Associations between nutritional composition and farming type of organically and conventionally grown cereals

Abstract

Objective: To determine the nutritional composition including the health benefitial dietary component β-glucan of different cereals grown by organic and conventional farming, and to find out the influence of the cereal kind and farming method on their values, as well as the possible associations between particular nutritive components in cereal samples and farming type.

Material and Methods: 27 different cereal samples grown at three locations were analysed by standard AOAC methods of analysis for their nutritional composition. A mixed-linkage β-glucan assay kit (Megazyme Ireland) was used for determination of the health benefit dietary component β-glucan value. Cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot analysis was done within R 2.9.0 program environment for investigation of associations between average value of cereal nutrients and farming type.

Results: A significant increase in the content of ash, dry matter, protein and fat in organically produced cereals was noticed in comparisson with those which were produced either by conventional or in conversion method. Cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot  revealed existance of positive and negative associations  between the average value of particular cereal nutrient and farming type.

Conclusion: Based on the cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot the possibilities are derived that could be used for agronomic practice, breeding and food processing industry at improving the important properties-dry matter, protein, fat, ash, moisture and  β-D-glucan in cereal crops. Organic farming method proved to be effective for oat for the all examined chemical–technological traits except moisture and ash, and for barley for dry matter, beta-glucan, ash and protein contents.

Keywords

• cereals
• organic farming
• conventional farming
• nutritients
• β-glucan
• associations

Kaynakça

1. Discovering the Food System - A Primer on Community Food Systems: Linking Food, Nutrition and Agriculture.
2. Wisker E, Feldheim W, Pomeranz Y, Meuser F. Dietary fiber in cereals. In: Pomeranz Y, editor. Advanced cereal Science and Technology Vol. VII, Chapter 4. St. Paul, Minesota, USA: American Association of Cereal Chemists; 1985. p. 169.
3. Leeds RA, Avenell A. Dietary fibre perspectives: Reviews and Bibliography I. Leeds R.A, editor. London, England: John Libbey & Company Limited; 1985. p.358.
4. Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T, Goto H, Yasuoka A, Iwasaki H, et al. PLASMA (1- 3)-BETA-D-GLUCAN MEASUREMENT IN DIAGNOSIS OF INVASIVE DEEP MYCOSIS AND FUNGAL FEBRILE EPISODES. Lancet. 1995;345(8941):17-20.
5. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/index_en.htm. June 23,2015.
6. Keogh GF, Cooper GJS, Mulvey TB, McArdle BH, Coles GD, Monro JA, et al. Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect of a highly beta-glucan-enriched barley on cardiovascular disease risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78(4):711-8.
7. Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, Kantarjian H, Saeki F, Ridge RJ, et al. beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: Validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004;39(2):199-205.
8. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, Vazquez J, Pappas PG, Saeki F, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1 -> 3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;41(5):654-9.

9. Vetvicka V, Dvorak B, Vetvickova J, Richter J, Krizan J, Sima P, et al. Orally administered marine (1 -> 3)-beta-D-glucan Phycarine stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2007;40(4):291-8.
10. European Commission. "Regulation 1160/2011". On the authorisation and refusal of authorisation of certain health claims made on foods and referring to the reduction of disease risk. Official Journal of the European Union.
11. Morgan K, Murdoch J. Organic vs. conventional agriculture: knowledge, power and innovation in the food chain. Geoforum. 2000;31(2):159-73.
12. Renkin AM, Lyons K, Laurence RCN. Proceedings from the 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress; 2002 August; Victoria, BC; 2002.
13. Fact Pages: Organic farming. european commission directorate general for agriculture and rural development. (Europa, 2007).
14. Guidelines for the production, processing, marketing and labelling of organically produced foods. The Codex Alimentarius Commission and the FAO/WHO Food Standards, Programme (1999).
15. Macedonian low of agricultural production, food products and food. Official paper; June 14,2009, with changes and supplements; April 14,2011.
16. McCleary BV, Codd R. MEASUREMENT OF (1- 3),(1- 4)-BETA-D-GLUCAN IN BARLEY AND OATS - A STREAMLINED ENZYMATIC PROCEDURE. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1991;55(2):303-12.
17. R Development Core Team R: A Language and environment for statistical computing: R foundation for statistical computing. 3rd ed. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013. p.3551
18. Lee SJ, Yan WK, Ahn JK, Chung IM. Effects of year, site, genotype and their interactions on various soybean isoflavones. Field Crops Research. 2003;81(2-3):181-92.
19. Yan W, Kang MS. GGE biplot analysis: A graphical tool for breeders, geneticists, and agronomists. Ridout MS, editor. Boca Raton, Florida; 2003