Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 91 - 114, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Cameron.G .(1968). History of Eearly Iran. Chicago.
  • De Miroop. Marcvan. A. (2004) History of the Ancient Near East 3000-329 B.C. United States.
  • Eidem, J. & .J. Laessoe. (2001). The Shemshara Tablets Archoves. Copenhagen.
  • Ephraim, A. (1948) Speiser. Hurrians and Subarian. Journal of the American Society.
  • Finkelstein. (1972). Late old Babylonian Document and Letters. London.
  • Gadd, C. J. (1971). The Sumerians Dynasties. Cambridge Ancient History. (CAH). Cambrdge, Vol.2.
  • ----------------( 1971). Babylonia 2120-1800 B.C, CAH, part.2, Cambridge.
  • Gelb, J. ( 1944). Hurians and Subarians. Chicago.
  • Gianto, A. (1999). Amarna Akkadian As contact.Language in Languages and cultures in contact. Leuven. Goetze, A. ( 1953). Hulibar of Duddal. JNES. Vol.12. Chicago.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1974-1977) .The Empire of sargon of Akkad AFO. Vol.25.
  • ------------------.( 1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicals. New York.
  • Lengel, H .) 1987-1990 (. Lullu(bum). RIA. Vol.7. Berlin: New York.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Melliennium . RIMA. (1144-859 B.C). Toronto.
  • Hinz, W. ( 2012) .The Ur III. old Babylonian and Kassite Empire.in Acompanion to the Archaeology of the Ancient near east.ed.D.T.Potts.Blackwell.
  • Jacobsen, T. H. ( 1939). The Sumerian King Lists. Chicago.
  • J, Lasson. ( 1963). People of Ancient Assyria. (PAA). London.
  • Knudtzon. d. A. ( 1914). DieEl-Amarna Tafeln. Leipzig.
  • Angdon, S. H. (1928) . The Dynasties of Akkad and Lagash. CAH.Vol.1 Chicago .
  • Luckenbill.D.D.(1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonian .ARAB. Vol.2. Chicago.
  • Munn-Rankin. J. m. (1973). Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C. CAH.Vol.2.Part-2
  • Oppen hiem, L. Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts. ANET. New jersey.
  • Reperoire. (1874). Geographigue Des. Texte Cuneiformes Band.2. Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, L.Diana. (1997). Hurrians, in: oxford Ensclopidiay of Archaeology in the Near East.ed: Meyer. Vol.3. Oxford.
  • Steinkeller, P. (1998). The Historical Background of Urkesh and Hurian Beginning in Northern Mesopotamia. Vol.26. Malibo.
  • Wilhalm, G. (1995). The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second Millenium Upper Mesopotamia C A N E.Vol.2. New York.

کورتیەک ژ جوگرافی و ناوچێن مللەتێن کوردستانێ ل هزارا سێیێ بەرى زایینى

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 91 - 114, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Öz

کوردستان دهێتە هژمارتن ئێک ژ وەلاتێن دێرین کو دسەردەمێن بورى دا مێژوویەکا کەڤنار لدویڤ خورا هێلایە ،ژبەرکو هەر ژ سەردەمێن کەڤندا چەندین مللەتێن رەسەن ل کوردستانێ ژیاینە و دەنگ و باسێن وان د تێکستێن بزماریێن سومەریاندا ئاماژە پێهاتینە دان، ئەو ژى ژ ئەگەرێ هەوێن لەشکەرى بو سەر ئەڤان دەڤەران ژلایێ شاهێن عێراقا کەڤن ڤە نڤیسینێن خودا ئاماژە ب ڤان مللەتان دایە ب تایبەت لدەمێ سەرکەفتن لسەر ئەوان تومارکربا، ژ وان مللەتان ژى ئەوێن ل هزاراسێێ پ٠ز ئاماژە پێهاتیە دان ئەو ژى مللەتێ سوباری ولولویی وگوتی وخوری، کو ئەڤ مللەتە هەڤچەرخێن ئێک بوون و نەژ مللەتێن هند و ئەوروپی هاتینە هژمارتن، چونکی ڕویدان و پەیوەندیێن ڤان مللەتان بەری هاتنا مللەتێن هند و ئەوروپی ئاماژە پێ هاتیە دان، ئەڤ مللەتێن کوردستانێ هەمی ل ئێک جهێ جوگرافی یان ل ئێك دەڤەر د ئاکنجی نەبوون، بەلکو هەر ئێک ژئەوان ل دەڤەرەکێ یێ ئاکنجیبوو و سنورێن وان ژى ژ ئێک و دوو جودا بوون،وەک یا دیار کو سنورێ دەڤەرا سوبارتو سنورەکێ ئاسێیە، کۆ دکەڤیتە دناڤبەرا چیایێ زاگروس ل ڕۆژهەلاتى و رویبارێ خابور ل ڕۆژئاڤایی، هەروەسا مللەتێ لولویی ژى هەڤچەرخێن سوباریان بون بەلێ پاش بەرەڤ دەڤەرێن سلێمانیێ ڤە چوینە و ژ وان جودا بوینە، دیسان مللەتێ گوتى ژى لدەڤەرێن دکەڤنە ئارابخا(کەرکوکا نوکە)دژیان،مللەتێ خورى ژى سنورێن وان گەهشتینە باکورێ رۆژهەلاتا رویبارێ دیجلەى سەرەرایی هەبوونا گەلەک بیروبوچوونان لدور جهێ وێ یێ جوگرافی و دیارکرنا سنورێن وێ و بەلاڤ بونا وان ل دەڤەران ئاماژە پێ هاتیە دان ژلایێ مێژوونڤیسان ڤە، ئەو ژى ژ ئەگەرێ بەرفرەهبوونا دەستهەلاتا وێ د بورینا سەردەماندا سنورێن وێ گوهورین بسەردا هاتینە ، لەورا مێژوونڤیسان بوچونێن جیاواز لدور جهێ وێ یێ جوگرافی داینە دیارکرن، و بێگومان ئەڤان مللەتان ڕۆلەکێ گرنگ و کاریگەر ل هزارا سێیێ پ. ز ئەنجامدایە چ ژلایێ سیاسی و لەشکەری بیت، یان ژلایێ شارستانی بیت.

Kaynakça

  • Cameron.G .(1968). History of Eearly Iran. Chicago.
  • De Miroop. Marcvan. A. (2004) History of the Ancient Near East 3000-329 B.C. United States.
  • Eidem, J. & .J. Laessoe. (2001). The Shemshara Tablets Archoves. Copenhagen.
  • Ephraim, A. (1948) Speiser. Hurrians and Subarian. Journal of the American Society.
  • Finkelstein. (1972). Late old Babylonian Document and Letters. London.
  • Gadd, C. J. (1971). The Sumerians Dynasties. Cambridge Ancient History. (CAH). Cambrdge, Vol.2.
  • ----------------( 1971). Babylonia 2120-1800 B.C, CAH, part.2, Cambridge.
  • Gelb, J. ( 1944). Hurians and Subarians. Chicago.
  • Gianto, A. (1999). Amarna Akkadian As contact.Language in Languages and cultures in contact. Leuven. Goetze, A. ( 1953). Hulibar of Duddal. JNES. Vol.12. Chicago.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1974-1977) .The Empire of sargon of Akkad AFO. Vol.25.
  • ------------------.( 1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicals. New York.
  • Lengel, H .) 1987-1990 (. Lullu(bum). RIA. Vol.7. Berlin: New York.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Melliennium . RIMA. (1144-859 B.C). Toronto.
  • Hinz, W. ( 2012) .The Ur III. old Babylonian and Kassite Empire.in Acompanion to the Archaeology of the Ancient near east.ed.D.T.Potts.Blackwell.
  • Jacobsen, T. H. ( 1939). The Sumerian King Lists. Chicago.
  • J, Lasson. ( 1963). People of Ancient Assyria. (PAA). London.
  • Knudtzon. d. A. ( 1914). DieEl-Amarna Tafeln. Leipzig.
  • Angdon, S. H. (1928) . The Dynasties of Akkad and Lagash. CAH.Vol.1 Chicago .
  • Luckenbill.D.D.(1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonian .ARAB. Vol.2. Chicago.
  • Munn-Rankin. J. m. (1973). Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C. CAH.Vol.2.Part-2
  • Oppen hiem, L. Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts. ANET. New jersey.
  • Reperoire. (1874). Geographigue Des. Texte Cuneiformes Band.2. Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, L.Diana. (1997). Hurrians, in: oxford Ensclopidiay of Archaeology in the Near East.ed: Meyer. Vol.3. Oxford.
  • Steinkeller, P. (1998). The Historical Background of Urkesh and Hurian Beginning in Northern Mesopotamia. Vol.26. Malibo.
  • Wilhalm, G. (1995). The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second Millenium Upper Mesopotamia C A N E.Vol.2. New York.

A Brief Overview of the Geography and Peoples of Ancient Kurdistan in the Third Millennium BC

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 91 - 114, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Öz

Kurdistan is considered one of the oldest inhabited regions, where over the course of early historical epochs a deep and ancient civilization took shape. Numerous indigenous peoples lived in Kurdistan from the earliest periods, and references to them appear in Sumerian literary and administrative texts. These peoples often came into military conflict with the rulers of ancient Iraq, and the inscriptions of those kings frequently mention them, especially in accounts of military campaigns and victories. Among the peoples mentioned in sources from the third millennium BCE are the Subartu, the Lullubi, the Guteans, and the Khurrites (Hurrians). These groups were interconnected and are not counted among the Indo-European peoples, since their historical presence and interactions predate the arrival of Indo-European groups in the region. Although these peoples all lived within the broader geography of ancient Kurdistan, they did not inhabit a single unified territory; rather, each group occupied a distinct region with its own independent boundaries. For example, the borders of Subartu are described as a broad area extending between the eastern slopes of the Zagros Mountains and the Khabur River to the west. The Lullubi, closely related to the Subarians, later moved toward the region of present-day Sulaymaniyah, where they separated from them. The Guteans lived in areas that today correspond to Arrapkha (modern Kirkuk), while the Hurrians extended their presence north and northeast toward the upper Tigris. These populations left behind a wealth of ideas, cultural traits, and geographical references, leading historians to describe the extent and evolution of their territories—particularly due to the expansion or contraction of their political power over time. These historical dynamics have resulted in diverse scholarly interpretations of the geographical scope of each group. Without doubt, these peoples played a crucial and influential role in the political, military, and urban development of the region during the third millennium BC.

Kaynakça

  • Cameron.G .(1968). History of Eearly Iran. Chicago.
  • De Miroop. Marcvan. A. (2004) History of the Ancient Near East 3000-329 B.C. United States.
  • Eidem, J. & .J. Laessoe. (2001). The Shemshara Tablets Archoves. Copenhagen.
  • Ephraim, A. (1948) Speiser. Hurrians and Subarian. Journal of the American Society.
  • Finkelstein. (1972). Late old Babylonian Document and Letters. London.
  • Gadd, C. J. (1971). The Sumerians Dynasties. Cambridge Ancient History. (CAH). Cambrdge, Vol.2.
  • ----------------( 1971). Babylonia 2120-1800 B.C, CAH, part.2, Cambridge.
  • Gelb, J. ( 1944). Hurians and Subarians. Chicago.
  • Gianto, A. (1999). Amarna Akkadian As contact.Language in Languages and cultures in contact. Leuven. Goetze, A. ( 1953). Hulibar of Duddal. JNES. Vol.12. Chicago.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1974-1977) .The Empire of sargon of Akkad AFO. Vol.25.
  • ------------------.( 1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicals. New York.
  • Lengel, H .) 1987-1990 (. Lullu(bum). RIA. Vol.7. Berlin: New York.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Melliennium . RIMA. (1144-859 B.C). Toronto.
  • Hinz, W. ( 2012) .The Ur III. old Babylonian and Kassite Empire.in Acompanion to the Archaeology of the Ancient near east.ed.D.T.Potts.Blackwell.
  • Jacobsen, T. H. ( 1939). The Sumerian King Lists. Chicago.
  • J, Lasson. ( 1963). People of Ancient Assyria. (PAA). London.
  • Knudtzon. d. A. ( 1914). DieEl-Amarna Tafeln. Leipzig.
  • Angdon, S. H. (1928) . The Dynasties of Akkad and Lagash. CAH.Vol.1 Chicago .
  • Luckenbill.D.D.(1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonian .ARAB. Vol.2. Chicago.
  • Munn-Rankin. J. m. (1973). Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C. CAH.Vol.2.Part-2
  • Oppen hiem, L. Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts. ANET. New jersey.
  • Reperoire. (1874). Geographigue Des. Texte Cuneiformes Band.2. Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, L.Diana. (1997). Hurrians, in: oxford Ensclopidiay of Archaeology in the Near East.ed: Meyer. Vol.3. Oxford.
  • Steinkeller, P. (1998). The Historical Background of Urkesh and Hurian Beginning in Northern Mesopotamia. Vol.26. Malibo.
  • Wilhalm, G. (1995). The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second Millenium Upper Mesopotamia C A N E.Vol.2. New York.

MÖ 3. Bin Yılında Eski Kürdistan'ın Coğrafyası ve Halklarına Kısa Bir Bakış

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 91 - 114, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Öz

Kürdistan, erken tarihsel dönemlerde derin ve eski bir medeniyetin şekillendiği en eski yerleşim bölgelerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Kürdistan'da en eski dönemlerden itibaren çok sayıda yerli halk yaşamış ve bunlara Sümer edebi ve idari metinlerinde atıfta bulunulmuştur. Bu halklar, eski Irak hükümdarlarıyla sık sık askeri çatışmalara girmiş ve bu kralların yazıtlarında, özellikle askeri seferler ve zaferlerle ilgili anlatımlarda sık sık bunlardan bahsedilmiştir. MÖ 3. binyıldan kalma kaynaklarda bahsedilen halklar arasında Subartu, Lullubi, Guteanlar ve Huritler (Hurrianlar) bulunmaktadır. Bu gruplar birbirleriyle bağlantılıydılar ve tarihsel varlıkları ve etkileşimleri, Hint-Avrupa gruplarının bölgeye gelmesinden önceye dayandığı için Hint-Avrupa halkları arasında sayılmamaktadırlar. Bu halkların tümü eski Kürdistan'ın geniş coğrafyasında yaşamış olsalar da, tek bir birleşik toprakta yaşamamışlardır; aksine, her grup kendi bağımsız sınırları olan ayrı bir bölgeyi işgal etmiştir. Örneğin, Subartu'nun sınırları, Zagros Dağları'nın doğu yamaçları ile batıdaki Khabur Nehri arasında uzanan geniş bir alan olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Subarlarla yakın akraba olan Lullubiler, daha sonra bugünkü Süleymaniye bölgesine göç ederek onlardan ayrıldılar. Guteanlar bugün Arrapkha (modern Kerkük) olarak bilinen bölgelerde yaşarken, Hurriler kuzey ve kuzeydoğuya doğru Dicle Nehri'nin yukarısına kadar yayıldılar. Bu halklar geride zengin fikirler, kültürel özellikler ve coğrafi referanslar bıraktılar, bu da tarihçilerin, özellikle zaman içinde siyasi güçlerinin genişlemesi veya daralması nedeniyle, bu halkların topraklarının kapsamını ve evrimini tanımlamalarına yol açtı. Bu tarihsel dinamikler, her bir grubun coğrafi kapsamına ilişkin çeşitli bilimsel yorumlara yol açtı. Kuşkusuz, bu halklar MÖ üçüncü binyılda bölgenin siyasi, askeri ve kentsel gelişiminde çok önemli ve etkili bir rol oynamışlardır.

Kaynakça

  • Cameron.G .(1968). History of Eearly Iran. Chicago.
  • De Miroop. Marcvan. A. (2004) History of the Ancient Near East 3000-329 B.C. United States.
  • Eidem, J. & .J. Laessoe. (2001). The Shemshara Tablets Archoves. Copenhagen.
  • Ephraim, A. (1948) Speiser. Hurrians and Subarian. Journal of the American Society.
  • Finkelstein. (1972). Late old Babylonian Document and Letters. London.
  • Gadd, C. J. (1971). The Sumerians Dynasties. Cambridge Ancient History. (CAH). Cambrdge, Vol.2.
  • ----------------( 1971). Babylonia 2120-1800 B.C, CAH, part.2, Cambridge.
  • Gelb, J. ( 1944). Hurians and Subarians. Chicago.
  • Gianto, A. (1999). Amarna Akkadian As contact.Language in Languages and cultures in contact. Leuven. Goetze, A. ( 1953). Hulibar of Duddal. JNES. Vol.12. Chicago.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1974-1977) .The Empire of sargon of Akkad AFO. Vol.25.
  • ------------------.( 1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicals. New York.
  • Lengel, H .) 1987-1990 (. Lullu(bum). RIA. Vol.7. Berlin: New York.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Melliennium . RIMA. (1144-859 B.C). Toronto.
  • Hinz, W. ( 2012) .The Ur III. old Babylonian and Kassite Empire.in Acompanion to the Archaeology of the Ancient near east.ed.D.T.Potts.Blackwell.
  • Jacobsen, T. H. ( 1939). The Sumerian King Lists. Chicago.
  • J, Lasson. ( 1963). People of Ancient Assyria. (PAA). London.
  • Knudtzon. d. A. ( 1914). DieEl-Amarna Tafeln. Leipzig.
  • Angdon, S. H. (1928) . The Dynasties of Akkad and Lagash. CAH.Vol.1 Chicago .
  • Luckenbill.D.D.(1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonian .ARAB. Vol.2. Chicago.
  • Munn-Rankin. J. m. (1973). Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C. CAH.Vol.2.Part-2
  • Oppen hiem, L. Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts. ANET. New jersey.
  • Reperoire. (1874). Geographigue Des. Texte Cuneiformes Band.2. Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, L.Diana. (1997). Hurrians, in: oxford Ensclopidiay of Archaeology in the Near East.ed: Meyer. Vol.3. Oxford.
  • Steinkeller, P. (1998). The Historical Background of Urkesh and Hurian Beginning in Northern Mesopotamia. Vol.26. Malibo.
  • Wilhalm, G. (1995). The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second Millenium Upper Mesopotamia C A N E.Vol.2. New York.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 91 - 114, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Cameron.G .(1968). History of Eearly Iran. Chicago.
  • De Miroop. Marcvan. A. (2004) History of the Ancient Near East 3000-329 B.C. United States.
  • Eidem, J. & .J. Laessoe. (2001). The Shemshara Tablets Archoves. Copenhagen.
  • Ephraim, A. (1948) Speiser. Hurrians and Subarian. Journal of the American Society.
  • Finkelstein. (1972). Late old Babylonian Document and Letters. London.
  • Gadd, C. J. (1971). The Sumerians Dynasties. Cambridge Ancient History. (CAH). Cambrdge, Vol.2.
  • ----------------( 1971). Babylonia 2120-1800 B.C, CAH, part.2, Cambridge.
  • Gelb, J. ( 1944). Hurians and Subarians. Chicago.
  • Gianto, A. (1999). Amarna Akkadian As contact.Language in Languages and cultures in contact. Leuven. Goetze, A. ( 1953). Hulibar of Duddal. JNES. Vol.12. Chicago.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1974-1977) .The Empire of sargon of Akkad AFO. Vol.25.
  • ------------------.( 1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicals. New York.
  • Lengel, H .) 1987-1990 (. Lullu(bum). RIA. Vol.7. Berlin: New York.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Melliennium . RIMA. (1144-859 B.C). Toronto.
  • Hinz, W. ( 2012) .The Ur III. old Babylonian and Kassite Empire.in Acompanion to the Archaeology of the Ancient near east.ed.D.T.Potts.Blackwell.
  • Jacobsen, T. H. ( 1939). The Sumerian King Lists. Chicago.
  • J, Lasson. ( 1963). People of Ancient Assyria. (PAA). London.
  • Knudtzon. d. A. ( 1914). DieEl-Amarna Tafeln. Leipzig.
  • Angdon, S. H. (1928) . The Dynasties of Akkad and Lagash. CAH.Vol.1 Chicago .
  • Luckenbill.D.D.(1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonian .ARAB. Vol.2. Chicago.
  • Munn-Rankin. J. m. (1973). Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C. CAH.Vol.2.Part-2
  • Oppen hiem, L. Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts. ANET. New jersey.
  • Reperoire. (1874). Geographigue Des. Texte Cuneiformes Band.2. Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, L.Diana. (1997). Hurrians, in: oxford Ensclopidiay of Archaeology in the Near East.ed: Meyer. Vol.3. Oxford.
  • Steinkeller, P. (1998). The Historical Background of Urkesh and Hurian Beginning in Northern Mesopotamia. Vol.26. Malibo.
  • Wilhalm, G. (1995). The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second Millenium Upper Mesopotamia C A N E.Vol.2. New York.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Kürtçe
Konular Kürt Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Jehan Omar 0009-0001-6666-8228

Reber Jaafar Ahmed Mayi Bu kişi benim

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Omar, J., & Jaafar Ahmed Mayi, R. (2025). کورتیەک ژ جوگرافی و ناوچێن مللەتێن کوردستانێ ل هزارا سێیێ بەرى زایینى. Nubihar Akademi(24), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1774329

Nûbihar Akademî Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.