Psychology Review, 5(1), 55-61. Doi:10.1080/17437199.2010.541743
• Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research (first ed.). NY: SAGE Press.
• Strom, R., Daniels, S., & Park, S. (1986). Two adjustments of Korean immigrant families. Educational and Psychological Research, 6(3), 9-19.
• TSMF. (2024). Turkish Federation of the Deaf. Retrieved from https://www.tsmf.org.tr/.
• Turnbull, A. P. (2008). Parents’ experiences with childhood deafness: Implications for family-centered services. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 29(2), 82-98. Doi:10.1177%2F1525740108314865
• Valdés, G., Chávez, C., & Angelelli, C. (2003). A performance team: Young interpreters and their parents. In G. Valdés (Ed.), Expanding definitions of giftedness: The case of young interpreters from immigrant communities (pp. 63–98). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Watkin, P. M., Baldwin, M., Dixon, R., & Beckman, A. (1998). Maternal anxiety and attitudes to universal neonatal hearing screening. British Journal of Audiology, 32(1), 27-37. Doi:10.3109/03005364000000048
• WHO. (2020, November 10). Deafness and hearing loss. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
• Wohar- Torres M. T. (2003). A phenomenological study of the parenting experiences of deaf adults [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Our Lady of the Lake University.
• Woll, B., Meurant, L., & Sinte, A. (2013). Sign language and spoken language development in young children: Measuring vocabulary by means of the CDI. In A. Hermann, M. Steinbach & U. Zeshan (Ed), Sign language research, uses and practices, (pp.15-34). De Gruyter Mouton. Ishara Press. Doi:10.1515/9781614511472.15