Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Afterlife Texts in Depictions of Ancient Egyptian Royal Tombs

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 464 - 475, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.1776237

Öz

In ancient Egypt, tombs contained depictions designed to guide the deceased in the afterlife. The primary purpose of the depictions painted on tomb walls or temple rooms was to provide the deceased with the support needed to overcome the obstacles they would encounter in the afterlife. In the afterlife texts created by the depictions, the dead are sought to be secured through spells and symbols. The deceased, equipped with content appropriate for eternal life, resurrection, and the cosmos, is sought to be guaranteed an afterlife through offerings to the gods and motifs of good behavior. In the case of royal tombs, an increase in the variety of depictions and depth of meaning is observed. In royal depictions, the motifs of pharaohs, who are presented as the sons of the Sun God Re, accompanying the Sun Boat in the daily cycle and being identified with the god Osiris, come to the fore. The idea that kings, who are identified with the motif of a god who dies and is resurrected like Osiris, will be immortal in the afterlife is emphasized. In many of the afterlife texts created by these narratives, kings are depicted as being intertwined with the gods and as part of their world. After the Pyramid Texts, which were initially reserved for kings, the emergence of the Coffin Texts and the subsequent development of the Book of the Dead marked a significant advancement in funerary literature. In this article, we will focus on the Afterlife Texts, which became a rich literature during the New Kingdom period, and provide detailed examples of these texts.

Kaynakça

  • Abitz, Friedrich. Pharao als Gott in den Unterweltsbüchern des Neuen Reiches. Freiburg; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1995.
  • Allen, James P. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. ed. Theodore J. Lewis. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, Second Edition., 2015.
  • Ataç, Mehmet Ali. The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Barta, Winfried. Die Bedeutung der Pyramidentexte für den Verstorbenen König. München ; Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1981. http://archive.org/details/diebedeutungderp0000bart
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. London: The Project Gutenberg EBook, 2005. www.gutenberg.net
  • Budge, Wallis E. A. The Book of The Dead: The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum. London: Dover Publications, 1895. www.sacred-texts.com
  • Çifçi, Meryem Karagülle. Antik Mısır’da Tanrılar, Öte Dünya ve Din. İstanbul: Banliyö Kitap, 2023.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Myth and Reality. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1968.
  • Franco, Isabelle. “The Funerary Texts from the Valley of the Kings”. The Pharaohs. ed. Christiane Ziegler. 313-325. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, First Edition., 2002.
  • Frankfort, Henri. Kingship and The Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as The Integration of Society and Nature. University of Chicago Press, 1978.
  • Gadalla, Moustafa. The Ancient Egyptian Metaphysical Architecture. Greensboro NC: Tehuti Research Foundation, 2016.
  • Hornung, Erik vd. (ed.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2006.
  • Hornung, Erik. The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. http://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb00horn
  • Ikram, Salima. Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press, 2015. İnan, Afet. Eski Mısır Tarih ve Medeniyeti. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1992.
  • Leprohon, Ronald J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013.
  • Moret, Alexandre. Du Caractère Religieux de la Royauté Pharaonique. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeur, 1902.
  • Murnane, William J. United With Eternity A Concise Guide To The Monuments of Medinet Habu. Chicago, Cairo: The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1980. http://archive.org/details/united-with-eternity.-a-concise-guide-to-the-monuments-of-medinet-habu
  • Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29010
  • Piankoff, Alexandre. The Tomb of Ramesses VI. ed. N. Rambova. New York: Pantheon Books, 1954. http://archive.org/details/tomboframessesvi0001unse
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. California: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Remler, Pat. Egyptian Mythology, A to Z. New York: Chelsea House, 3rd ed., 2010.
  • Robins, Gay. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2nd edition., 1997.
  • Shaw, Ian - Nicholson, Paul T. “The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt”. Ba. 47. London: British Museum Press, 2008.
  • Snape, Steven. Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
  • Troche, Julia. Death, Power, and Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Cornell University Press, 2021.
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. Thames Hudson, 2000. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=92b4a59ad61084e3bb7f4ce23af794bb

Antik Mısır Kraliyet Mezar Tasvirlerindeki Öte Dünya Metinleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 464 - 475, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.1776237

Öz

Antik Mısır’da mezarlar, ölüm sonrasındaki yaşama rehberlik etmek amacıyla tasarlanmış tasvirler içerir. Mezar duvarlarına ya da tapınak odalarına resmedilen tasvirlerin öncelikli amacı ölüye öte dünyada karşılaşacağı engelleri aşması için gereken desteği verebilmektir. Tasvirlerin oluşturduğu öte dünya metinlerinde büyüler ve semboller yoluyla ölüler güvence altına alınmaya çalışılır. Sonsuz yaşama, dirilişe ve kozmosa uygun içeriklerle donatılan ölünün, tanrılara adadığı sunularla ve iyi davranış motifleriyle öte dünyası garanti altına alınmaya çalışılır. Söz konusu olan kraliyet mezarlarıysa, tasvir çeşitliliğinde ve anlamların derinliğinde artış gözlenir. Kraliyet tasvirlerinde özellikle Güneş Tanrısı Re’nin Oğlu olarak lanse edilen kralların Güneş Kayığı’na eşlik ederek günlük döngüye katılması ve Tanrı Osiris’le özdeşleştirilmesi motifleri ön plana çıkar. Osiris gibi, ölüp yeniden dirilen bir tanrı motifiyle özdeşleştirilen kralların öte dünyada ölümsüz olacağı fikri vurgulanmaya çalışılır. Bu anlatıların oluşturduğu pek çok öte dünya metninde krallar, tanrılarla iç içe ve onların dünyasının bir parçası olarak gösterilmeye çalışılır. Başlangıçta yalnızca kralların kullanımına ayrılmış Piramit Metinleri’nden sonra Tabut Metinleri’nin ortaya çıkışı, sonrasındaysa Ölüler Kitabı’yla devam eden süreçte cenaze edebiyatı büyük bir gelişme göstermiştir. Biz bu makalede bilhassa Yeni Krallık Dönemi’nde zengin bir literatüre dönüşen Öte Dünya Metinleri ve bu metinlere dair başlıca örnekleri detaylandırmaya çalışacağız.

Kaynakça

  • Abitz, Friedrich. Pharao als Gott in den Unterweltsbüchern des Neuen Reiches. Freiburg; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1995.
  • Allen, James P. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. ed. Theodore J. Lewis. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, Second Edition., 2015.
  • Ataç, Mehmet Ali. The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Barta, Winfried. Die Bedeutung der Pyramidentexte für den Verstorbenen König. München ; Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1981. http://archive.org/details/diebedeutungderp0000bart
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. London: The Project Gutenberg EBook, 2005. www.gutenberg.net
  • Budge, Wallis E. A. The Book of The Dead: The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum. London: Dover Publications, 1895. www.sacred-texts.com
  • Çifçi, Meryem Karagülle. Antik Mısır’da Tanrılar, Öte Dünya ve Din. İstanbul: Banliyö Kitap, 2023.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Myth and Reality. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1968.
  • Franco, Isabelle. “The Funerary Texts from the Valley of the Kings”. The Pharaohs. ed. Christiane Ziegler. 313-325. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, First Edition., 2002.
  • Frankfort, Henri. Kingship and The Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as The Integration of Society and Nature. University of Chicago Press, 1978.
  • Gadalla, Moustafa. The Ancient Egyptian Metaphysical Architecture. Greensboro NC: Tehuti Research Foundation, 2016.
  • Hornung, Erik vd. (ed.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2006.
  • Hornung, Erik. The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. http://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb00horn
  • Ikram, Salima. Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press, 2015. İnan, Afet. Eski Mısır Tarih ve Medeniyeti. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1992.
  • Leprohon, Ronald J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013.
  • Moret, Alexandre. Du Caractère Religieux de la Royauté Pharaonique. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeur, 1902.
  • Murnane, William J. United With Eternity A Concise Guide To The Monuments of Medinet Habu. Chicago, Cairo: The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1980. http://archive.org/details/united-with-eternity.-a-concise-guide-to-the-monuments-of-medinet-habu
  • Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29010
  • Piankoff, Alexandre. The Tomb of Ramesses VI. ed. N. Rambova. New York: Pantheon Books, 1954. http://archive.org/details/tomboframessesvi0001unse
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. California: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Remler, Pat. Egyptian Mythology, A to Z. New York: Chelsea House, 3rd ed., 2010.
  • Robins, Gay. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2nd edition., 1997.
  • Shaw, Ian - Nicholson, Paul T. “The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt”. Ba. 47. London: British Museum Press, 2008.
  • Snape, Steven. Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
  • Troche, Julia. Death, Power, and Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Cornell University Press, 2021.
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. Thames Hudson, 2000. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=92b4a59ad61084e3bb7f4ce23af794bb
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Meryem Karagülle Çifçi 0000-0003-1942-6880

Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Karagülle Çifçi, Meryem. “Antik Mısır Kraliyet Mezar Tasvirlerindeki Öte Dünya Metinleri”. Mütefekkir 12/24 (Aralık2025), 464-475. https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.1776237.

Aksaray Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi dergisi Mütefekkir, her yılın 15 Haziran ve 15 Aralık tarihlerinde olmak üzere basılı ve online olarak yayınlanan, uluslararası akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.