TRANSATLANTIC TRADE AND INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP: THE MOTIVES, THE SCOPE, THE IMPACT AND THE CHALLENGES

Yıl 2014, , 25 - 45, 16.03.2015

M. Sait Akman

https://doi.org/10.14780/iibd.59792

Öz

Extensive negotiations for Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) resumed between the US and the European Union, in 2013. Given the current strength of its two protagonists, in terms of their economic structures and roles in world trade, the TTIP is by no means a conventional Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in terms of its global impact. The TTIP has started mainly as a reaction to the rising shares of emerging economies in the world economy and to the economic crisis in Transatlantic economies. This initiative has long-term objectives of achieving sustainable growth and creating jobs by means of mutually eliminating regulatory barriers in a comprehensive way. This article, analyses the main driving motives that led the EU and the US to initiate a mega deal- the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. It evaluates the main topics in the negotiating agenda and the likely impact of a possible agreement on the protagonists. It also assesses the possible challenging issues during the negotiation process

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union-United States relations, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Global trade, Regulatory barriers

TRANSATLANTİK TİCARET VE YATIRIM ORTAKLIĞI: ORTAYA ÇIKARAN ETKENLER, KAPSAMI, ETKİLERİ VE GÜÇLÜKLERİ

Öz

Avrupa Birliği ile ABD arasındaki kapsamlı Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı-TTYO müzakereleri 2013 yılında başlamış bulunmaktadır. İki tarafın iktisadi büyüklükleri ve dünya ticaretindeki yerleri dikkate alındığında TTYO geleneksel bir Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması’nın (STA) çok üzerinde bir küresel etkiye sahip olacaktır. TTYO, yükselen ekonomilerin dünya ekonomisindeki payının artması ve özellikle ekonomik kriz ile birlikte gündeme gelmiştir. Bu girişim, her iki tarafın aralarındaki düzenleyici engelleri kapsamlı bir şekilde kaldırmaları yoluyla uzun dönemli ve sürdürülebilir büyüme ve istihdam artışını sağlamalarını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma öncelikle AB ve ABD’yi bir mega-ticaret anlaşmasına sevk eden faktörleri ele almaktadır. TTYO müzakerelerinde gündemi oluşturacak konuları ve varılabilecek bir anlaşmanın taraflara muhtemel etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Çalışma müzakere sürecinin zorluklarını da incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği-ABD ilişkileri, Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı, Küresel ticaret, Düzenleyici engeller

Kaynakça

• AKMAN, M. S., “AB-ABD Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı: Türkiye Açı- sından Bir Değerlendirme”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 2014, s.1-29.
• AKMAN, M. S., “Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı: Türkiye’nin Katılımı Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, TEPAV Değerlendirme Notu, N201401- 2014, Ocak 2014.
• AKMAN, M. S., “Doha Kalkınma Turu ve DTÖ: Sorunların Açmazında Çözüm Arayışları”, DTÖ Doha Turu Çok Taraflı Ticaret Müzakereleri ve Türkiye, Der: Akman ve Yaman, Ankara, TEPAV, 2008.
• ARAN, B., “Global Partnership Quests: New Contentious Dynamics in Trade and Prospects for Turkey in an Age of TPP and TTIP”, IPLI-Turkey Policy Brief Series, 2013. http://policyleadershipinstitute.org/documents/Turkey%20 policy%20brief_11_Aran_EN%20Update.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• BALDWIN, R., “21st Century Regionalism: Filling the gap between 21st century trade and 20th century trade rules”, WTO Staff Working Paper, ERSD-2011- 08, 2011.
• BHAGWATI, J., Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• COOPER, W. H., EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude, Congressional Research Service, Washington DC, Şubat 2014.
• COOPER, W. H., Manyin, M. E., Jurenas, R. Platzer, M. D., “The US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Provisions and Implications”, Congressional Research Service, Washington DC, Mart 2013. https://www.hsdl. org/?view&did=733105, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• ECORYS, Non-Tariff Measures in EU-US Trade and Investment: An Economic Analysis, 2009. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/december/tradoc_145613.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• ERIXON, F., “Whither the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership”, Policy Brief, 18, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2013.
• ERIXON F., Bauer, M., “A Transatlantic Zero Agreement: Estimating the Gains from Transatlantic Free Trade in Goods”, ECIPE Occasional Paper, No.4/2010.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION, “Impact Assessment Report on the Future of EU-US Trade Relations”, Commission Staff Working Document, SWD(2013) 68 Final, Brüksel, 12 Mart 2013.
• FELBERMAYR, G., Larch, M., Flach, L., Yalcin, E., Benz, S., “Dimensions and Effects of a Transatlantic free Trade Agreement Between The EU and US”, Ifo Institute, February 2013. http://www.transatlanticbusiness.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/dimensions-and-effects-of-a-transatlantic-free-trade-agreement-between-the-eu-and-usa.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014)
• FELBERMAYR, G., Heid, B., Lehwald, S., “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Who benefits from a trade deal?”, Bertelsmann Stiftung-Global Economic Dynamics, 2013.
• FONTAGNE, L., Gourden, J., Sebastien, J., “Transatlantic Trade: Whither Paretnership, Which Economic Consequences?”, CEPII Policy Brief, Eylül 2013.
• FRANCOIS, J., Manchin, M., Norberg, H., Pindyuk, O., Tomberger, P., “Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment: An Economic Assessment”, CEPR-Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2013. http://trade.ec.europa. eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• HAMILTON, D., Quinlan, J., The Transatlantic Economy 2013, Washington DC: Transatlantic Business Council and AmCham-EU, 2013.
• HONGJIAN, C. “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Origins, objectives and Impact”, China Institute of International Studies, 2013. http:// www.ciis.org.cn/english/2013-11/07/content_6440336.htm, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• KAPPEL, R., “The Decline of Europe and the US: Shifts in the World Economy and in Global Politics”, GIGA (German Institute of Global and Area Studies) Focus, No.1, 2011. http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/gf_international_1101.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• KOTZIOS, N., Liacouras, P., EU-US Relations: Repairing the Transatlantic Rift, Palgrave Macmillan: Houndmills, 2006.
• LAGADEC, E., Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century: Europe, America and the Rise of the Rest, Routledge: Londra ve New York, 2012.
• LANGHAMMER, R., “Why a Market Place Must Not Discriminate: The Case Against a US-EU Free Trade Agreement”, Kiel Working Papers, No.1407, Mart 2008.
• LEJOUR, A., Mustilli, F., Pelkmans, J., Timini, J., “Economic Incentives for Indirect TTIP Spillovers”, CEPS Special Report, No. 94, TTIP Series No. 2, October 2014.
• NATIONAL BOARD OF TRADE/SWEDEN, Potential Effects from an EU-US Free Trade Agreement: Sweden in Focus, 2012. http://www.kommers. se/documents/dokumentarkiv/publikationer/2012/rapporter/potential-effects-from-an-eu-us%20-free-trade-agreement.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• SCHOTT, J. S., Climino, C., “Crafting a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: What Can Be Done?”, PIIE Policy Brief, PB 13-8 Mart 2013.
• UNCTAD, World Investment Report-Global value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development, 2013. http://unctad.org/en/publicationslibrary/wir2013_ en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• UNCTAD, World Investment Report- Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan, 2014. http://unctad.org/en/publicationslibrary/wir2014_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• WEF, Mega-regional Trade Agreements, Game-Changers or Costly Distractions for the World Trading System, World Economic Forum, Temmuz 2014. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_TradeFDI_MegaRegionalTradeAgreements_Report_2014.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• WHYTE, P., Narrowing the Atlantic: The way forward for EU-US trade and investment, Centre for European Reform, Londra, 2009.
• WILLIAMS, B.R., “Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis”, Congressional Research Service, Washington DC, 2013.
• WTO, World Trade Report 2012: Trade and Public Policies: A Closer Look at Non-Tariff Measures in 21st Century, Temmuz, 2012. http://www.wto.org/ english/res_e/publications_e/wtr12_e.htm, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).
• WTO, WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries 1995-2012. Cenevre, 2013. http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/dispu_settl_1995_2012_e.pdf, Erişim Tarihi (10.12.2014).