Araştırma Makalesi
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A possible relation between the Arabic Dhow and the European Cog

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 7, 133 - 150, 30.06.2021

Öz

Unlike the other fields of science such as medicine, astronomy, mathematics and philosophy, whose transmission from the Islamic world into Europe in the medieval times have a concrete subject matters, the accomplishment of Muslims in the ship-building, especially its possible transmission into Europe, has not been seriously studied by a kind of a comparative approach. Therefore, it would be fruitful to highlight such a possibility. On the one hand, Arabic history has many resources showing the significant development of ship building as well as their ships’ distant sailing in the open seas. On the other hand, the construction of the European cog almost has no similarity with its precedent Viking small ships that didn’t even sail in the open sea, or with the old Roman ships. Whereas–and as this article will claim–the cog is more similar to the dhow. Before jumping into this argument, this article will at first explore the development of ship building in Mesopotamia in a very short chronological order, starting from the ancient times, pre-Islamic era, Islamic Golden age. Then the article will review the main characteristics of the dhow followed by those of the cog. And since scholars often find it hard for such a transmission of knowledge since the dhow used to sail in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean while the cog was used in the north of Europe, therefore, this article will present some theories about such possible transmission. Finally the article will show some interesting similarities between the two ships, in order to show that the Arabic dhow could have been used as a model to the European cog.

Kaynakça

  • Agius, Dionisius A. Classic Ships of Islam, From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. Brill. Leiden, Boston. 2008.
  • Alf layla wa-layla. [Arabian Nights] nd. Volumes I–IV. Beirut: Al-Maktabat al-Sha’biyya. 1957.
  • Al-Sirafi, Abu Zayd. Accounts of China and India, edited and translated by James E. Montgomery. New York UP. New York and London. Al-Ya’qubi. Countries. Dar al-kutub al-ilmiyah. Beirut. 2001.
  • Bennett, Jenny. Sailing into the Past. Edt. by Richard Woodman. Seaforth Publishing. London. 2009.
  • Bibliotheque nationale de france, manuscipt Arab 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237 / De Agostini Picture Library / The Bridgeman Art Library. Campbell, C. The Lateen Sail in World History. University of Canterbury. Canterbury. 1995.
  • Clark and Piggott. Prehistoric Societies. Harmondsworth. Penguin. 1976.
  • Cooper, John, 2012. ‘Link Med to Red, Vol. 63 No. 2. http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201202/linking.med.to.red.htm. Accessed on 12 July 2017.
  • Green, Jeremy. “Ships of the Indian Ocean” in The World in the Viking Age, edited by Sindbak Soren M & Trakadas Athena.
  • Hawkins, Clifford W. The Dhow, an illustrated history of the Dhow and its World. Nautical Publishing Co. Lymington, Hampshire. 1977.
  • Hornell, J. Water Transport. Cambridge UP. Cambridge. 1970.
  • Horsnaes, Helle. “Changing Hands: the Skovsholm dirham hoard”. in The World in the Viking Age, edited by Sindbak Soren M & Trakadas Athena. Hourani, G. F. Arab Seafaring in the Indean Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Beirut. Khayats. 1963.
  • Hourani, George F. Arab Seafaring in the India Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University. Princeton, New Jersey. 1995.
  • Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, translated from abridged Arabic manuscript copies by S. Lee. Johnson Reprint Company Ltd. London. 1968.
  • Jewell, John H. A. Dhows at Mombasa. East African Publishing House. Nairobi, Kenya. 1969.
  • McGrail, Sean. Boats of the World, from the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford UP. Oxford. 2001.
  • Nietzsche F. W. The Antichrist. Translator: H. L. Mencken. Release Date: September 18, 2006 [EBook #19322]. Produced by Laura Wisewell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
  • Pedersen, Ralph K. “Traditional Arabian watercraft and the ark of the Gilgamesh epic: interpretations and realizations”, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 2004.
  • Polo, M. The Travels of Marco Polo, translated and produced by W. Marsden. J.M. Dent and Sons Limited. 1926.
  • Runyan, T. J. ‘Relationship of southern and northern seafaring in late-Medival Europe’. 1991. in C. Villain-Gandossi, S. Busutil, and P. Adam (eds.) Medival Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies. Malta. Foundation for International Studies, ii. 1991.)

Arap Yelkenlisi ve Avrupa Teknesi arasında olası bir ilişki

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 7, 133 - 150, 30.06.2021

Öz

Ortaçağda İslam dünyasından Avrupa’ya geçişi somut bir konusu olan tıp, astronomi, matematik ve felsefe gibi diğer bilim dallarından farklı olarak Müslümanların gemi yapımındaki başarıları, özellikle Avrupa’ya olası geçişi, bir tür karşılaştırmalı yaklaşımla ciddi şekilde incelenmemiştir. Bu nedenle, böyle bir olasılığın altını çizmek faydalı olacaktır. Arap tarihi, bir yandan gemilerin önemli gelişimini ve gemilerinin açık denizlerde uzun mesafeli seyirlerini gösteren kaynaklara sahiptir. Öte yandan Avrupa Teknesinin inşası, emsali açık denizde bile açılmamış Viking küçük gemileriyle veya eski Roma gemileriyle neredeyse hiç benzerliğe sahip değildir. Oysa -ve bu makalenin iddia edeceği gibi- tekne, Arap yelkenlisine daha çok benzemektedir. Bu argümana geçmeden önce, bu makale ilk olarak Mezopotamya’da gemi inşasının gelişimini çok kısa bir kronolojik sırayla bahsederek, antik çağlardan başlayarak, İslam öncesi Dönem’den, İslami Altın Çağ’a kadar inceleyecektir. Daha sonra makale, yelkenlinin ana özelliklerini ve ardından teknenin özelliklerini gözden geçirecektir. Bilim adamları, yelkenlilerin Kızıldeniz ve Hint Okyanusu’nda yelken açarken, teknelerin Avrupa’nın kuzeyinde kullanıldığından, bu iki tür arasında bir bilgi aktarımı zor olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Bu makale bu tür olası bilgi aktarımı hakkında bazı teoriler sunacaktır. Son olarak makale, Arap yelkenlisinin Avrupa Tekne’si için bir model olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermek için iki gemi arasındaki bazı ilginç benzerlikleri gösterecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Agius, Dionisius A. Classic Ships of Islam, From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. Brill. Leiden, Boston. 2008.
  • Alf layla wa-layla. [Arabian Nights] nd. Volumes I–IV. Beirut: Al-Maktabat al-Sha’biyya. 1957.
  • Al-Sirafi, Abu Zayd. Accounts of China and India, edited and translated by James E. Montgomery. New York UP. New York and London. Al-Ya’qubi. Countries. Dar al-kutub al-ilmiyah. Beirut. 2001.
  • Bennett, Jenny. Sailing into the Past. Edt. by Richard Woodman. Seaforth Publishing. London. 2009.
  • Bibliotheque nationale de france, manuscipt Arab 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237 / De Agostini Picture Library / The Bridgeman Art Library. Campbell, C. The Lateen Sail in World History. University of Canterbury. Canterbury. 1995.
  • Clark and Piggott. Prehistoric Societies. Harmondsworth. Penguin. 1976.
  • Cooper, John, 2012. ‘Link Med to Red, Vol. 63 No. 2. http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201202/linking.med.to.red.htm. Accessed on 12 July 2017.
  • Green, Jeremy. “Ships of the Indian Ocean” in The World in the Viking Age, edited by Sindbak Soren M & Trakadas Athena.
  • Hawkins, Clifford W. The Dhow, an illustrated history of the Dhow and its World. Nautical Publishing Co. Lymington, Hampshire. 1977.
  • Hornell, J. Water Transport. Cambridge UP. Cambridge. 1970.
  • Horsnaes, Helle. “Changing Hands: the Skovsholm dirham hoard”. in The World in the Viking Age, edited by Sindbak Soren M & Trakadas Athena. Hourani, G. F. Arab Seafaring in the Indean Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Beirut. Khayats. 1963.
  • Hourani, George F. Arab Seafaring in the India Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University. Princeton, New Jersey. 1995.
  • Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, translated from abridged Arabic manuscript copies by S. Lee. Johnson Reprint Company Ltd. London. 1968.
  • Jewell, John H. A. Dhows at Mombasa. East African Publishing House. Nairobi, Kenya. 1969.
  • McGrail, Sean. Boats of the World, from the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford UP. Oxford. 2001.
  • Nietzsche F. W. The Antichrist. Translator: H. L. Mencken. Release Date: September 18, 2006 [EBook #19322]. Produced by Laura Wisewell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
  • Pedersen, Ralph K. “Traditional Arabian watercraft and the ark of the Gilgamesh epic: interpretations and realizations”, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 2004.
  • Polo, M. The Travels of Marco Polo, translated and produced by W. Marsden. J.M. Dent and Sons Limited. 1926.
  • Runyan, T. J. ‘Relationship of southern and northern seafaring in late-Medival Europe’. 1991. in C. Villain-Gandossi, S. Busutil, and P. Adam (eds.) Medival Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies. Malta. Foundation for International Studies, ii. 1991.)
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ebrahim Al-khaffaf 0000-0003-1757-3115

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Al-khaffaf, E. (2021). A possible relation between the Arabic Dhow and the European Cog. NOSYON: Uluslararası Toplum Ve Kültür Çalışmaları Dergisi(7), 133-150.

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