The Changing Images of Zodiac Animals in Medieval Chinese Buddhist Literature

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 37 - 54, 28.10.2021

Huaiyu Chen

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15881658

Öz

In a Buddhist text entitled Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-Sūtra, that has only survived in its fifth century Chinese translation, twelve animals were portrayed as there incarnations of Bodhisattvas who traveled to teach and enlighten sentient beings who were reborn in the bodies of animals. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Chinese Buddhist commentators incorporated indigenous Chinese thoughts of Yin-yangand Five-Phase theories to reinterpret these animals as demonic spirits who could corrupt the morality of Buddhist practitioners. This new development manifested the attempt of medieval Chinese Buddhist monks to help Buddhist ideas take root in Chinese society. It shows how medieval Chinese Buddhist literature transformed twelve animals from compassionate deities into animal demons to accommodate foreignideas for serving the Chinese audience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Twelve animals , Bodhisattva , animal demons , demonic spirits , medieval Chinese Buddhism

Ortaçağ Çin Budist Edebiyatında Zodyak Hayvanlarının Değişen Görüntüleri

Öz

Sadece beşinci yüzyıla ait Çince tercümesi günümüze ulaşmış Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-Sūtra adlı Budist metninde on iki hayvan, hayvanların bedenlerinde yeniden doğmuş duygulu varlıkları eğitmek ve aydınlatmak için seyahat eden Bodhisattva’ların reenkarnasyonu olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Yedinci ve sekizinci yüzyıllarda Çinli Budist tefsirciler, bu hayvanları Budistlerin ahlakını bozabilecek şeytani ruhlar olarak yeniden yorumlarken onu yerli Çin düşünceleri olan Yin-yang ve Beş Aşamalı teorileriyle birleştirdiler. Bu yeni gelişme Ortaçağ Çinli Budist rahiplerine ait fikirlerin o zamanki Çin toplumunda kök salması sonucunu ortaya çıkardı. Bu durum, Ortaçağ Çin Budist edebiyatının yabancı fikirleri aşinalıştırarak Çinli okuyucu kesimin istifadesine sunmak için on iki hayvanı merhametli tanrılardan hayvan şeytanlara nasıl dönüştürdüğünü göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

On iki hayvan , Bodhisattva , hayvan şeytanlar , şeytani ruhlar , ortaçağ Çin Budizmi

Kaynakça

• T = Taishō shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新脩大藏經). Edited by Takakusu Junjirō (高楠順次郎) and Watanabe Kaigyoku (渡邊海旭). Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai, 1924–1929.
• T. 11, no. 310. Da baoji jing (大寶積經) (Skt. Mahā ratnakūṭa sūtra). Translated by Bodhiruchi.
• T. 13, no. 397. Da fangdeng daji jing (大方等大集經) (Skt. Mahāvaipulya mahāsamghaṭā sūtra, MMS). Translated by Dharmakṣema.
• T. 21, no. 1331. Guanding jing (灌頂經). Translated by Srimitra.
• T. 23, no. 1442. Genben shuoyiqieyou bu pinaiye (根本說一切有部毘奈耶) (Skt. Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinayavibhaṅga). Translated by Yijing.T. 35, no. 1735. Da fangguangfo huayanjing shu (大方廣佛華嚴經疏). By Chengguan (澄觀).
• T. 38, no. 1776. Weimo yi ji (維摩義記). By Huiyuan (慧遠).
• T. 46, no. 1911. Mohe zhiguan (摩訶止觀). By Zhiyi (智顗).
• T. 46, no. 1912. Zhiguan fuxing chuanhong jue (止觀輔行傳弘訣). By Zhanran (湛然).
• T. 46, no. 1915. Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao (修習止觀坐禪法要). By Zhiyi (智顗).
• T. 46, no. 1931. Tiantai sijiaoyi (天臺四要儀). By Diguan (諦觀).
• Beal, Samuel. Xi you ji: Buddhist Records of the Western World 1, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1906.
• Chen, Jinhua. “One Name, Three Monks: Two Northern Chan Masters Emerge from the Shadow of Their Contemporary, the Tiantai Master Zhanran (711-782).” Journal of International Association for Buddhist Studies 22, no. 1 (1999): 1-91.
• Fang, Xuanling et al. Sui shu (隋書). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973.
• Kang, Xiaofei. The Cult of the Fox: Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial and Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
• Minakata, Kumagusu (南方熊楠). Minakata Kumagusu zenshū (南方熊楠全集). Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1971.
• Sadakata, Akira (定方晟). Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins. Trans. by Gaynor Sekimori, with a foreword by Hajime Nakamura. Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing Co., 1997.
• Sagart, Laurent. “The Chinese Names of the Four Directions.” Journal of American Oriental Society 124, no.1 (2004): 69-76.
• Strickmann, Michel. Mantras et mandarins: le bouddhisme tantrique en Chine. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.
• —. “The Consecration Sūtra: A Buddhist Book of Spells.” In Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha, edited by Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Kyoko Tokuno, 75-118. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
• Teiser, Stephen F. Reinventing the wheel: Paintings of Rebirth in Medieval Buddhist Temples. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2007.
• Verellen, Franciscus. Imperiled Destinies: The Daoist Quest for Deliverance in Medieval China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2019.
• Wang, Aihe. Cosmology and Political Culture in Early China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Yao, Silian et al. Chen shu (陳書). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1972.
• Zhang, Xing and Chen Huaiyu. “From Lion to Tiger: The Buddhist Changing Images of Apex Predators in Trans-Asian Contexts.” In Animals and Human Society in Asia: Historical and Ethical Perspectives, edited by Rotem Rosen, Michal Biran, Meir Shahar, and Gideon Shelach, 331-353. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.