II. Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Otoriter Yönetim Geleneğinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Kökleri: İttihatçılığın Sosyo-Ekonomik Temelleri Üstüne Bir Çözümleme Denemesi

Comittee of Union and Progress, then Party, had exhibited a form of authoritarian government between 1908-1918 when it was on power, and in the following years including the War of Independence and the early the Republican period, it sustained this position based upon the wills of army command centre which also led to the Party. This situation has been explained till today in accordance with conservative and modernist comments of classical historiography as a consequence of the demands of the rulers, primarily Enver Pascha, or with the effect of Enlightenment and nationalization notion originated from the Westernism of Young Turks tradition or with the solution seeking struggles of enlightened-soldier leaders against the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This traditional and still-dominant explanation forms offer an approach that ignores the determinative influence of socio-economical conditions as structural foundations on politics by limiting the creative factor of the historical events with intimateness. In this study, we will discuss the socio-economic factors led to the evolution of government from a constitutional monarchy, whose effects reached to the Republic after having been concreted with 1908 Revolution, to a militarist dictatorship.

İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, sonradan Fırkası, iktidarda bulunduğu 1908-1918 yılları arasında ve daha sonra aynı kadrolarla, Bağımsızlık Savaşı’nı izleyerek Cumhuriyet dönemini de kapsayacak biçimde, aynı zamanda yöneticileri olan ordu komutasının iradesine dayalı bir otoriter yönetim sergilemiştir. Bu durum, klasik tarihçiliğimizin muhafazakâr ve modernleşmeci yorumları doğrultusunda, başta Enver Paşa olmak üzere yöneticilerin iktidar istemleriyle veya Jön-Türk geleneğinin batıcılığından kaynaklanan aydınlatma ve uluslaştırma düşüncesinin etkisiyle ve bu bağlamda aydın-asker önderlerin, Osmanlı Devleti’nin çöküşüne karşı çare arayışları ile açıklanagelmiştir. Bu geleneksel açıklayış biçimleri, tarihsel olayın yaratıcı etkenini kişi ve kişisel irade ile sınırlayarak, sosyo-ekonomik koşulların bir üstyapı kurumu olarak siyaset üstündeki belirleyici etkisini göz ardı eden bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 1908 İhtilâli ile somutlaşan Meşrutiyet idealinin Cumhuriyet’e uzanan etki süreci içinde diktatörlüğe evriminin sosyo-ekonomik nedenlerini tartışmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.Anahtar Sözcükler: İttihat ve Terakki, Otoriterizm, Osmanlı ekonomisi, Burjuvazi.JEL Sınıflaması: Z13 TRADITION OF AUTHORITARIANISM FROM SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY TO THE REPUBLIC IN TURKEY An Analysis Essay On The Socio-Economical Fundamentals Of Unionism ABSComittee of Union and Progress, then Party, had exhibited a form of authoritarian government between 1908-1918 when it was on power, and in the following years including the War of Independence and the early the Republican period, it sustained this position based upon the wills of army command centre which also led to the Party. This situation has been explained till today in accordance with conservative and modernist comments of classical historiography as a consequence of the demands of the rulers, primarily Enver Pascha, or with the effect of Enlightenment and nationalization notion originated from the Westernism of Young Turks tradition or with the solution seeking struggles of enlightened-soldier leaders against the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This traditional and still-dominant explanation forms offer an approach that ignores the determinative influence of socio-economical conditions as structural foundations on politics by limiting the creative factor of the historical events with intimateness. In this study, we will discuss the socio-economic factors led to the evolution of government from a constitutional monarchy, whose effects reached to the Republic after having been concreted with 1908 Revolution, to a militarist dictatorship.