Araştırma Makalesi
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Yok-yerlerden iğrenç mekânlara: Concrete Island’da öznelliğin yok oluşu

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 14, 44 - 55, 31.12.2024

Öz

Spekülatif kurgunun en üretken yazarlarından biri olan James Graham Ballard, ‘mekân’ kavramını eserlerinin aktif bir parçası olarak kullanır. Özellikle 20. yüzyıl kentsel mekânı, yazarın distopik kurgusunun önemli bir bölümüne ilham kaynağı olmuştur. İnşa edilmiş çevrede saklı ihtimallerden geleceğe yönelik çeşitli çıkarımlar yapan yazar, eserlerinde insan doğasının tehlikeli alanlarını keşfeder. Ballard’ın Concrete Island (1974) adlı romanı, insan coğrafyasını giderek insansızlaştıran otoyolların bir eleştirisini sunar. Bu çalışma, Concrete Island romanını Marc Augé’nin “yok-yerler” ve Julia Kristeva’nın “iğrenç” kavramları aracılığıyla incelemektedir. Çalışma, Concrete Island’da burjuva öznelliğinin yaşadığı krizin kentlerde giderek çoğalmakta olan yok-yerlerden kaynaklandığını iddia eder. Bu iddiayı temellendirmek için, çalışma ilk olarak romanın yok-yerlerin özelliklerini nasıl yansıttığı ve bu özelliklerin kentlerin kamusal alanına ne gibi zararlar verdiği üzerinde durur. Bu tartışma, aynı zamanda medeniyetin tam ortasında Maitland’ın bir trafik adasında absürt bir şekilde mahsur kalmasının mantıklı bir açıklamasını sunmayı amaçlar. Devamında ise bu inceleme, burjuva öznelliğinin oluşumu için dışlanması bir ön koşul olan kentlerin iğrenç mekânlarını kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmektedir. Çalışmanın bu kısmı, ana karakterin burjuva öznelliğini yeniden kazanma ve bu öznelliği terk etme eğilimleri arasındaki tereddütlerini ele alır. Çalışma, iğrenç kavramını kuramsal bir araç olarak kullanarak, Jane ve Proctor’ın simgesel düzenin kırılganlığına nasıl işaret ettikleri ve Maitland’ın iğrenç ile nihai özdeşleşmesini vurgular.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, G. (2022). Fear and repulsion: The abject in Robinson Crusoe. DTCF Dergisi, 62(2), 1465- 1497. Doi: 10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.28
  • Altaç, İ. S. (2018). The representation of urban space in James Graham Ballard's novels (Unpublished PhD thesis). Ankara University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Augé, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. London: Verso.
  • Ballard, J. G. (2001). Concrete island. New York: Picador.
  • Ballard, J. G. (2014). High-rise. London: Fourth Estate.
  • Bauman, Z. (2006). Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Charlesworth, G. (1984). A history of British motorways. London: Thomas Telford.
  • Cord, Florian. (2017). J. G. Ballard’s politics: Late capitalism, power and pataphysics of resistance. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Delville, M. (1998). J. G. Ballard. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Department for Transport. (2011). Transport statistics Great Britain: 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/8995/vehicles-summary.pdf
  • Douglas, M. (2001). Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
  • Forty, A. (2012). Concrete and culture: A material history. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Gasiorek, A. (2005). J. G. Ballard. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Groes, S. (2012). The texture of modernity in J. G. Ballard’s Crash, Concrete Island and High-Rise. Jeanette Baxter and Rowland Wymer (Eds.), J. G. Ballard: Visions and revisions (pp. 123-141). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action (Volume 1): Reason and rationalization of society. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Harvey, David. (1992). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1984). Revolution in poetic language. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lacan, J. (2006). Écrits. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • McAfee, N. (2004). Julia Kristeva. Routledge.
  • Nichols, J. (2008). Lacan, city and the utopian symptom. Space and Culture, 11 (4), 459- 474. Doi: 10.1177/1206331208320482.
  • Paddy, D. I. (2015). The empires of J. G. Ballard: An imagined geography. Canterbury: Gylphi.
  • Schröder, L. K. (2007). ‘Reflections in a motor car’: Virginia Woolf’s phenomenological relations of time and space. In Anna Snaith and Michael H. Whitworth (Ed.), Locating Woolf: The politics of space and place (pp. 131-147). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sennett, R. (2002). The fall of public man. New York: Penguin.
  • Sheller, M. and Urry J. (2000). The city and the car. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(4), 737-757.
  • Sibley, D. (2003). Geographies of exclusion: Society and difference in the west. London: Routledge.
  • Tan, C. (2023). Bir (Post)modern Robinson Crusoe anlatısı: J. G. Ballard’ın Beton Ada romanında absurd kavramı ve yabancılaşma. In Mustafa Zeki Çıraklı (Ed.), J. G. Ballard: Modernite ve postmodernitenin tekinsiz yazarı (pp. 61-82). İstanbul: Kriter.
  • Ultav, Z. T. (2015). The fictional representation of modern urban concentration in the work of J.G. Ballard. Athens Journal of Architecture, 1(1), 25-34. Doi: 10.30958/aja.1-1-2
  • Virilio, P. (2007). Negative horizon: An essay on dromoscophy. London: Continuum.

From non-places to abject spaces: The annihilation of subjectivity in Concrete Island

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 14, 44 - 55, 31.12.2024

Öz

James Graham Ballard, one of the prolific authors of speculative fiction, uses ‘space’ as an active part of his works. Especially, the urban space in the 20th century fuels a great deal of his dystopian fiction. Extrapolating the possibilities hidden in the built environment, he carries out an exploration of dangerous terrains in human nature in his works. Ballard’s Concrete Island (1974) presents a critique of the motorways that gradually render human geography into an inhuman one. This paper examines Concrete Island through Marc Augé’s concept of “non-places” and Julia Kristeva’s notion of “abject”. This study argues that the crisis in bourgeios subjectivity is caused by the ongoing diffusion of non-places in the cities in Concrete Island. To prove this argument, the paper discusses how the novel reflects the features of non-places and in what ways these qualities inflict damage on public spaces of the cities. This discussion also aims to provide a logical explanation of Maitland’s absurd marooning on a traffic island in the midst of civilization. Subsequently, the examination is extended to abject spaces of the cities whose expulsion is a necessary precondition of bourgeois subjectivity. This part focuses on the oscillating tendencies of the protagonist between the restoration of bourgeois subjectivity and resignation from it. Using abject as a theoretical tool, the study highlights how Jane and Proctor function as reminders of symbolic order and Maitland’s final identification with abject.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, G. (2022). Fear and repulsion: The abject in Robinson Crusoe. DTCF Dergisi, 62(2), 1465- 1497. Doi: 10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.28
  • Altaç, İ. S. (2018). The representation of urban space in James Graham Ballard's novels (Unpublished PhD thesis). Ankara University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Augé, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. London: Verso.
  • Ballard, J. G. (2001). Concrete island. New York: Picador.
  • Ballard, J. G. (2014). High-rise. London: Fourth Estate.
  • Bauman, Z. (2006). Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Charlesworth, G. (1984). A history of British motorways. London: Thomas Telford.
  • Cord, Florian. (2017). J. G. Ballard’s politics: Late capitalism, power and pataphysics of resistance. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Delville, M. (1998). J. G. Ballard. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Department for Transport. (2011). Transport statistics Great Britain: 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/8995/vehicles-summary.pdf
  • Douglas, M. (2001). Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
  • Forty, A. (2012). Concrete and culture: A material history. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Gasiorek, A. (2005). J. G. Ballard. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Groes, S. (2012). The texture of modernity in J. G. Ballard’s Crash, Concrete Island and High-Rise. Jeanette Baxter and Rowland Wymer (Eds.), J. G. Ballard: Visions and revisions (pp. 123-141). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action (Volume 1): Reason and rationalization of society. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Harvey, David. (1992). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1984). Revolution in poetic language. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lacan, J. (2006). Écrits. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • McAfee, N. (2004). Julia Kristeva. Routledge.
  • Nichols, J. (2008). Lacan, city and the utopian symptom. Space and Culture, 11 (4), 459- 474. Doi: 10.1177/1206331208320482.
  • Paddy, D. I. (2015). The empires of J. G. Ballard: An imagined geography. Canterbury: Gylphi.
  • Schröder, L. K. (2007). ‘Reflections in a motor car’: Virginia Woolf’s phenomenological relations of time and space. In Anna Snaith and Michael H. Whitworth (Ed.), Locating Woolf: The politics of space and place (pp. 131-147). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sennett, R. (2002). The fall of public man. New York: Penguin.
  • Sheller, M. and Urry J. (2000). The city and the car. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(4), 737-757.
  • Sibley, D. (2003). Geographies of exclusion: Society and difference in the west. London: Routledge.
  • Tan, C. (2023). Bir (Post)modern Robinson Crusoe anlatısı: J. G. Ballard’ın Beton Ada romanında absurd kavramı ve yabancılaşma. In Mustafa Zeki Çıraklı (Ed.), J. G. Ballard: Modernite ve postmodernitenin tekinsiz yazarı (pp. 61-82). İstanbul: Kriter.
  • Ultav, Z. T. (2015). The fictional representation of modern urban concentration in the work of J.G. Ballard. Athens Journal of Architecture, 1(1), 25-34. Doi: 10.30958/aja.1-1-2
  • Virilio, P. (2007). Negative horizon: An essay on dromoscophy. London: Continuum.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Edebiyat Sosyolojisi, Kent Sosyolojisi ve Toplum Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İsmail Serdar Altaç 0000-0002-6778-8571

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Altaç, İ. S. (2024). From non-places to abject spaces: The annihilation of subjectivity in Concrete Island. NOSYON: Uluslararası Toplum Ve Kültür Çalışmaları Dergisi(14), 44-55.

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