Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye'de Kadınların İşgücüne Katılımı ve Belirleyicileri Arasındaki Bağlantı: Wavelet Yaklaşımından Kanıtlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 3, - , 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615

Öz

Bu çalışma, dalgacık metodolojisinin uygulanması yoluyla Türkiye'de kadınların işgücüne katılımı, kişi başına düşen GSYİH, eğitime erişim, doğurganlık ve ekonomik risk arasındaki dinamik bağlantıya dair yeni bir vizyon sunmak amacıyla yürütülmektedir. Kadınların işgücüne katılımı ile diğer değişkenler arasındaki bağlantının ampirik araştırması, 1990'dan 2019'a kadar olan yılları kapsayan üç aylık veriler kullanılarak çoklu ve kısmi wavelet analiz tekniklerinin hassas bir şekilde uygulanması yoluyla gerçekleştirilir. Çoklu ve kısmi wavelet analiz tekniklerinin kullanılması, kontrol değişkeninin rolünü sunar. Yazarın bildiği kadarıyla, daha önce yapılan hiçbir çalışma ekonomik büyümenin ve eğitime erişimin kadınların işgücüne katılım oranı üzerindeki etkisini wavelet analiz teknikleri aracılığıyla incelememektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmanın benzersizliği, ilgili literatürdeki bu boşluğu dolduracaktır; bu da, bu çalışmanın akademik literatüre ve politika alanına ana katkısını vurgulamaktadır. Ampirik sonuçlar, farklı kapsam ve frekanslardaki göstergeler arasındaki önemli bağlantıyı doğrulamaktadır. Genel sonuçlar, Türkiye örneğinde kişi başına GSYİH ile kadınların işgücüne katılım oranı arasındaki güçlü bağlantıyı ve bunu farklı zaman aralıklarında eğitim başarısının takip ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle politika tasarımı, Türkiye'nin işgücü piyasasında kadınların katılımını teşvik etmek için kişi başına düşen GSYİH'yı ve eğitim kazanımını teşvik etmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Banerjee, M. (2019). Gender equality and labour force participation: Mind the gap. ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change, 4(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/245.563.2719831827
  • Bergh, J. (2007). Gender attitudes and modernization processes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edl004
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labour force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79-101. Doi: 10.1007/s10887.009.9039-9
  • Budun, F. (2021). Women and Economic Development in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business & Political Studies, 8(1), 64-76. doi:10.48064/equinox.699770
  • Cain, G. G. (1966). Labour Force Participation of Married Women. University of Chicago Press.
  • Dursun, G., & Damadoglu, J. (2020). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth in the South Mediterranean Countries: Structural Shifts in Causal Linkages. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 10(1), 69-82. doi: 10.26579/jocrebe.71
  • Fatima, A., & Sultana, H. (2009). Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 182- 198. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/030.682.90910921253/full/pdf
  • Goldin, C. (1995). The U-Shaped Female Labour Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In T. P. Schultz (Ed.), Investment in Women’s Human Capital. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Gupta, V. (2023). Determinants of female labour force participation in India: evidence from supply side. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(1), 203-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s41027.023.00431-y
  • Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J., & Santos Silva, M. (2021). What drives female labour force participation? Comparable micro-level evidence from eight developing and emerging economies. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220.388.2020.1790533
  • Loh, L. (2013). Co-movement of Asia-Pacific with European and US stock market returns: A cross-timefrequency analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 29, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ribaf.2013.01.001
  • Mihanović, H., Orlić, M., Pasarić, Z., (2009). Diurnal thermocline oscillations driven by tidal flow around an island in the Middle Adriatic. Journal of Marine Systems, 78, 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jmarsys.2009.01.021
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labour Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labour Supply. In H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labour Economics. National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton University Press.
  • Nam, S. (1991). Determinants of female labour force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970–1980. Sociological Forum, 6(4), 641–659.
  • OECD (2023), Joining Forces for Gender Equality: What is Holding us Back?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:// doi.org/10.1787/67d48024-en
  • Osundina, O. A. (2020). Sustainable development: Does improvement in education and health of women improve female labour force participation rate?. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 13-24. https://doi. org/10.1002/sd.1961
  • PRS Group (2022). Available at: https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/cref/
  • Ramsey, J. B. (2002), Wavelets in Economics and Finance: Past and Future, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 6(3), 1-29.
  • Rua, A. (2010), Measuring comovement in the time–frequency space, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 685- 691.
  • Verick, S. (2014). Female Labour Force Participation in Developing Countries. IZA World of Labour, 87. https:// doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87
  • Verme, P. (2015), Economic Development and Female Labour Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a Test of the U – Shape Hypothesis, IZA Journal of Labour & Development, 4(3), pp. 1-22.
  • World Bank (2023). A Retrospective of IFC’s Implementation of the World Bank Group Gender Strategy, 2016-2023. International Finance Corporation. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/099.348.108232317367/pdf/IDU03ffb382a05c8104ff50a884.021.1892b249a2.pdf World Bank (2024). The World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP. CD?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024, Insight Report June 2024. https://www3. weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 3, - , 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Banerjee, M. (2019). Gender equality and labour force participation: Mind the gap. ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change, 4(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/245.563.2719831827
  • Bergh, J. (2007). Gender attitudes and modernization processes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edl004
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labour force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79-101. Doi: 10.1007/s10887.009.9039-9
  • Budun, F. (2021). Women and Economic Development in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business & Political Studies, 8(1), 64-76. doi:10.48064/equinox.699770
  • Cain, G. G. (1966). Labour Force Participation of Married Women. University of Chicago Press.
  • Dursun, G., & Damadoglu, J. (2020). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth in the South Mediterranean Countries: Structural Shifts in Causal Linkages. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 10(1), 69-82. doi: 10.26579/jocrebe.71
  • Fatima, A., & Sultana, H. (2009). Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 182- 198. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/030.682.90910921253/full/pdf
  • Goldin, C. (1995). The U-Shaped Female Labour Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In T. P. Schultz (Ed.), Investment in Women’s Human Capital. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Gupta, V. (2023). Determinants of female labour force participation in India: evidence from supply side. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(1), 203-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s41027.023.00431-y
  • Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J., & Santos Silva, M. (2021). What drives female labour force participation? Comparable micro-level evidence from eight developing and emerging economies. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220.388.2020.1790533
  • Loh, L. (2013). Co-movement of Asia-Pacific with European and US stock market returns: A cross-timefrequency analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 29, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ribaf.2013.01.001
  • Mihanović, H., Orlić, M., Pasarić, Z., (2009). Diurnal thermocline oscillations driven by tidal flow around an island in the Middle Adriatic. Journal of Marine Systems, 78, 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jmarsys.2009.01.021
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labour Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labour Supply. In H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labour Economics. National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton University Press.
  • Nam, S. (1991). Determinants of female labour force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970–1980. Sociological Forum, 6(4), 641–659.
  • OECD (2023), Joining Forces for Gender Equality: What is Holding us Back?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:// doi.org/10.1787/67d48024-en
  • Osundina, O. A. (2020). Sustainable development: Does improvement in education and health of women improve female labour force participation rate?. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 13-24. https://doi. org/10.1002/sd.1961
  • PRS Group (2022). Available at: https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/cref/
  • Ramsey, J. B. (2002), Wavelets in Economics and Finance: Past and Future, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 6(3), 1-29.
  • Rua, A. (2010), Measuring comovement in the time–frequency space, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 685- 691.
  • Verick, S. (2014). Female Labour Force Participation in Developing Countries. IZA World of Labour, 87. https:// doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87
  • Verme, P. (2015), Economic Development and Female Labour Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a Test of the U – Shape Hypothesis, IZA Journal of Labour & Development, 4(3), pp. 1-22.
  • World Bank (2023). A Retrospective of IFC’s Implementation of the World Bank Group Gender Strategy, 2016-2023. International Finance Corporation. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/099.348.108232317367/pdf/IDU03ffb382a05c8104ff50a884.021.1892b249a2.pdf World Bank (2024). The World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP. CD?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024, Insight Report June 2024. https://www3. weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 3, - , 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Banerjee, M. (2019). Gender equality and labour force participation: Mind the gap. ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change, 4(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/245.563.2719831827
  • Bergh, J. (2007). Gender attitudes and modernization processes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edl004
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labour force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79-101. Doi: 10.1007/s10887.009.9039-9
  • Budun, F. (2021). Women and Economic Development in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business & Political Studies, 8(1), 64-76. doi:10.48064/equinox.699770
  • Cain, G. G. (1966). Labour Force Participation of Married Women. University of Chicago Press.
  • Dursun, G., & Damadoglu, J. (2020). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth in the South Mediterranean Countries: Structural Shifts in Causal Linkages. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 10(1), 69-82. doi: 10.26579/jocrebe.71
  • Fatima, A., & Sultana, H. (2009). Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 182- 198. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/030.682.90910921253/full/pdf
  • Goldin, C. (1995). The U-Shaped Female Labour Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In T. P. Schultz (Ed.), Investment in Women’s Human Capital. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Gupta, V. (2023). Determinants of female labour force participation in India: evidence from supply side. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(1), 203-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s41027.023.00431-y
  • Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J., & Santos Silva, M. (2021). What drives female labour force participation? Comparable micro-level evidence from eight developing and emerging economies. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220.388.2020.1790533
  • Loh, L. (2013). Co-movement of Asia-Pacific with European and US stock market returns: A cross-timefrequency analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 29, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ribaf.2013.01.001
  • Mihanović, H., Orlić, M., Pasarić, Z., (2009). Diurnal thermocline oscillations driven by tidal flow around an island in the Middle Adriatic. Journal of Marine Systems, 78, 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jmarsys.2009.01.021
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labour Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labour Supply. In H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labour Economics. National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton University Press.
  • Nam, S. (1991). Determinants of female labour force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970–1980. Sociological Forum, 6(4), 641–659.
  • OECD (2023), Joining Forces for Gender Equality: What is Holding us Back?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:// doi.org/10.1787/67d48024-en
  • Osundina, O. A. (2020). Sustainable development: Does improvement in education and health of women improve female labour force participation rate?. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 13-24. https://doi. org/10.1002/sd.1961
  • PRS Group (2022). Available at: https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/cref/
  • Ramsey, J. B. (2002), Wavelets in Economics and Finance: Past and Future, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 6(3), 1-29.
  • Rua, A. (2010), Measuring comovement in the time–frequency space, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 685- 691.
  • Verick, S. (2014). Female Labour Force Participation in Developing Countries. IZA World of Labour, 87. https:// doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87
  • Verme, P. (2015), Economic Development and Female Labour Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a Test of the U – Shape Hypothesis, IZA Journal of Labour & Development, 4(3), pp. 1-22.
  • World Bank (2023). A Retrospective of IFC’s Implementation of the World Bank Group Gender Strategy, 2016-2023. International Finance Corporation. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/099.348.108232317367/pdf/IDU03ffb382a05c8104ff50a884.021.1892b249a2.pdf World Bank (2024). The World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP. CD?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024, Insight Report June 2024. https://www3. weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf

FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 3, - , 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615

Öz

This study is conducted to deliver a fresh vision of the dynamic connectedness between female labour force participation, per capita GDP, education attainment, fertility, and economic risk in Turkey through the application of wavelet methodology. The empirical investigation of the connectedness between FLFP and other variables is carried through precisely applying multiple and partial wavelet coherence techniques employing quarterly data covering the years from 1990 to 2019. The use of multiple and partial wavelet coherence presents the role of the control variable in the relationship between two variables. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no previous study explores the impact of economic growth and education attainment on FLFP through wavelet tools. Consequently, the uniqueness of this study will fill this gap in the related literature, which highlights the main contribution of this study to the academic literature and policy arena. Empirical outcomes confirm significant connectedness between indicators over different spans and frequencies. Overall results put forth the strong link between GDP per and FLFP in the case of Turkey, followed by education attainment over different time spans. Thus, the policy design should promote GDP per capita and education attainment to encourage female attainment in the labour market of Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Banerjee, M. (2019). Gender equality and labour force participation: Mind the gap. ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change, 4(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/245.563.2719831827
  • Bergh, J. (2007). Gender attitudes and modernization processes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edl004
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labour force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79-101. Doi: 10.1007/s10887.009.9039-9
  • Budun, F. (2021). Women and Economic Development in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business & Political Studies, 8(1), 64-76. doi:10.48064/equinox.699770
  • Cain, G. G. (1966). Labour Force Participation of Married Women. University of Chicago Press.
  • Dursun, G., & Damadoglu, J. (2020). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth in the South Mediterranean Countries: Structural Shifts in Causal Linkages. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 10(1), 69-82. doi: 10.26579/jocrebe.71
  • Fatima, A., & Sultana, H. (2009). Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 182- 198. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/030.682.90910921253/full/pdf
  • Goldin, C. (1995). The U-Shaped Female Labour Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In T. P. Schultz (Ed.), Investment in Women’s Human Capital. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Gupta, V. (2023). Determinants of female labour force participation in India: evidence from supply side. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(1), 203-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s41027.023.00431-y
  • Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J., & Santos Silva, M. (2021). What drives female labour force participation? Comparable micro-level evidence from eight developing and emerging economies. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220.388.2020.1790533
  • Loh, L. (2013). Co-movement of Asia-Pacific with European and US stock market returns: A cross-timefrequency analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 29, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ribaf.2013.01.001
  • Mihanović, H., Orlić, M., Pasarić, Z., (2009). Diurnal thermocline oscillations driven by tidal flow around an island in the Middle Adriatic. Journal of Marine Systems, 78, 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jmarsys.2009.01.021
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labour Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labour Supply. In H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labour Economics. National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton University Press.
  • Nam, S. (1991). Determinants of female labour force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970–1980. Sociological Forum, 6(4), 641–659.
  • OECD (2023), Joining Forces for Gender Equality: What is Holding us Back?, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:// doi.org/10.1787/67d48024-en
  • Osundina, O. A. (2020). Sustainable development: Does improvement in education and health of women improve female labour force participation rate?. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 13-24. https://doi. org/10.1002/sd.1961
  • PRS Group (2022). Available at: https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/cref/
  • Ramsey, J. B. (2002), Wavelets in Economics and Finance: Past and Future, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 6(3), 1-29.
  • Rua, A. (2010), Measuring comovement in the time–frequency space, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 685- 691.
  • Verick, S. (2014). Female Labour Force Participation in Developing Countries. IZA World of Labour, 87. https:// doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87
  • Verme, P. (2015), Economic Development and Female Labour Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a Test of the U – Shape Hypothesis, IZA Journal of Labour & Development, 4(3), pp. 1-22.
  • World Bank (2023). A Retrospective of IFC’s Implementation of the World Bank Group Gender Strategy, 2016-2023. International Finance Corporation. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/099.348.108232317367/pdf/IDU03ffb382a05c8104ff50a884.021.1892b249a2.pdf World Bank (2024). The World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP. CD?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024, Insight Report June 2024. https://www3. weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Büyüme, İstihdam
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Demet Beton Kalmaz 0000-0002-4407-5720

Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Beton Kalmaz, D. (2025). FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 47(3). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615
AMA Beton Kalmaz D. FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. Aralık 2025;47(3). doi:10.14780/muiibd.1625615
Chicago Beton Kalmaz, Demet. “FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 47, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615.
EndNote Beton Kalmaz D (01 Aralık 2025) FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 47 3
IEEE D. Beton Kalmaz, “FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, c. 47, sy. 3, 2025, doi: 10.14780/muiibd.1625615.
ISNAD Beton Kalmaz, Demet. “FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 47/3 (Aralık2025). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1625615.
JAMA Beton Kalmaz D. FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;47. doi:10.14780/muiibd.1625615.
MLA Beton Kalmaz, Demet. “FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, c. 47, sy. 3, 2025, doi:10.14780/muiibd.1625615.
Vancouver Beton Kalmaz D. FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TÜRKİYE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET APPROACH. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;47(3).