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SUSTAINABILITY AND FINANCIAL MARKETS: THE IMPACT OF BITCOIN ON CARBON EMISSIONS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 183 - 203, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1544966

Öz

One of the most important innovations of the modern age is the digitalization of money. Today, there are many digital currencies. Bitcoin stands out in terms of trading volume and market capitalization. In this study, the relationship between Bitcoin, which has an important place among cryptocurrencies, and the environment is examined. Using monthly data for the period August 2010 - March 2024, the relationship between Bitcoin and carbon emissions was empirically tested. In econometric analysis, traditional and current empirical methods are used to determine the stationarity level. On the other hand, in addition to traditional cointegration approaches, Hepsağ (2021) cointegration test, which is among the non-linear and up-to-date techniques, is used. Finally, the causality relationship between the variables was examined. Empirical evidence shows a long-term relationship between Bitcoin and carbon emissions. It is also concluded that there is a Granger causality relationship from Bitcoin to carbon emissions. The results obtained reveal the necessity of taking measures to increase environmental quality in Bitcoin production.

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya, Ş., & Hepsag, A. (2021). “Does Fuel Tax Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Turkey? Evidence from An Asymmetric Nonlinear Cointegration Test and Error Correction Model”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 35094-35101.
  • Alkan, G. (2024). Blok Zincir Teknolojisinin Uluslararası Ticaret Bağlamında Çevresel Etkileri; Bitcoin ve Karbon Ayak İzi İlişkisinin Bayesyen Yöntem ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Avcı, M., & Süslü, B. (2023). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Senyoraj Geliri, Kamu Borçlanması Gereği ve Enflasyon İlişkisi”, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(53), 1-14.
  • Beer, C., & Weber, B. (2015). “Bitcoin-the Promise and Limits of Private Innovation in Monetary and Payment Systems”, Monetary Policy and the Economy, 53-66.
  • Blandin, A., Pieters, G., Wu, Y., Eisermann, T., Dek, A., Taylor, S., & Njoki, D. (2020). 3rd Global Cryptoasset Benchmarking Study. University of Cambridge, Judge Business School.
  • “Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US)”, (2024). Monetary base. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGMBASE 24.03.2024.
  • Brock, W., Dechert, W., & Scheinkman, J. (1987). A Test for Independence Based on the Correlation Dimension (Working Paper). University of Wisconsin at Madison, University of Houston, and University of Chicago.
  • Corbet, S., Lucey, B., & Yarovaya, L. (2021). “Bitcoin-energy Markets Interrelationships: New Evidence”, Resources Policy, 70, 101916.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. Der Yayınları, No: 450.
  • Das, D., & Dutta, A. (2020). “Bitcoin’s Energy Consumption: Is it the Achilles Heel to Miner’s Revenue?”, Economics Letters, 186, 108530.
  • Di Febo, E., Ortolano, A., Foglia, M., Leone, M., & Angelini, E. (2021). “From Bitcoin to Carbon Allowances: An Asymmetric Extreme Risk Spillover”, Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113384.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dilek, S., & Furuncu, Y. (2019). “Bitcoin Mining and its Environmental Effects”, Ataturk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 33(1), 91-106.
  • Dogan, E., Majeed, M. T., & Luni, T. (2022). “Are Clean Energy and Carbon Emission Allowances Caused by Bitcoin? A Novel Time-varying Method”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 347, 131089.
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring Globalisation: Gauging its Consequences. Springer.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Erdogan, S., Ahmed, M. Y., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2022). “Analyzing Asymmetric Effects of Cryptocurrency Demand on Environmental Sustainability”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(21), 31723-31733.
  • Eşsiz, F. P. (2024). “Dijitalleşme ve Para Politikası: Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası ve Finansal İstikrar İlişkisi”, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4), 373-383.
  • Eyüboğlu, K. (2018). “Examining Day of The Week and Month of The Year Effects in Bitcoin and Litecoin Markets”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 165-183.
  • Felek, Ş., Karademir, C., & Ceylan, R. (2023). “Bitcoin ile Karbon Emisyonu İlişkisi: Doğrusal Olmayan Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 141-162.
  • Fidan, M., Dilek, S., & Esev, A. (2019). “Dünden Bugüne Paranın Tarihi ve Türkiye’de Kağıt Para Kullanımı”, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(18), 141-162.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Harvey, D. I., & Mills, T. C. (2002). “Unit Roots and Double Smooth Transitions”, Journal of Applied Statistics, 29(5), 675-683.
  • Harvey, D. I., & Leybourne, S. J. (2007). “Testing for Time Series Linearity”, The Econometrics Journal, 10(1), 149-165.
  • Harvey, D. I., Mills, T. C., & Xiao, B. (2008). “A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown”, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 12(3), 1-24.
  • Heine, J., & Thakur, R. C. (Eds.). (2011). The Dark Side of Globalization (pp. 1-282). United Nations University Press.
  • Hepsag, A. (2021). “A Unit Root Test Based on Smooth Transitions and Nonlinear Adjustment”, Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 50(3), 625-632.
  • Hepsağ, A. (2022). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizlerinde Güncel Yöntemler (WinRats Uygulamalı). Der Yayınları.
  • “Investing”, (2024). https://www.investing.com/ 02.04.2024.
  • Jiang, S., Li, Y., Lu, Q., Hong, Y., Guan, D., Xiong, Y., & Wang, S. (2021). “Policy Assessments for the Carbon Emission Flows and Sustainability of Bitcoin Blockchain Operation in China”, Nature Communications, 12(1), 1-10.
  • Karatas, A. M., Karatas, E., Kapusuzoglu, A., & Ceylan, N. B. (2023). The Nonlinear Relationship Between Bitcoin Mining and Carbon Emissions in the Context of Renewable Energy. In Renewable Energy Investments for Sustainable Business Projects (pp. 127-139). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Keenan, D. M. (1985). “A Tukey Nonadditivity-type Test for Time Series Nonlinearity”, Biometrika, 72(1), 39-44.
  • Kohli, V., Chakravarty, S., Chamola, V., Sangwan, K. S., & Zeadally, S. (2023). “An Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprints of Cryptocurrencies and Possible Solutions”, Digital Communications and Networks, 9(1), 79-89.
  • Krause, M. J., & Tolaymat, T. (2018). “Quantification of Energy and Carbon Costs for Mining Cryptocurrencies”, Nature Sustainability, 1(11), 711-718.
  • Kristoufek, L. (2020). “Bitcoin and Its Mining on the Equilibrium Path”, Energy Economics, 85, 104588.
  • Leybourne, S. J., Newbold, P., & Vougas, D. (1998). “Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(1), 83-97.
  • Luukkonen, R., Saikkonen, P., & Teräsvirta, T. (1988). “Testing Linearity Against Smooth Transition Autoregressive Models”, Biometrika, 75(3), 491-499.
  • Mikołajewicz-Woźniak, A., & Scheibe, A. (2015). “Virtual Currency Schemes: The Future of Financial Services”, Foresight, 17(4), 365-377.
  • Mora, C., Rollins, R. L., Taladay, K., Kantar, M. B., Chock, M. K., Shimada, M., & Franklin, E. C. (2018). “Bitcoin Emissions Alone Could Push Global Warming Above 2°C”, Nature Climate Change, 8(11), 931-933.
  • Naeem, M. A., & Karim, S. (2021). “Tail Dependence Between Bitcoin and Green Financial Assets”, Economics Letters, 208, 110068.
  • Naimoğlu, M., & Özbek, S. (2022). “İngiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 35-45.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System. http://fastbull.dl.sourceforge.net/project/bitcoin/Design%20Paper/bitcoin.pdf 03.02.2024.
  • Oğul, B. (2022). “Türkiye’de Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonlar Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltıyor mu? ARDL Sınır Testi Analizi”, İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 409-427.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Polemis, M. L., & Tsionas, M. G. (2023). “The Environmental Consequences of Blockchain Technology: A Bayesian Quantile Cointegration Analysis for Bitcoin”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(2), 1602-1621.
  • Ramsey, J. B. (1969). “Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least Squares Regression Analysis”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 31(2), 350-371.
  • Rehman, M. U., & Kang, S. H. (2021). “A Time-frequency Comovement and Causality Relationship Between Bitcoin Hashrate and Energy Commodity Markets”, Global Finance Journal, 49, 100576.
  • Roy, S., & Kemme, D. M. (2020). “The Run-up to the Global Financial Crisis: A Longer Historical View of Financial Liberalization, Capital Inflows, and Asset Bubbles”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 69, 101377.
  • Sarkodie, S. A., Ahmed, M. Y., & Leirvik, T. (2022). “Trade Volume Affects Bitcoin Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint”, Finance Research Letters, 48, 102977.
  • Schinckus, C., Nguyen, C. P., & Chong, F. H. L. (2020). “Crypto-currencies Trading and Energy Consumption”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 355-364.
  • Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L., & Gallersdorfer, U. (2019).” The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin”, Joule, 3(7), 1647-1661.
  • “The Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance”, (2024). https://ccaf.io/ 02.02.2024.
  • Topsakal, H. (2021). Makro Ekonometri Değişkenlerdeki Değişimin Birim Kök Testi ile Analizi ve Uygulaması (Yayımlanmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
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SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK VE FİNANSAL PİYASALAR: BİTCOİN'İN KARBON EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 183 - 203, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1544966

Öz

Modern çağın en önemli yeniliklerinden biri paranın dijitalleşmesidir. Günümüzde birçok dijital para birimi bulunmaktadır. İşlem hacmi ve piyasa değeri açısından Bitcoin öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kripto para birimleri içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Bitcoin'in çevre ile ilişkisi incelenmektedir. 2010 Ağustos–2024 Mart dönemine ait aylık veriler kullanılarak, Bitcoin ile karbon emisyonu arasındaki ilişki ampirik olarak test edilmiştir. Ekonometrik analizde öncelikle durağanlık mertebesini belirlemek amacıyla geleneksel ve güncel ampirik metotlardan yararlanılmaktadır. Diğer yandan geleneksel eşbütünleşme yaklaşımlarının yanı sıra doğrusal olmayan ve güncel teknikler arasında yer alan Hepsağ (2021) eşbütünleşme testi kullanılmaktadır. Son olarak değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ampirik bulgular, Bitcoin ile karbon emisyonları arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca Bitcoin'den karbon emisyonlarına doğru Granger nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Bitcoin üretiminde çevresel kaliteyi artırıcı önlemler alınmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya, Ş., & Hepsag, A. (2021). “Does Fuel Tax Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Turkey? Evidence from An Asymmetric Nonlinear Cointegration Test and Error Correction Model”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 35094-35101.
  • Alkan, G. (2024). Blok Zincir Teknolojisinin Uluslararası Ticaret Bağlamında Çevresel Etkileri; Bitcoin ve Karbon Ayak İzi İlişkisinin Bayesyen Yöntem ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Avcı, M., & Süslü, B. (2023). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Senyoraj Geliri, Kamu Borçlanması Gereği ve Enflasyon İlişkisi”, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(53), 1-14.
  • Beer, C., & Weber, B. (2015). “Bitcoin-the Promise and Limits of Private Innovation in Monetary and Payment Systems”, Monetary Policy and the Economy, 53-66.
  • Blandin, A., Pieters, G., Wu, Y., Eisermann, T., Dek, A., Taylor, S., & Njoki, D. (2020). 3rd Global Cryptoasset Benchmarking Study. University of Cambridge, Judge Business School.
  • “Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US)”, (2024). Monetary base. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGMBASE 24.03.2024.
  • Brock, W., Dechert, W., & Scheinkman, J. (1987). A Test for Independence Based on the Correlation Dimension (Working Paper). University of Wisconsin at Madison, University of Houston, and University of Chicago.
  • Corbet, S., Lucey, B., & Yarovaya, L. (2021). “Bitcoin-energy Markets Interrelationships: New Evidence”, Resources Policy, 70, 101916.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. Der Yayınları, No: 450.
  • Das, D., & Dutta, A. (2020). “Bitcoin’s Energy Consumption: Is it the Achilles Heel to Miner’s Revenue?”, Economics Letters, 186, 108530.
  • Di Febo, E., Ortolano, A., Foglia, M., Leone, M., & Angelini, E. (2021). “From Bitcoin to Carbon Allowances: An Asymmetric Extreme Risk Spillover”, Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113384.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dilek, S., & Furuncu, Y. (2019). “Bitcoin Mining and its Environmental Effects”, Ataturk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 33(1), 91-106.
  • Dogan, E., Majeed, M. T., & Luni, T. (2022). “Are Clean Energy and Carbon Emission Allowances Caused by Bitcoin? A Novel Time-varying Method”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 347, 131089.
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring Globalisation: Gauging its Consequences. Springer.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Erdogan, S., Ahmed, M. Y., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2022). “Analyzing Asymmetric Effects of Cryptocurrency Demand on Environmental Sustainability”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(21), 31723-31733.
  • Eşsiz, F. P. (2024). “Dijitalleşme ve Para Politikası: Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası ve Finansal İstikrar İlişkisi”, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4), 373-383.
  • Eyüboğlu, K. (2018). “Examining Day of The Week and Month of The Year Effects in Bitcoin and Litecoin Markets”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 165-183.
  • Felek, Ş., Karademir, C., & Ceylan, R. (2023). “Bitcoin ile Karbon Emisyonu İlişkisi: Doğrusal Olmayan Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 141-162.
  • Fidan, M., Dilek, S., & Esev, A. (2019). “Dünden Bugüne Paranın Tarihi ve Türkiye’de Kağıt Para Kullanımı”, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(18), 141-162.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Harvey, D. I., & Mills, T. C. (2002). “Unit Roots and Double Smooth Transitions”, Journal of Applied Statistics, 29(5), 675-683.
  • Harvey, D. I., & Leybourne, S. J. (2007). “Testing for Time Series Linearity”, The Econometrics Journal, 10(1), 149-165.
  • Harvey, D. I., Mills, T. C., & Xiao, B. (2008). “A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown”, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 12(3), 1-24.
  • Heine, J., & Thakur, R. C. (Eds.). (2011). The Dark Side of Globalization (pp. 1-282). United Nations University Press.
  • Hepsag, A. (2021). “A Unit Root Test Based on Smooth Transitions and Nonlinear Adjustment”, Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 50(3), 625-632.
  • Hepsağ, A. (2022). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizlerinde Güncel Yöntemler (WinRats Uygulamalı). Der Yayınları.
  • “Investing”, (2024). https://www.investing.com/ 02.04.2024.
  • Jiang, S., Li, Y., Lu, Q., Hong, Y., Guan, D., Xiong, Y., & Wang, S. (2021). “Policy Assessments for the Carbon Emission Flows and Sustainability of Bitcoin Blockchain Operation in China”, Nature Communications, 12(1), 1-10.
  • Karatas, A. M., Karatas, E., Kapusuzoglu, A., & Ceylan, N. B. (2023). The Nonlinear Relationship Between Bitcoin Mining and Carbon Emissions in the Context of Renewable Energy. In Renewable Energy Investments for Sustainable Business Projects (pp. 127-139). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Keenan, D. M. (1985). “A Tukey Nonadditivity-type Test for Time Series Nonlinearity”, Biometrika, 72(1), 39-44.
  • Kohli, V., Chakravarty, S., Chamola, V., Sangwan, K. S., & Zeadally, S. (2023). “An Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprints of Cryptocurrencies and Possible Solutions”, Digital Communications and Networks, 9(1), 79-89.
  • Krause, M. J., & Tolaymat, T. (2018). “Quantification of Energy and Carbon Costs for Mining Cryptocurrencies”, Nature Sustainability, 1(11), 711-718.
  • Kristoufek, L. (2020). “Bitcoin and Its Mining on the Equilibrium Path”, Energy Economics, 85, 104588.
  • Leybourne, S. J., Newbold, P., & Vougas, D. (1998). “Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(1), 83-97.
  • Luukkonen, R., Saikkonen, P., & Teräsvirta, T. (1988). “Testing Linearity Against Smooth Transition Autoregressive Models”, Biometrika, 75(3), 491-499.
  • Mikołajewicz-Woźniak, A., & Scheibe, A. (2015). “Virtual Currency Schemes: The Future of Financial Services”, Foresight, 17(4), 365-377.
  • Mora, C., Rollins, R. L., Taladay, K., Kantar, M. B., Chock, M. K., Shimada, M., & Franklin, E. C. (2018). “Bitcoin Emissions Alone Could Push Global Warming Above 2°C”, Nature Climate Change, 8(11), 931-933.
  • Naeem, M. A., & Karim, S. (2021). “Tail Dependence Between Bitcoin and Green Financial Assets”, Economics Letters, 208, 110068.
  • Naimoğlu, M., & Özbek, S. (2022). “İngiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 35-45.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System. http://fastbull.dl.sourceforge.net/project/bitcoin/Design%20Paper/bitcoin.pdf 03.02.2024.
  • Oğul, B. (2022). “Türkiye’de Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonlar Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltıyor mu? ARDL Sınır Testi Analizi”, İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 409-427.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Polemis, M. L., & Tsionas, M. G. (2023). “The Environmental Consequences of Blockchain Technology: A Bayesian Quantile Cointegration Analysis for Bitcoin”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(2), 1602-1621.
  • Ramsey, J. B. (1969). “Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least Squares Regression Analysis”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 31(2), 350-371.
  • Rehman, M. U., & Kang, S. H. (2021). “A Time-frequency Comovement and Causality Relationship Between Bitcoin Hashrate and Energy Commodity Markets”, Global Finance Journal, 49, 100576.
  • Roy, S., & Kemme, D. M. (2020). “The Run-up to the Global Financial Crisis: A Longer Historical View of Financial Liberalization, Capital Inflows, and Asset Bubbles”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 69, 101377.
  • Sarkodie, S. A., Ahmed, M. Y., & Leirvik, T. (2022). “Trade Volume Affects Bitcoin Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint”, Finance Research Letters, 48, 102977.
  • Schinckus, C., Nguyen, C. P., & Chong, F. H. L. (2020). “Crypto-currencies Trading and Energy Consumption”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 355-364.
  • Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L., & Gallersdorfer, U. (2019).” The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin”, Joule, 3(7), 1647-1661.
  • “The Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance”, (2024). https://ccaf.io/ 02.02.2024.
  • Topsakal, H. (2021). Makro Ekonometri Değişkenlerdeki Değişimin Birim Kök Testi ile Analizi ve Uygulaması (Yayımlanmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • “Trading Economics”, (2024). https://tradingeconomics.com/ 02.04.2024.
  • Tsay, R. S. (1986). “Nonlinearity Tests for Time Series”, Biometrika, 73(2), 461-466.
  • Tüzün, İ. (2019). İşsizlik Histerisinin Geçerliliği: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • “U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics”, (2024). “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of The Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUUR0000SA0R 27.03.2024.
  • Üçtuğ, F. G., & Ünver, T. C. (2021). Comparison of Carbon Footprints of Digital Currency (Bitcoin) and Gold: Determination of the Critical Exchange Rate. In Energy, COVID, and Climate Change, 1st IAEE Online Conference, June 7-9, 2021. International Association for Energy Economics.
  • Vranken, H. (2017). “Sustainability of Bitcoin and Blockchains”, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28, 1-9.
  • Wątorek, M., Drożdż, S., Kwapień, J., Minati, L., Oświęcimka, P., & Stanuszek, M. (2021). “Multiscale Characteristics of the Emerging Global Cryptocurrency Market”, Physics Reports, 901, 1-82.
  • Weatherford, J. (1998). The History of Money. Crown Currency.
  • Yılancı, V., & Tıraşoğlu, M. (2016). “Türkiye’nin Makroekonomik Zaman Serilerinin Doğrusalığının Testi”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 1-16.
  • Yılmaz, M. K., & Kaplan, A. (2022). “Kriptopara Madenciliğinin Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Etkileri”, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 143-174
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Finans, Gelişme Ekonomisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bahar Özbek 0000-0002-4335-9086

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, B., & Özbek, S. (2024). SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK VE FİNANSAL PİYASALAR: BİTCOİN’İN KARBON EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1544966

Nişantaşı Üniversitesi kurumsal yayınıdır.