THE RELATIONS OF CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EXAMPLES FROM LATIN AMERICA, EASTERN EUROPE AND ASIAN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 294 - 314, 20.10.2023

Ömer Faruk Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1352801

Öz

Corruption is one of the biggest obstacles to increasing social welfare. In addition to creating great costs for societies today, it also causes economic and social costs for future generations. Therefore, reducing corruption is very important for societies to achieve economic development. In order to investigate the relationship between corruption and economic development, two different models developed for some European and Asian countries under Soviet influence and Latin American countries. The variables included in the models for the period 2000-2019 are corruption perception index, per capita income, governance, inflation, public expenditures, foreign direct investments, trade openness and human capital index. After the basic tests of the models, estimations made based on the Two-Stage System GMM and panel ARDL approaches and 4 different estimation results obtained. According to the results, in the first model, per capita income growth, human capital index, commercialization and governance have a positive effect on corruption. Inflation has a negative impact on corruption. On the other hand, the results for public expenditures and FDI are not statistically significant for the System GMM estimation. In the second model, corruption has a negative impact on per capita income growth. In the last stage, Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test applied and it was determined that there is a unidirectional causality from some variables to corruption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corruption, Economic Development, Developing Countries, System GMM Analysis, Panel ARDL Analysis

YOLSUZLUK VE İKTİSADİ GELİŞME İLİŞKİLERİ: LATİN AMERİKA, DOĞU AVRUPA VE ASYA ÜLKELERİ’NDEN ÖRNEKLER

Öz

Yolsuzluk, toplumsal refah artışının önündeki en büyük engellerden biridir. Toplumlara bugün için büyük maliyetler oluşturmasının yanı sıra gelecek nesillere de ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan maliyetler oluşturur. Bu nedenle yolsuzluğun azaltılması, toplumların ekonomik gelişme gerçekleştirebilmeleri için çok önemlidir. Yolsuzluğun ekonomik gelişmeyle ilişkilerini araştırmak için Sovyet etkisi altında kalan bazı Avrupa ve Asya ülkeleri ve Latin Amerika ülkelerini kapsayan iki farklı model geliştirilmiştir. 2000-2019 döneminin araştırıldığı modellerde yer alan değişkenler yolsuzluk algı endeksi, kişi başına düşen gelir, yönetişim, enflasyon, kamu harcamaları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ticari dışa açıklık ve beşeri sermaye endeksidir. Modellerle ilgili temel sınamalar sonrası İki Aşamalı Sistem GMM ve panel ARDL yaklaşımlarına dayalı tahminler yapılmış ve 4 farklı tahmin sonucu elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, ilk modelde kişi başına düşen gelir artışı, beşeri sermaye endeksi, ticarileşme ve yönetişim, yolsuzluk üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahiptir. Öte yandan kamu harcamaları ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların sonuçları Sistem GMM tahmini için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. İkinci modelde yolsuzluğun kişi başına düşen gelir artışını olumsuz etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Son aşamada Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi yapılmış ve bazı değişkenlerden yolsuzluğa doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkilerinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Gelişme, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler, Sistem GMM Analizi, Panel ARDL Analizi.

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