مدينة العمادية خلال القرون (5 – 10هـ/ 11 – 16م)

Idris Ahmad; Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

doi:10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

Araştırma Makalesi

The City of Amediya During (5th-10th AH/ 11th-16th AD) Centuries

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 65 - 89, 31.12.2025

Idris Ahmad , Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX

Öz

The purpose of this study is to show history of the city of Amadiya (Amidi) during the (5-10 AH/ 11-16 AD) centuries, especially in the Abbasid era, from both a historical and geographical perspectives, in addition to its role from a scientific perspective, as well as to learn about the most important urban and cultural landmarks, such as the construction of mosques, schools, and other urban landmarks. Amedi is one of the oldest Kurdish towns, located in the region of the Jazira Euphrates. This city is a naturally fortified through citadel, perched atop a high rocky plateau in a rugged and mountainous terrain. Due to its strategic location, Amedi possessed key military attributes that aligned with ancient historical defense standards. Its formidable natural defenses made it difficult to conquer by force, which naturally led to its emergence as a center of governance and administration for the surrounding regions, ruled by sultans, governors, emirs, and military leaders

Anahtar Kelimeler

City , history , civilization , Amedi , Islamic

Kaynakça

Abuna, A. (1992). Tārīkh al-Kanīsa al-Suryāniyya al-Sharqiyya min Intishār al-Masīḥiyya ḥattā Majī’ al-Islām (3rd ed.). Beirut.
Abuna, A. (2006). Diyārāt al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Abū al-Fidā’, ‘A. (1850). Taqwīm al-Buldān (ed. Reinaud & Mac Guckin de Slane). Paris.
Ahmad, S. S., & al-Hashimī, J. R. (n.d.). Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Īrān wa-l-Anāḍūl. Baghdad. Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Shādhilī). Abu Dhabi.
Amin, N. M. (1991). al-Mashtūb al-Hakkārī: Dirāsa fī Dawr al-Hakkāriyyīn fī al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībiyya (Unpublished M.A. thesis). University of Salahaddin, Erbil.
al-Barwarī, M. Z. (2009). Is'hāmāt ‘Ulamā’ Kurdistān al-‘Irāq fī al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya khilāl al-Qarnayn 13–14 H / 18–19 M. Damascus.
al-Iṣṭakhrī, A. I. (2004). al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (ed. Muḥammad Jābir ‘Abd al-‘Āl; rev. Muḥammad Shafīq Gharbāl). Cairo.
al-Damlūjī, Ṣ. (1999). Imārat Bahdīnān al-Kurdiyya aw Imārat al-‘Amādiyya (3rd ed.). Erbil.
al-Ziriklī, Kh. (1980). al-A‘lām (5th ed.). Beirut. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1970). A‘lām al-Ṣunnā‘ al-Mawṣiliyyīn. Mosul. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1982). Tārīkh al-Mawṣil. Mosul.
al-Bidlīsī, Sh. (2001). Sharafnāma (trans. Muḥammad Jamīl al-Mallā Aḥmad al-Rūzbiyānī, 2nd ed.). Erbil. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1958). al-Mawṣil fī al-‘Ahd al-Atābakī. Mosul.
al-‘Azzāwī, A. (1998). al-‘Amādiyya fī Mukhtalif al-‘Uṣūr (ed. Ḥamdī al-Salafī & ‘Abd al-Karīm Fandī). Hawler. al-Maqdisī, M. (1987). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm (ed. Muḥammad Makhzūm). Beirut.
al-Hasniyānī, Ṣ. Sh. (2012). ‘Ulamā’ al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān min al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Hijrī ilā 1400 H. Duhok. al-Bāshā, Ḥ. (1989). al-Alqāb al-Islāmiyya fī al-Tārīkh wa-l-Wathā’iq wa-l-Āthār. Cairo.
Abū Shāma, A. (1956). al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūriyya wa-l-Ṣalāḥiyya (ed. Muḥammad Ḥilmī Aḥmad). Cairo.
al-Qazwīnī, Z. (1960). Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-‘Ibād. Beirut.
al-Qalqashandī, A. (2005). Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā fī Ṣinā‘at al-Inshā’ (intro. Fawzī Amīn). Cairo.
al-Dhahabī, Sh. (1998). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ (ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arnā’ūṭ & Muḥammad Na‘īm al-‘Arqasūsī, 11th ed.). Beirut.
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣ. (2000). al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt (ed. al-Arnā’ūṭ & Turkī Muṣṭafā). Beirut.
al-Mā’ī, A. (2011). al-Akrād fī Bahdīnān (3rd ed.). Duhok.
al-Ṣayyād, F. (1970). al-Mughūl fī al-Tārīkh. Beirut.
al-Shā‘ir, M. F. (1991). al-Akrād fī ‘Ahd ‘Imād al-Dīn Zankī (521–541 H / 1127–1146 M). Cairo.
al-Kurdī, M. A. (2008). al-Mawsū‘a al-Kubrā li-Mashāhīr al-Kurd ‘Abra al-Tārīkh, Vol. 3. Beirut.
al-‘Abbāsī, M. (1969). Imārat Bahdīnān al-‘Abbāsiyya. Mosul.
Bābān, J. (1989). Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Mudun wa-l-Mawāqi‘ al-‘Irāqiyya. Baghdad.
Bartold. (1981). Turkistān min al-Fatḥ al-‘Arabī ilā al-Ghazw al-Mughūlī (trans. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ‘Uthmān Hāshim). Kuwait.
Bahdīnān wa-Dawruhā fī Nashr al-‘Ilm. Majallat al-Jāmi‘a al-‘Irāqiyya, 63, Baghdad.
Bāqir, Ṭ., & Safar, F. (1966). al-Murshid ilā Mawāṭin al-Āthār wa-l-Ḥaḍāra: al-Riḥla al-Thālitha, Baghdad–al-Mawṣil. Baghdad.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1963). al-Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawla al-Atābakiyya bi-l-Mawṣil (ed. ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad Ṭulaymāt). Cairo.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1978). al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh (ed. ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām Tadmurī). Beirut.
Ibn al-‘Imād al-Ḥanbalī, A. (n.d.). Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut.
Ibn Ḥawqal, M. (1979). Ṣūrat al-Arḍ. Beirut.
Ibn Khallikān, Sh. (1977). Wafayāt al-A‘yān wa-Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān (ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās). Beirut.
Ibn Shaddād, ‘A. (1978). al-A‘lāk al-Khaṭīra fī Dhikr Umarā’ al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra (ed. Yaḥyā ‘Abāra). Damascus.
Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Y. (1992). al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-l-Qāhira (ed. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn). Beirut.
Ibn Wāṣil, J. (1953). Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Dawlat Banī Ayyūb (ed. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl). Cairo.
Ibrahim, Sh. (1973). Tahqiq al-Jazira wa-l-‘Iraq min Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq li-l-Sharīf al-Idrīsī. Majallat al-Majma‘ al-‘Ilmī al-‘Irāqī, Baghdad.
Iqbal, A. (2000). Tārīkh al-Mughūl mundhu Ḥamlat Jankīz Khān ḥattā Qiyām al-Dawla al-Tīmūriyya (trans. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ‘Ulūb). Abu Dhabi.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, M. B. (2012). Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharā’ib al-Amṣār wa-‘Ajā’ib al-Asfār (commentary: Abū al-Muẓaffar Sa‘īd al-Sanārī). Damascus–Cairo.
al-Baghdādī, I. B. (1951). Hadiyyat al-‘Ārifīn. Istanbul.
Ḥaddād, B., & Isḥāq, J. (1988). al-Makhṭūṭāt al-Suryāniyya wa-l-‘Arabiyya fī Khizānat al-Rahbāniyya al-Kaldāniyya fī Baghdad. Baghdad.
Ḥamdallāh al-Mustawfī, A. B. (1336 Sh.). Nuzhat al-Qulūb (ed. Muḥammad Dabīr Sāqī). Tehran.
Hutsemann. (n.d.). “al-Tatar.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Hiwar. (n.d.). “Jilmark.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Harūrī, D. Y. (2005). Bilād Hakkārī 945–1336 M: Dirāsa Siyāsiyya Ḥaḍāriyya. Erbil.
Harūrī, N. Sh. (2007). Jughrafiyyat Madīnat Āmidī (unpublished study). Duhok.
Harūrī, D. Y., & Harūrī, Sh. Sh. (2000). Kala Shābānī. Duhok.
Rashād, A. M. (1992). al-Mawṣil fī ‘Ahd al-Sayṭara al-Mughūliyya. Mawsū‘at al-Mawṣil al-Ḥaḍāriyya. Mosul.
Ra’ūf, A. A. (2011). al-Mu‘jam al-Jāmi‘ li-Imārat Bahdīnān. Erbil.
Zakī, M. A. (1996). Khuḷāṣat Tārīkh al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān (4th ed.). Beirut.
Sāmī, Sh. (1313 H). Qāmūs al-A‘lām. Istanbul.
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Y. (1990). Mir’āt al-Zamān fī Tārīkh al-A‘yān (ed. Jinān Jalīl al-Hamūndī). Baghdad.
Sa‘dī, S. A. (2023). al-Ḥayāt al-Dīniyya wa-l-‘Ilmiyya wa-l-Thaqāfiyya fī Minṭaqat
Ibn al-‘Ibrī, A. (1986). Tārīkh al-Zamān (trans. al-Ab Isḥāq Armla). Beirut.
‘Awwād, A., & Sarkīs, Y. (2009). Uṣūl Asmā’ Mudun wa-Qurā ‘Irāqiyya. Beirut.
‘Awwād, K. (1948). Khazā’in al-Kutub al-Qadīma fī al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-‘Umarī, Sh. (2003). Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār (ed. Ghandūr, M. Y. (n.d.). Tārīkh Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar. Beirut.
Francis, B., & Awwād, K. (1952). Nubhadh Tārīkhiyya fī Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Amkina al-‘Irāqiyya. Sumer, 8, Baghdad.
Qādir, A. Kh. (2012). al-‘Amā’ir al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Amādiyya wa-Nawāḥīhā ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn 12 H / 18 M. Duhok.
Kāhin. (1969). “Atābak.” In Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Cairo.
Le Strange, G. (1954). Buldan al-Khilāfa al-Sharqiyya (trans. Bashīr Francis & Kurkis ‘Awwād). Baghdad.
Matī, ‘A., & Ibn Sulaymān, M. (1899). Faṭārika Kursī al-Mashriq (ed. Gismondi). Rome.
Ma‘rūf, N. (1973). ‘Ulamā’ al-Niẓāmiyyāt wa-Madāris al-Mashriq al-Islāmī. Baghdad.
Tawfīq, Z. Ṣ. (2001). Ḥawl Aṣl Tasmiyat (Āmidī – al-‘Amādiyya). Majallat Duhok, 14, Duhok.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Sh. (1977). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. Beirut.
Yūsuf, A. (1988). Salājitat al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra bayna 435–570 H. Amman.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 65 - 89, 31.12.2025

Idris Ahmad , Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX

Öz

Kaynakça

Abuna, A. (1992). Tārīkh al-Kanīsa al-Suryāniyya al-Sharqiyya min Intishār al-Masīḥiyya ḥattā Majī’ al-Islām (3rd ed.). Beirut.
Abuna, A. (2006). Diyārāt al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Abū al-Fidā’, ‘A. (1850). Taqwīm al-Buldān (ed. Reinaud & Mac Guckin de Slane). Paris.
Ahmad, S. S., & al-Hashimī, J. R. (n.d.). Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Īrān wa-l-Anāḍūl. Baghdad. Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Shādhilī). Abu Dhabi.
Amin, N. M. (1991). al-Mashtūb al-Hakkārī: Dirāsa fī Dawr al-Hakkāriyyīn fī al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībiyya (Unpublished M.A. thesis). University of Salahaddin, Erbil.
al-Barwarī, M. Z. (2009). Is'hāmāt ‘Ulamā’ Kurdistān al-‘Irāq fī al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya khilāl al-Qarnayn 13–14 H / 18–19 M. Damascus.
al-Iṣṭakhrī, A. I. (2004). al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (ed. Muḥammad Jābir ‘Abd al-‘Āl; rev. Muḥammad Shafīq Gharbāl). Cairo.
al-Damlūjī, Ṣ. (1999). Imārat Bahdīnān al-Kurdiyya aw Imārat al-‘Amādiyya (3rd ed.). Erbil.
al-Ziriklī, Kh. (1980). al-A‘lām (5th ed.). Beirut. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1970). A‘lām al-Ṣunnā‘ al-Mawṣiliyyīn. Mosul. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1982). Tārīkh al-Mawṣil. Mosul.
al-Bidlīsī, Sh. (2001). Sharafnāma (trans. Muḥammad Jamīl al-Mallā Aḥmad al-Rūzbiyānī, 2nd ed.). Erbil. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1958). al-Mawṣil fī al-‘Ahd al-Atābakī. Mosul.
al-‘Azzāwī, A. (1998). al-‘Amādiyya fī Mukhtalif al-‘Uṣūr (ed. Ḥamdī al-Salafī & ‘Abd al-Karīm Fandī). Hawler. al-Maqdisī, M. (1987). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm (ed. Muḥammad Makhzūm). Beirut.
al-Hasniyānī, Ṣ. Sh. (2012). ‘Ulamā’ al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān min al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Hijrī ilā 1400 H. Duhok. al-Bāshā, Ḥ. (1989). al-Alqāb al-Islāmiyya fī al-Tārīkh wa-l-Wathā’iq wa-l-Āthār. Cairo.
Abū Shāma, A. (1956). al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūriyya wa-l-Ṣalāḥiyya (ed. Muḥammad Ḥilmī Aḥmad). Cairo.
al-Qazwīnī, Z. (1960). Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-‘Ibād. Beirut.
al-Qalqashandī, A. (2005). Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā fī Ṣinā‘at al-Inshā’ (intro. Fawzī Amīn). Cairo.
al-Dhahabī, Sh. (1998). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ (ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arnā’ūṭ & Muḥammad Na‘īm al-‘Arqasūsī, 11th ed.). Beirut.
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣ. (2000). al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt (ed. al-Arnā’ūṭ & Turkī Muṣṭafā). Beirut.
al-Mā’ī, A. (2011). al-Akrād fī Bahdīnān (3rd ed.). Duhok.
al-Ṣayyād, F. (1970). al-Mughūl fī al-Tārīkh. Beirut.
al-Shā‘ir, M. F. (1991). al-Akrād fī ‘Ahd ‘Imād al-Dīn Zankī (521–541 H / 1127–1146 M). Cairo.
al-Kurdī, M. A. (2008). al-Mawsū‘a al-Kubrā li-Mashāhīr al-Kurd ‘Abra al-Tārīkh, Vol. 3. Beirut.
al-‘Abbāsī, M. (1969). Imārat Bahdīnān al-‘Abbāsiyya. Mosul.
Bābān, J. (1989). Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Mudun wa-l-Mawāqi‘ al-‘Irāqiyya. Baghdad.
Bartold. (1981). Turkistān min al-Fatḥ al-‘Arabī ilā al-Ghazw al-Mughūlī (trans. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ‘Uthmān Hāshim). Kuwait.
Bahdīnān wa-Dawruhā fī Nashr al-‘Ilm. Majallat al-Jāmi‘a al-‘Irāqiyya, 63, Baghdad.
Bāqir, Ṭ., & Safar, F. (1966). al-Murshid ilā Mawāṭin al-Āthār wa-l-Ḥaḍāra: al-Riḥla al-Thālitha, Baghdad–al-Mawṣil. Baghdad.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1963). al-Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawla al-Atābakiyya bi-l-Mawṣil (ed. ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad Ṭulaymāt). Cairo.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1978). al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh (ed. ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām Tadmurī). Beirut.
Ibn al-‘Imād al-Ḥanbalī, A. (n.d.). Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut.
Ibn Ḥawqal, M. (1979). Ṣūrat al-Arḍ. Beirut.
Ibn Khallikān, Sh. (1977). Wafayāt al-A‘yān wa-Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān (ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās). Beirut.
Ibn Shaddād, ‘A. (1978). al-A‘lāk al-Khaṭīra fī Dhikr Umarā’ al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra (ed. Yaḥyā ‘Abāra). Damascus.
Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Y. (1992). al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-l-Qāhira (ed. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn). Beirut.
Ibn Wāṣil, J. (1953). Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Dawlat Banī Ayyūb (ed. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl). Cairo.
Ibrahim, Sh. (1973). Tahqiq al-Jazira wa-l-‘Iraq min Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq li-l-Sharīf al-Idrīsī. Majallat al-Majma‘ al-‘Ilmī al-‘Irāqī, Baghdad.
Iqbal, A. (2000). Tārīkh al-Mughūl mundhu Ḥamlat Jankīz Khān ḥattā Qiyām al-Dawla al-Tīmūriyya (trans. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ‘Ulūb). Abu Dhabi.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, M. B. (2012). Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharā’ib al-Amṣār wa-‘Ajā’ib al-Asfār (commentary: Abū al-Muẓaffar Sa‘īd al-Sanārī). Damascus–Cairo.
al-Baghdādī, I. B. (1951). Hadiyyat al-‘Ārifīn. Istanbul.
Ḥaddād, B., & Isḥāq, J. (1988). al-Makhṭūṭāt al-Suryāniyya wa-l-‘Arabiyya fī Khizānat al-Rahbāniyya al-Kaldāniyya fī Baghdad. Baghdad.
Ḥamdallāh al-Mustawfī, A. B. (1336 Sh.). Nuzhat al-Qulūb (ed. Muḥammad Dabīr Sāqī). Tehran.
Hutsemann. (n.d.). “al-Tatar.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Hiwar. (n.d.). “Jilmark.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Harūrī, D. Y. (2005). Bilād Hakkārī 945–1336 M: Dirāsa Siyāsiyya Ḥaḍāriyya. Erbil.
Harūrī, N. Sh. (2007). Jughrafiyyat Madīnat Āmidī (unpublished study). Duhok.
Harūrī, D. Y., & Harūrī, Sh. Sh. (2000). Kala Shābānī. Duhok.
Rashād, A. M. (1992). al-Mawṣil fī ‘Ahd al-Sayṭara al-Mughūliyya. Mawsū‘at al-Mawṣil al-Ḥaḍāriyya. Mosul.
Ra’ūf, A. A. (2011). al-Mu‘jam al-Jāmi‘ li-Imārat Bahdīnān. Erbil.
Zakī, M. A. (1996). Khuḷāṣat Tārīkh al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān (4th ed.). Beirut.
Sāmī, Sh. (1313 H). Qāmūs al-A‘lām. Istanbul.
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Y. (1990). Mir’āt al-Zamān fī Tārīkh al-A‘yān (ed. Jinān Jalīl al-Hamūndī). Baghdad.
Sa‘dī, S. A. (2023). al-Ḥayāt al-Dīniyya wa-l-‘Ilmiyya wa-l-Thaqāfiyya fī Minṭaqat
Ibn al-‘Ibrī, A. (1986). Tārīkh al-Zamān (trans. al-Ab Isḥāq Armla). Beirut.
‘Awwād, A., & Sarkīs, Y. (2009). Uṣūl Asmā’ Mudun wa-Qurā ‘Irāqiyya. Beirut.
‘Awwād, K. (1948). Khazā’in al-Kutub al-Qadīma fī al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-‘Umarī, Sh. (2003). Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār (ed. Ghandūr, M. Y. (n.d.). Tārīkh Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar. Beirut.
Francis, B., & Awwād, K. (1952). Nubhadh Tārīkhiyya fī Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Amkina al-‘Irāqiyya. Sumer, 8, Baghdad.
Qādir, A. Kh. (2012). al-‘Amā’ir al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Amādiyya wa-Nawāḥīhā ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn 12 H / 18 M. Duhok.
Kāhin. (1969). “Atābak.” In Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Cairo.
Le Strange, G. (1954). Buldan al-Khilāfa al-Sharqiyya (trans. Bashīr Francis & Kurkis ‘Awwād). Baghdad.
Matī, ‘A., & Ibn Sulaymān, M. (1899). Faṭārika Kursī al-Mashriq (ed. Gismondi). Rome.
Ma‘rūf, N. (1973). ‘Ulamā’ al-Niẓāmiyyāt wa-Madāris al-Mashriq al-Islāmī. Baghdad.
Tawfīq, Z. Ṣ. (2001). Ḥawl Aṣl Tasmiyat (Āmidī – al-‘Amādiyya). Majallat Duhok, 14, Duhok.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Sh. (1977). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. Beirut.
Yūsuf, A. (1988). Salājitat al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra bayna 435–570 H. Amman.

مدينة العمادية خلال القرون (5 – 10هـ/ 11 – 16م)

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 65 - 89, 31.12.2025

Idris Ahmad , Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX

Öz

الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو عرض تاريخ مدينة أماديا (أميدي) خلال القرون (5-10 هـ/ 11-16 م)، وخاصة في العصر العباسي، من منظورين تاريخي وجغرافي، بالإضافة إلى دورها من منظور علمي، وكذلك التعرف على أهم المعالم الحضرية والثقافية، مثل بناء المساجد والمدارس وغيرها من المعالم الحضرية. أميدي هي واحدة من أقدم المدن الكردية، وتقع في منطقة الجزيرة الفراتية. هذه المدينة محصنة بشكل طبيعي من خلال قلعة، تقع على قمة هضبة صخرية عالية في منطقة وعرة وجبلية. نظراً لموقعها الاستراتيجي، كانت أميدي تتمتع بخصائص عسكرية رئيسية تتوافق مع معايير الدفاع التاريخية القديمة. جعلت دفاعاتها الطبيعية الهائلة من الصعب غزوها بالقوة، مما أدى بطبيعة الحال إلى ظهورها كمركز للحكم والإدارة للمناطق المحيطة بها، يحكمها السلاطين والحكام والأمراء والقادة العسكريون.

Anahtar Kelimeler

المدينة , التاريخ , الحضارة , أميدي , الإسلام

Kaynakça

Abuna, A. (1992). Tārīkh al-Kanīsa al-Suryāniyya al-Sharqiyya min Intishār al-Masīḥiyya ḥattā Majī’ al-Islām (3rd ed.). Beirut.
Abuna, A. (2006). Diyārāt al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Abū al-Fidā’, ‘A. (1850). Taqwīm al-Buldān (ed. Reinaud & Mac Guckin de Slane). Paris.
Ahmad, S. S., & al-Hashimī, J. R. (n.d.). Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Īrān wa-l-Anāḍūl. Baghdad. Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Shādhilī). Abu Dhabi.
Amin, N. M. (1991). al-Mashtūb al-Hakkārī: Dirāsa fī Dawr al-Hakkāriyyīn fī al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībiyya (Unpublished M.A. thesis). University of Salahaddin, Erbil.
al-Barwarī, M. Z. (2009). Is'hāmāt ‘Ulamā’ Kurdistān al-‘Irāq fī al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya khilāl al-Qarnayn 13–14 H / 18–19 M. Damascus.
al-Iṣṭakhrī, A. I. (2004). al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (ed. Muḥammad Jābir ‘Abd al-‘Āl; rev. Muḥammad Shafīq Gharbāl). Cairo.
al-Damlūjī, Ṣ. (1999). Imārat Bahdīnān al-Kurdiyya aw Imārat al-‘Amādiyya (3rd ed.). Erbil.
al-Ziriklī, Kh. (1980). al-A‘lām (5th ed.). Beirut. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1970). A‘lām al-Ṣunnā‘ al-Mawṣiliyyīn. Mosul. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1982). Tārīkh al-Mawṣil. Mosul.
al-Bidlīsī, Sh. (2001). Sharafnāma (trans. Muḥammad Jamīl al-Mallā Aḥmad al-Rūzbiyānī, 2nd ed.). Erbil. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1958). al-Mawṣil fī al-‘Ahd al-Atābakī. Mosul.
al-‘Azzāwī, A. (1998). al-‘Amādiyya fī Mukhtalif al-‘Uṣūr (ed. Ḥamdī al-Salafī & ‘Abd al-Karīm Fandī). Hawler. al-Maqdisī, M. (1987). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm (ed. Muḥammad Makhzūm). Beirut.
al-Hasniyānī, Ṣ. Sh. (2012). ‘Ulamā’ al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān min al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Hijrī ilā 1400 H. Duhok. al-Bāshā, Ḥ. (1989). al-Alqāb al-Islāmiyya fī al-Tārīkh wa-l-Wathā’iq wa-l-Āthār. Cairo.
Abū Shāma, A. (1956). al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūriyya wa-l-Ṣalāḥiyya (ed. Muḥammad Ḥilmī Aḥmad). Cairo.
al-Qazwīnī, Z. (1960). Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-‘Ibād. Beirut.
al-Qalqashandī, A. (2005). Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā fī Ṣinā‘at al-Inshā’ (intro. Fawzī Amīn). Cairo.
al-Dhahabī, Sh. (1998). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ (ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arnā’ūṭ & Muḥammad Na‘īm al-‘Arqasūsī, 11th ed.). Beirut.
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣ. (2000). al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt (ed. al-Arnā’ūṭ & Turkī Muṣṭafā). Beirut.
al-Mā’ī, A. (2011). al-Akrād fī Bahdīnān (3rd ed.). Duhok.
al-Ṣayyād, F. (1970). al-Mughūl fī al-Tārīkh. Beirut.
al-Shā‘ir, M. F. (1991). al-Akrād fī ‘Ahd ‘Imād al-Dīn Zankī (521–541 H / 1127–1146 M). Cairo.
al-Kurdī, M. A. (2008). al-Mawsū‘a al-Kubrā li-Mashāhīr al-Kurd ‘Abra al-Tārīkh, Vol. 3. Beirut.
al-‘Abbāsī, M. (1969). Imārat Bahdīnān al-‘Abbāsiyya. Mosul.
Bābān, J. (1989). Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Mudun wa-l-Mawāqi‘ al-‘Irāqiyya. Baghdad.
Bartold. (1981). Turkistān min al-Fatḥ al-‘Arabī ilā al-Ghazw al-Mughūlī (trans. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ‘Uthmān Hāshim). Kuwait.
Bahdīnān wa-Dawruhā fī Nashr al-‘Ilm. Majallat al-Jāmi‘a al-‘Irāqiyya, 63, Baghdad.
Bāqir, Ṭ., & Safar, F. (1966). al-Murshid ilā Mawāṭin al-Āthār wa-l-Ḥaḍāra: al-Riḥla al-Thālitha, Baghdad–al-Mawṣil. Baghdad.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1963). al-Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawla al-Atābakiyya bi-l-Mawṣil (ed. ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad Ṭulaymāt). Cairo.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1978). al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh (ed. ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām Tadmurī). Beirut.
Ibn al-‘Imād al-Ḥanbalī, A. (n.d.). Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut.
Ibn Ḥawqal, M. (1979). Ṣūrat al-Arḍ. Beirut.
Ibn Khallikān, Sh. (1977). Wafayāt al-A‘yān wa-Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān (ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās). Beirut.
Ibn Shaddād, ‘A. (1978). al-A‘lāk al-Khaṭīra fī Dhikr Umarā’ al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra (ed. Yaḥyā ‘Abāra). Damascus.
Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Y. (1992). al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-l-Qāhira (ed. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn). Beirut.
Ibn Wāṣil, J. (1953). Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Dawlat Banī Ayyūb (ed. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl). Cairo.
Ibrahim, Sh. (1973). Tahqiq al-Jazira wa-l-‘Iraq min Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq li-l-Sharīf al-Idrīsī. Majallat al-Majma‘ al-‘Ilmī al-‘Irāqī, Baghdad.
Iqbal, A. (2000). Tārīkh al-Mughūl mundhu Ḥamlat Jankīz Khān ḥattā Qiyām al-Dawla al-Tīmūriyya (trans. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ‘Ulūb). Abu Dhabi.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, M. B. (2012). Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharā’ib al-Amṣār wa-‘Ajā’ib al-Asfār (commentary: Abū al-Muẓaffar Sa‘īd al-Sanārī). Damascus–Cairo.
al-Baghdādī, I. B. (1951). Hadiyyat al-‘Ārifīn. Istanbul.
Ḥaddād, B., & Isḥāq, J. (1988). al-Makhṭūṭāt al-Suryāniyya wa-l-‘Arabiyya fī Khizānat al-Rahbāniyya al-Kaldāniyya fī Baghdad. Baghdad.
Ḥamdallāh al-Mustawfī, A. B. (1336 Sh.). Nuzhat al-Qulūb (ed. Muḥammad Dabīr Sāqī). Tehran.
Hutsemann. (n.d.). “al-Tatar.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Hiwar. (n.d.). “Jilmark.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Harūrī, D. Y. (2005). Bilād Hakkārī 945–1336 M: Dirāsa Siyāsiyya Ḥaḍāriyya. Erbil.
Harūrī, N. Sh. (2007). Jughrafiyyat Madīnat Āmidī (unpublished study). Duhok.
Harūrī, D. Y., & Harūrī, Sh. Sh. (2000). Kala Shābānī. Duhok.
Rashād, A. M. (1992). al-Mawṣil fī ‘Ahd al-Sayṭara al-Mughūliyya. Mawsū‘at al-Mawṣil al-Ḥaḍāriyya. Mosul.
Ra’ūf, A. A. (2011). al-Mu‘jam al-Jāmi‘ li-Imārat Bahdīnān. Erbil.
Zakī, M. A. (1996). Khuḷāṣat Tārīkh al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān (4th ed.). Beirut.
Sāmī, Sh. (1313 H). Qāmūs al-A‘lām. Istanbul.
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Sa‘dī, S. A. (2023). al-Ḥayāt al-Dīniyya wa-l-‘Ilmiyya wa-l-Thaqāfiyya fī Minṭaqat
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‘Awwād, K. (1948). Khazā’in al-Kutub al-Qadīma fī al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
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Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Sh. (1977). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. Beirut.
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باژێرێ ئامێدیێ د چەرخێ ئیسلامێدا

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 65 - 89, 31.12.2025

Idris Ahmad , Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX

Öz

مەرەم ژ ئەڤێ ڤەکۆلینێ نیاسینا دیرۆکا باژێرێ ئامێدیێ د سەردەمێن چەرخێن(5-10مشه ختى/ 11-16زايينى) ژ دیرۆکا ئیسلامێ یە، ب تایبەت د چەرخێ عەباسییاندا، ژ ئالییێن دیرۆکی، جۆگرافی، سیاسی و سەربازیڤە، سەرەرای ڕۆلێ وێ یێ زانستی، هەروەسا بەرێخوەدانە بۆ گرنگترین جهێن ئاڤەدانی و شارستانی، بگرە ژ ئاڤاکرنا مزگەفت، قوتابخانە و جهێن دی یێن هاتینە ئاڤاکرن.
ئامێدی ب ئێک ژ کەڤنترین باژێرێن کوردایە، ب ئێک ژ دەڤەرێن ل ژێر ناڤێ هەرێما جزیرا فۆراتێ دهێت نیاسین، ئەو باژێر دەربرینێ ژ کەلهەکا سرۆشتی یا بلند ل سەر چیایەکێ، ل دەڤەرەکا چیایی یا بلند و ڕێکەکا دژوارە، ئەو باژێر خودان هندەک سیفەتێن سەربازییە ل دویڤ پیڤەرێن دیرۆکا کەڤن، لەورا ئەڤ جهـ دبوو پارێزڤانەک ژ بۆی نەکەڤتنا ئەوی باژێری، ئەو باژێر ب سرۆشتێ خوە بۆ سەنتەرێ حوکم و دەسهەلاتدارییا هەرێمی ل دەڤ گەلەک سۆلتان و دەسهەلاتدار و میر و بەگان.

Anahtar Kelimeler

باژێر , دیرۆک , شارستانیەت , ئامێدی , ئیسلامی

Kaynakça

Abuna, A. (1992). Tārīkh al-Kanīsa al-Suryāniyya al-Sharqiyya min Intishār al-Masīḥiyya ḥattā Majī’ al-Islām (3rd ed.). Beirut.
Abuna, A. (2006). Diyārāt al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Abū al-Fidā’, ‘A. (1850). Taqwīm al-Buldān (ed. Reinaud & Mac Guckin de Slane). Paris.
Ahmad, S. S., & al-Hashimī, J. R. (n.d.). Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Īrān wa-l-Anāḍūl. Baghdad. Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Shādhilī). Abu Dhabi.
Amin, N. M. (1991). al-Mashtūb al-Hakkārī: Dirāsa fī Dawr al-Hakkāriyyīn fī al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībiyya (Unpublished M.A. thesis). University of Salahaddin, Erbil.
al-Barwarī, M. Z. (2009). Is'hāmāt ‘Ulamā’ Kurdistān al-‘Irāq fī al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya khilāl al-Qarnayn 13–14 H / 18–19 M. Damascus.
al-Iṣṭakhrī, A. I. (2004). al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (ed. Muḥammad Jābir ‘Abd al-‘Āl; rev. Muḥammad Shafīq Gharbāl). Cairo.
al-Damlūjī, Ṣ. (1999). Imārat Bahdīnān al-Kurdiyya aw Imārat al-‘Amādiyya (3rd ed.). Erbil.
al-Ziriklī, Kh. (1980). al-A‘lām (5th ed.). Beirut. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1970). A‘lām al-Ṣunnā‘ al-Mawṣiliyyīn. Mosul. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1982). Tārīkh al-Mawṣil. Mosul.
al-Bidlīsī, Sh. (2001). Sharafnāma (trans. Muḥammad Jamīl al-Mallā Aḥmad al-Rūzbiyānī, 2nd ed.). Erbil. al-Diyāwajī, S. (1958). al-Mawṣil fī al-‘Ahd al-Atābakī. Mosul.
al-‘Azzāwī, A. (1998). al-‘Amādiyya fī Mukhtalif al-‘Uṣūr (ed. Ḥamdī al-Salafī & ‘Abd al-Karīm Fandī). Hawler. al-Maqdisī, M. (1987). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm (ed. Muḥammad Makhzūm). Beirut.
al-Hasniyānī, Ṣ. Sh. (2012). ‘Ulamā’ al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān min al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Hijrī ilā 1400 H. Duhok. al-Bāshā, Ḥ. (1989). al-Alqāb al-Islāmiyya fī al-Tārīkh wa-l-Wathā’iq wa-l-Āthār. Cairo.
Abū Shāma, A. (1956). al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūriyya wa-l-Ṣalāḥiyya (ed. Muḥammad Ḥilmī Aḥmad). Cairo.
al-Qazwīnī, Z. (1960). Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-‘Ibād. Beirut.
al-Qalqashandī, A. (2005). Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā fī Ṣinā‘at al-Inshā’ (intro. Fawzī Amīn). Cairo.
al-Dhahabī, Sh. (1998). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ (ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arnā’ūṭ & Muḥammad Na‘īm al-‘Arqasūsī, 11th ed.). Beirut.
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣ. (2000). al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt (ed. al-Arnā’ūṭ & Turkī Muṣṭafā). Beirut.
al-Mā’ī, A. (2011). al-Akrād fī Bahdīnān (3rd ed.). Duhok.
al-Ṣayyād, F. (1970). al-Mughūl fī al-Tārīkh. Beirut.
al-Shā‘ir, M. F. (1991). al-Akrād fī ‘Ahd ‘Imād al-Dīn Zankī (521–541 H / 1127–1146 M). Cairo.
al-Kurdī, M. A. (2008). al-Mawsū‘a al-Kubrā li-Mashāhīr al-Kurd ‘Abra al-Tārīkh, Vol. 3. Beirut.
al-‘Abbāsī, M. (1969). Imārat Bahdīnān al-‘Abbāsiyya. Mosul.
Bābān, J. (1989). Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Mudun wa-l-Mawāqi‘ al-‘Irāqiyya. Baghdad.
Bartold. (1981). Turkistān min al-Fatḥ al-‘Arabī ilā al-Ghazw al-Mughūlī (trans. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ‘Uthmān Hāshim). Kuwait.
Bahdīnān wa-Dawruhā fī Nashr al-‘Ilm. Majallat al-Jāmi‘a al-‘Irāqiyya, 63, Baghdad.
Bāqir, Ṭ., & Safar, F. (1966). al-Murshid ilā Mawāṭin al-Āthār wa-l-Ḥaḍāra: al-Riḥla al-Thālitha, Baghdad–al-Mawṣil. Baghdad.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1963). al-Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawla al-Atābakiyya bi-l-Mawṣil (ed. ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad Ṭulaymāt). Cairo.
Ibn al-Athīr, A. (1978). al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh (ed. ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām Tadmurī). Beirut.
Ibn al-‘Imād al-Ḥanbalī, A. (n.d.). Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut.
Ibn Ḥawqal, M. (1979). Ṣūrat al-Arḍ. Beirut.
Ibn Khallikān, Sh. (1977). Wafayāt al-A‘yān wa-Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān (ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās). Beirut.
Ibn Shaddād, ‘A. (1978). al-A‘lāk al-Khaṭīra fī Dhikr Umarā’ al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra (ed. Yaḥyā ‘Abāra). Damascus.
Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Y. (1992). al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-l-Qāhira (ed. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn). Beirut.
Ibn Wāṣil, J. (1953). Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Dawlat Banī Ayyūb (ed. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl). Cairo.
Ibrahim, Sh. (1973). Tahqiq al-Jazira wa-l-‘Iraq min Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq li-l-Sharīf al-Idrīsī. Majallat al-Majma‘ al-‘Ilmī al-‘Irāqī, Baghdad.
Iqbal, A. (2000). Tārīkh al-Mughūl mundhu Ḥamlat Jankīz Khān ḥattā Qiyām al-Dawla al-Tīmūriyya (trans. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ‘Ulūb). Abu Dhabi.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, M. B. (2012). Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharā’ib al-Amṣār wa-‘Ajā’ib al-Asfār (commentary: Abū al-Muẓaffar Sa‘īd al-Sanārī). Damascus–Cairo.
al-Baghdādī, I. B. (1951). Hadiyyat al-‘Ārifīn. Istanbul.
Ḥaddād, B., & Isḥāq, J. (1988). al-Makhṭūṭāt al-Suryāniyya wa-l-‘Arabiyya fī Khizānat al-Rahbāniyya al-Kaldāniyya fī Baghdad. Baghdad.
Ḥamdallāh al-Mustawfī, A. B. (1336 Sh.). Nuzhat al-Qulūb (ed. Muḥammad Dabīr Sāqī). Tehran.
Hutsemann. (n.d.). “al-Tatar.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Hiwar. (n.d.). “Jilmark.” Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Beirut.
Harūrī, D. Y. (2005). Bilād Hakkārī 945–1336 M: Dirāsa Siyāsiyya Ḥaḍāriyya. Erbil.
Harūrī, N. Sh. (2007). Jughrafiyyat Madīnat Āmidī (unpublished study). Duhok.
Harūrī, D. Y., & Harūrī, Sh. Sh. (2000). Kala Shābānī. Duhok.
Rashād, A. M. (1992). al-Mawṣil fī ‘Ahd al-Sayṭara al-Mughūliyya. Mawsū‘at al-Mawṣil al-Ḥaḍāriyya. Mosul.
Ra’ūf, A. A. (2011). al-Mu‘jam al-Jāmi‘ li-Imārat Bahdīnān. Erbil.
Zakī, M. A. (1996). Khuḷāṣat Tārīkh al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān (4th ed.). Beirut.
Sāmī, Sh. (1313 H). Qāmūs al-A‘lām. Istanbul.
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Y. (1990). Mir’āt al-Zamān fī Tārīkh al-A‘yān (ed. Jinān Jalīl al-Hamūndī). Baghdad.
Sa‘dī, S. A. (2023). al-Ḥayāt al-Dīniyya wa-l-‘Ilmiyya wa-l-Thaqāfiyya fī Minṭaqat
Ibn al-‘Ibrī, A. (1986). Tārīkh al-Zamān (trans. al-Ab Isḥāq Armla). Beirut.
‘Awwād, A., & Sarkīs, Y. (2009). Uṣūl Asmā’ Mudun wa-Qurā ‘Irāqiyya. Beirut.
‘Awwād, K. (1948). Khazā’in al-Kutub al-Qadīma fī al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-‘Umarī, Sh. (2003). Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār (ed. Ghandūr, M. Y. (n.d.). Tārīkh Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar. Beirut.
Francis, B., & Awwād, K. (1952). Nubhadh Tārīkhiyya fī Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Amkina al-‘Irāqiyya. Sumer, 8, Baghdad.
Qādir, A. Kh. (2012). al-‘Amā’ir al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Amādiyya wa-Nawāḥīhā ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn 12 H / 18 M. Duhok.
Kāhin. (1969). “Atābak.” In Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Cairo.
Le Strange, G. (1954). Buldan al-Khilāfa al-Sharqiyya (trans. Bashīr Francis & Kurkis ‘Awwād). Baghdad.
Matī, ‘A., & Ibn Sulaymān, M. (1899). Faṭārika Kursī al-Mashriq (ed. Gismondi). Rome.
Ma‘rūf, N. (1973). ‘Ulamā’ al-Niẓāmiyyāt wa-Madāris al-Mashriq al-Islāmī. Baghdad.
Tawfīq, Z. Ṣ. (2001). Ḥawl Aṣl Tasmiyat (Āmidī – al-‘Amādiyya). Majallat Duhok, 14, Duhok.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Sh. (1977). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. Beirut.
Yūsuf, A. (1988). Salājitat al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra bayna 435–570 H. Amman.

İslam Döneminde Amedi Şehri

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 24, 65 - 89, 31.12.2025

Idris Ahmad , Karzan Mahmoud Hussein

https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Amadiya (Amidi) şehrinin (Hicri 5-10 / Miladi 11-16) yüzyıllar arasındaki tarihini, özellikle de Abbasi dönemindeki durumunu, hem tarihsel hem de coğrafi açılardan ortaya koymaktır. Buna ek olarak, şehrin bilimsel açıdan üstlendiği rol ile cami, medrese ve diğer kentsel yapılar gibi en önemli kentsel ve kültürel simgeleri hakkında bilgi edinilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Amedi, Cezire-i Fırat bölgesinde yer alan en eski Kürt şehirlerinden biridir. Bu şehir, sarp ve dağlık bir arazide, yüksek kayalık bir plato üzerine kurulmuş, doğal olarak tahkim edilmiş bir kale (iç kale) konumundadır. Stratejik konumu sayesinde Amedi, eski tarihsel savunma standartlarıyla uyumlu temel askeri özelliklere sahipti. Zorlu doğal savunma yapısı, şehrin zorla fethedilmesini güçleştirmiş ve bu durum, şehrin doğal olarak çevredeki bölgeler için sultanlar, valiler, emirler ve askeri liderler tarafından yönetilen bir yönetim ve idare merkezi olarak ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şehir , tarih , medeniyet , Amedi , İslam

Kaynakça

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Zakī, M. A. (1996). Khuḷāṣat Tārīkh al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān (4th ed.). Beirut.
Sāmī, Sh. (1313 H). Qāmūs al-A‘lām. Istanbul.
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Y. (1990). Mir’āt al-Zamān fī Tārīkh al-A‘yān (ed. Jinān Jalīl al-Hamūndī). Baghdad.
Sa‘dī, S. A. (2023). al-Ḥayāt al-Dīniyya wa-l-‘Ilmiyya wa-l-Thaqāfiyya fī Minṭaqat
Ibn al-‘Ibrī, A. (1986). Tārīkh al-Zamān (trans. al-Ab Isḥāq Armla). Beirut.
‘Awwād, A., & Sarkīs, Y. (2009). Uṣūl Asmā’ Mudun wa-Qurā ‘Irāqiyya. Beirut.
‘Awwād, K. (1948). Khazā’in al-Kutub al-Qadīma fī al-‘Irāq. Baghdad.
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-‘Umarī, Sh. (2003). Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār (ed. Ghandūr, M. Y. (n.d.). Tārīkh Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar. Beirut.
Francis, B., & Awwād, K. (1952). Nubhadh Tārīkhiyya fī Uṣūl Asmā’ al-Amkina al-‘Irāqiyya. Sumer, 8, Baghdad.
Qādir, A. Kh. (2012). al-‘Amā’ir al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Amādiyya wa-Nawāḥīhā ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn 12 H / 18 M. Duhok.
Kāhin. (1969). “Atābak.” In Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmiyya (trans. Aḥmad al-Shintāwī). Cairo.
Le Strange, G. (1954). Buldan al-Khilāfa al-Sharqiyya (trans. Bashīr Francis & Kurkis ‘Awwād). Baghdad.
Matī, ‘A., & Ibn Sulaymān, M. (1899). Faṭārika Kursī al-Mashriq (ed. Gismondi). Rome.
Ma‘rūf, N. (1973). ‘Ulamā’ al-Niẓāmiyyāt wa-Madāris al-Mashriq al-Islāmī. Baghdad.
Tawfīq, Z. Ṣ. (2001). Ḥawl Aṣl Tasmiyat (Āmidī – al-‘Amādiyya). Majallat Duhok, 14, Duhok.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Sh. (1977). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. Beirut.
Yūsuf, A. (1988). Salājitat al-Shām wa-l-Jazīra bayna 435–570 H. Amman.

Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Arapça
Konular	Kürt Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Idris Ahmad 0009-0008-5946-0147 Karzan Mahmoud Hussein Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7381-3262
Gönderilme Tarihi	24 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi	16 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2025
DOI	https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554
IZ	https://izlik.org/JA87CC84MX
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA	Ahmad, I., & Hussein, K. M. (2025). مدينة العمادية خلال القرون (5 – 10هـ/ 11 – 16م). Nubihar Akademi, 24, 65-89. https://doi.org/10.55253/2025.nubihar.1790554

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