A REVIEW ON INTERPERSONAL FORGIVENESS

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 33 - 54, 01.04.2014

İşil Çoklar Ali Dönmez

https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-02-04-03

Öz

Allthough almost everyone has some covert notions about it, attraction of forgiveness as an academic issue was limited with theology and philosophy for many years. In recent years social psychologists and clinical psychologists started to show interest both in self forgiveness and forgiving others. The purpose of this article is to review the definitions and models of forgiveness and giving information about the empirical research findings in Turkey. Keywords: Forgiveness, causes of forgiveness, interpersonal relations, studies on forgiveness

Anahtar Kelimeler

Forgiveness, causes of forgiveness, interpersonal relations, studies on forgiveness

KİŞİLER ARASI İLİŞKİLERDE BAĞIŞLAMA ÜZERİNE BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME

Öz

Bağışlama çoğu insanın hakkında hakkında birtakım güçlü örtük görüşlere sahip olduğu bir konu olsa da, akademik bir konu olarak çekiciliği uzun yıllar teoloji ve felsefe alanıyla sınırlı kalmıştır. Ancak gerek kendini bağışlama gerekse diğerini bağışlama konusu son yıllarda sosyal psikologlar ve klinik psikologlar tarafından ilgi görmeye başlamıştır. Bu yazının amacı kişiler arası ilişkiler açısından bağışlamanın farklı tanımları, bağışlamaya ilişkin geliştirilmiş modeller, bağışlamanın nedenleri ve ülkemizde gerçekleştirilmiş olan görgül çalışmalar hakkında bilgi vermektir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bağışlama, bağışlamanın nedenleri, kişiler arası ilişkiler, bağışlamayla ilgili çalışmalar

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağışlama, bağışlamanın nedenleri, kişiler arası ilişkiler, bağışlamayla ilgili çalışmalar

Kaynakça

• Al-­‐Mabuk, R. H., Enright, R. D. ve Cardis, P. A. (1995). Forgiveness education with parentally love-­‐deprived late adolescents. Journal of Moral Education,24(4), 427- 444.
• Azar, F. ve Mullet, E. (2002). Willingness to forgive: A study of Muslim and Christian Lebanese. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8(1), 17-30.
• Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J. ve Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research & theological perspectives, 79-104.
• Berry, J. W. ve Worthington Jr, E. L. (2001). Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 447.
• Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759–771.
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2010a). A Turkish Version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2010b). The features of transgression as predictors of forgiveness of others. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal,4(35), 8-17.
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2012). Affetme Arttırılabilinir mi?: Affetmeyi Geliştirme Grubu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
• Canale, J. R. (1990). Altruism and forgiveness as therapeutic agents in psychotherapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 29(4), 297-301.
• Bugay, A. ve Mullet, E. (2013). Conceptualizing forgiveness, granting forgiveness, and seeking forgiveness: a Turkish-French comparison. Review of European Studies, 5(5), p187.
• Çivan, İ. (2013) Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilerarası ilişkilerle ilgili bilişsel çarpıtmaları ve başkalarını bağışlama davranışlarının incelenmesi (Yayınlamamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
• Enright, R. D., ve The Human Development Study Group. (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gerwitz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 123–152). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Enright, R.D. ve Fitzgibbons, R.P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Enright, R.D. ve the Human Development Study Group (1994). Piaget on the moral development of forgiveness: Identity or reciprocity. Human Development , 37, 63- 80.
• Enright, R. D. ve Zell, R. L. (1989). Problems encountered when we forgive one another. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 8, 52–60.
• Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M. ve Lobel, M. (1999). When God Disappoints Difficulty Forgiving God and its Role in Negative Emotion. Journal of health psychology,4(3), 365-379.
• Exline, J. J., Worthington, E. L., Hill, P. ve McCullough, M. E. (2003). Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Personality and social psychology Review, 7(4), 337-348.
• Farrow, T.F. ve Woodruff, P.W. (2005). Worthington Jr, E. L. (Ed.). Handbook of forgiveness. Routledge, 259-272.
• Fincham, F. D. ve Beach, S. R. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: Implications for psychological Relationships, 9(3), 239-251. and constructive
• communication. Personal
• Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M. ve Hannon, P. A. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness?.Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 956.
• Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(4), 629.
• Fox, A. ve Thomas, T. (2008). Impact of religious affiliation and religiosity on forgiveness. Australian Psychologist, 43(3), 175-185.
• Friedberg, J. P., Adonis, M. N., Von Bergen, H. A. ve Suchday, S. (2005). September 11th related stress and trauma in New Yorkers. Stress and Health,21(1), 53-60.
• Friedberg, J. P., Suchday, S. ve Shelov, D. V. (2007). The impact of forgiveness on cardiovascular Psychophysiology, 65(2), 87-94. and
• recovery. International Journal of
• Giray, F.S. (2009). Suç işlemiş ve işlememiş ergenlerin adil dünya inancı ve bağışlayıcılık tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi.
• Harris, A. H., Luskin, F., Norman, S. B., Standard, S., Bruning, J., Evans, S. ve Thoresen, C. E. (2006). Effects of a group forgiveness intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait-­‐anger. Journal of clinical psychology,62(6), 715-733.
• Hebl, J. ve Enright, R. D. (1993). Forgiveness as a psychotherapeutic goal with elderly females. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(4), 658.
• Hope, D. (1987). The healing paradox of forgiveness. Psychotherapy, 24(2), 240-244.
• Karremans, J. C. ve Van Lange, P. A. (2004). Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(2), 207-227.
• Krause, N. ve Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well–being in late life. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 42(1), 77-93.
• Kohlberg, L. (1984). The Psychology of moral judgement: The natüre and validty of moral stages. San Fransisco: Harper and Row.
• Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Billington, E., Jobe, R., Edmondson, K. ve Jones, W. H. (2003). A change of heart: Cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict. Journal of behavioral medicine, 26(5), 373-393
• Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences,30(5), 881- 885.
• Mauger, P. A., Perry, J. E., Freeman, T., & Grove, D. C. (1992). The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research. Journal of Psychology and Christianity.
• McCullough, M. E. ve Worthington Jr, E. L. (1999). Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 1141-1164.
• McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 43–55.
• Miller, A. J., Worthington Jr, E. L. ve McDaniel, M. A. (2008). Gender and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review and research agenda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(8), 843-876.
• Mullet, E., Barros, J., Usaï, V., Frongia, L., Neto, F. ve Rivière Shafighi, S. (2003). Religious involvement and the forgiving personality. Journal of personality, 71(1), 1-19.
• Newberg, A. B., dAquili, E. G., Newberg, S. K. ve deMarici, V. (2000). The neuropsychological correlates of forgiveness. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargamentve C. A. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 91–110). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Özgün, S. (2010). The predictors of the traumatic effect of extramarital infidelity on married women: Coping strategies, resources, and forgiveness. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Patton (1985). Is human forgiveness possible: A pastoral care perspective. Nashville, TN: Abingdon.
• Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A. ve Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260-277.
• Sarıçam, H., Çardak, M. ve Yaman, E. (2014). Predictive Role of Forgiveness on Mobbing (A Case Study for Teachers). Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(2), 80-90.
• Satıcı, S. A., Can, G. ve Akın, A. (2012). The Vengeance Scale: The validity and reliability of the Turkish version. Internatıonal Counselıng And Educatıon Conference, May, 3-5, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 21-24.
• Soylu (2010). Psikolojik ve sosyal dışlanma ile sosyal reddedilme kavramları arasındaki farklılıkların saldırganlık temelinde incelenmesi: Cinsiyet, bağışlayıcı kişilik ve negatif duygulanımın rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Subkoviak, M. J., Enright, R. D., Wu, C. R., Gassin, E. A., Freedman, S., Olson, L. M. ve Sarinopoulos, I. (1995). Measuring interpersonal forgiveness in late adolescence and middle adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 18(6), 641-655.
• Taysi, E. (2007). İkili İlişkilerde Bağışlama: İlişki Kalitesi ve Yüklemelerin Rolü. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N. ve Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359.
• Walker, D. F., Gorsuch, R. L. ve Tan, S. Y. (2004). Therapists' Integration of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling: A Meta-­‐Analysis. Counseling and Values, 49(1), 69-80.
• Witvliet, C.V., Ludwig, T.E. ve Bauer, D.J. (2002). Please forgive me: Transgressors’ emotions and physiology during imagery of seeking forgiveness and victim responses. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 21(3), 219–233.
• Worthington, E. L. ve DiBlasio, F. (1990). Promoting mutual forgiveness within the fractured relationship. Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice, training,27(2), 219.
• Yalçın, İ. ve Malkoç, A. (2014). The Relationship Between Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being: Forgiveness and Hope as Mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1- 15.
• Yıldırım, A. (2009) Bağlanma stilleri ile bağışlama arasındaki ilişkide sorumluluk yüklemelerinin aracı rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K. ve Anisman, H. (2007). Rumination: Bridging a gap between forgivingness, vengefulness, and psychological health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1573-1584.