Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 5 - 26, 31.12.2022

Zeynep B. Uğur

Öz

The enforcement of the headscarf ban for many years blocked the education and career paths for the majority of women in Turkey. A large literature shows that there are significant relationships between women’s labor force participation, educational attainment and fertility. This ban can lead women who does not take off their headscarf, to an early motherhood path. In this study, we firstly document the childbearing behavior of women depending on their wearing headscarves. We also examine the impact of the headscarf ban on women’s fertility. As we have data for the whole fertility history of women, we can analyze the impact of the headscarf ban using a methodology which is in spirit of Difference in Difference (DID) estimation. For this purpose, we utilize individual level data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted by Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies in 2003, 2008 and 2013. Our results show that women with headscarves have, on average, 0.2 more children than women who do not wear headscarves. Even when we confine the sample to women with high school or tertiary education, headscarved women have statistically significantly higher number of children. However, in the post-1997 period, when the ban was strictly enforced, no increase was detected in the number of births for women wearing headscarves. Our results show the difficulty of fostering higher fertility even among religious individuals when their other options that could be a barrier for childbearing are removed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

headscarf religiosity headscarf ban fertility Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Abdelgadir, A., & Fouka, V. (2020). Political secularism and Muslim integration in the West: Assessing the effects of the French headscarf ban. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 707-723.
  • Angrist, J. D., & Evans, W. N. (1998). Children and Their Parents’ Labor Supply: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size. American economic review, 450-477.
  • Attar, A. M. (2016). Doğurganlık Kararları, Akılcı Seçim ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Politikası [Fertility Decisions, Rational Choice, and Population Policy in Turkey]. Paper presented at the Türkiye Dördüncü Nüfusbilim Konferansı, Ankara.
  • Barras, A. (2014). Refashioning secularisms in France and Turkey: The case of the headscarf ban: Routledge.
  • Baudin, T. (2015). Religion and fertility: The French connection. Demographic Research, 32, 397-420.
  • Bhat, P. M., & Zavier, A. F. (2005). Role of religion in fertility decline: The case of Indian Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, 385-402.
  • Bleiberg, B. (2005). Unveiling the real issue: Evaluating the European court of human rights’decision to enforce the Turkish headscarf ban in Leyla Sahin v. Turkey. Cornell L. Rev., 91, 129.
  • Burghartz, S. (2015). Covered women? Veiling in early modern Europe. Paper presented at the History Workshop Journal.
  • Cáceres-Delpiano, J., & Simonsen, M. (2012). The toll of fertility on mothers’ wellbeing. Journal of health economics, 31(5), 752-766.
  • Chamie, J. (1981). Religion and fertility: Arab christian-muslim differentials: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cindoglu, D. (2010). Başörtüsü yasağı ve ayrımcılık: Uzman mesleklerde başörtülü kadınlar [Headscarved women in professional jobs: Revisiting discrimination in 2010 Turkey]. Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. (2007). The technology of skill formation. American economic review, 97(2), 31-47.
  • Çevik, A., Koç, G., & Şerbetçi, K. (2018). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İnkılap Tarihi Ve Atatürkçülük. Ankara: MEB.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2010). Visible Hands – Invisible Women: Garment Production in Turkey. Feminist Economics, 16(4), 1-32.
  • Dildar, Y. (2022). The Effect of Pronatalist Rhetoric on Women’s Fertility Preferences in Turkey. Population and development review.
  • Dilmaghani, M. (2019). Religiosity, secularity and fertility in Canada. European Journal of Population, 35(2), 403-428.
  • Eryurt, M. A., & Akadlı-Ergöçmen, B. (2012). Ebeveyn Eğitiminin Doğurganlık Üzerindeki Etkisi. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 30(1), 13-28.
  • Fidan, A. (2021). Religion and Women’s Fertility in Turkey: An Islamic Context. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(39), 158-192.
  • Goldscheider, C. (1971). Population, modernization, and social structure. Boston: Little Brown Company.
  • Guveli, A. (2011). Social and economic impact of the headscarf ban on women in Turkey. European Societies, 13(2), 171-189.
  • Hatun, D., & Warner, D. F. (2022). Disentangling the Roles of Modernization and Secularization on Fertility: The Case of Turkey. Population Research and Policy Review, 41(3), 1161-1189.
  • Heaton, T. B. (2011). Does religion influence fertility in developing countries. Population Research and Policy Review, 30(3), 449-465.
  • Heper, M. (1985). The state tradition in Turkey. Walkington: The Eothen Press. HIPS [Hacettepe University’s Institute of Population Studies]. 2003. Demographic and Health Survey. Ankara: Hacettepe University
  • İlkkaracan, I. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Jacobsen, J. P., Pearce III, J. W., & Rosenbloom, J. L. (1999). The effects of childbearing on married women’s labor supply and earnings: using twin births as a natural experiment. Journal of Human Resources, 449-474.
  • Kancı, T. (2007). Imagining the Turkish men and women: Nationalism, modernism and militarism in primary school textbooks, 1928-2000. Doktora Tezi. Sabancı Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
  • Karahan, H., & Tugsuz, N. (2021). The silent discrimination against headscarved professionals in the Turkish labor market: The case of women in the banking sector. Sustainability, 13(20), 11324.
  • Katras, M. J., Zuiker, V. S., & Bauer, J. W. (2004). Private safety net: Childcare resources from the perspective of rural low-income families. Family Relations, 53(2), 201-209.
  • Kautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., Ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014). Fostering and measuring skills: Improving cognitive and non-cognitive skills to promote lifetime success.
  • Kim, K. (2010). The coercion of trafficked workers. Iowa Law Review, 96, 409.
  • Kırdar, M. G., Dayıoğlu, M., & Koç, İ. (2018). The effects of compulsory-schooling laws on teenage marriage and births in Turkey. Journal of Human Capital, 12(4), 640-668. Konda. 2007. Gündelik ya ̧samda din, laiklik ve türban [Religion, secularism, and the headscarf in daily life]. Istanbul: Konda
  • Lyon, D., & Spini, D. (2004). Unveiling the headscarf debate. Feminist Legal Studies, 12(3), 333-345.
  • McQuillan, K. (2004). When does religion influence fertility? Population and development review, 30(1), 25-56.
  • Migdal, J. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Mule, P., & Barthel, D. (1992). The return to the veil: Individual autonomy vs. social esteem. Paper presented at the Sociological Forum.
  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198-223.
  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2003). Costs and rewards of children: The effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(2), 356-374.
  • Saktanber, A., & Çorbacioğlu, G. (2008). Veiling and headscarf-skepticism in Turkey. Social Politics, 15(4), 514-538.
  • Scroll. (n.d.). Head Covering Through the Centuries. Retrieved from http://www. scrollpublishing.com/store/head-covering-history.html
  • Tachau, F., & Heper, M. (1983). The state, politics, and the military in Turkey. Comparative Politics, 16(1), 17-33. TURKSTAT. Doğum İstatistikleri [Birth Statistics] Ankara: TURKSTAT
  • Uğur, Z.B. (2017). Türkiye’de Kadın Yoksulluğu ve Yoksunluğu. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 168-199.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2018a). Çocuk sahibi olmak insanlari mutlu ediyor mu? Türkiye’den bulgular. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 40, 83-104.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2018b). The Wearing of the Headscarf & Labor Market Outcomes for Women in Turkey. Kadem Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 51-75.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2020a). Unveiled: The effect of the headscarf ban on women’s tertiary education in turkey. Feminist Economics, 26(2), 187-217.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2020b). Does having children bring life satisfaction in Europe? Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 1385-1406.
  • Wiles, E. (2007). Headscarves, human rights, and harmonious multicultural society: Implications of the French ban for interpretations of equality. Law & Society Review, 41(3), 699-736.
  • Zerouala, F. (2014). Headscarf ban turns France’s Muslim women towards homeworking. The Guardian.

HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 5 - 26, 31.12.2022

Zeynep B. Uğur

Öz

Başörtüsü yasağının uzun yıllar boyunca uygulanması, Türkiye’de kadınların büyük çoğunluğu için eğitim ve kariyer yollarını engellemiştir. Geniş bir literatür, kadınların iş gücüne katılımı, eğitim düzeyi ve doğurganlıkları arasında önemli ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yasak, başörtüsünü çıkarmayan kadınlar için annelik yolunun erken açılmasına neden olabilir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak kadınların başörtüsü kullanmalarına bağlı olarak çocuk doğurma davranışları raporlanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, başörtüsü yasağının kadınların doğurganlığına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Kadınların bütün doğurganlık tarihçesi ile ilgili bilgimiz olduğu için, başörtüsü yasağının etkisi Farkların Farkı tarzında bir metodoloji ile tahmin edilebilmiştir. Bu amaçla Hacettepe Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü tarafından 2003, 2008 ve 2013 yıllarında gerçekleştirilen Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırmalarından yararlanılmıştır. Sonuçlarımız, başörtülü kadınların başörtüsü kullanmayan kadınlara göre ortalama 0,2 daha fazla çocuğa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Örneklemi lise veya yükseköğrenim görmüş kadınlarla sınırladığımızda dahi başörtülü kadınların çocuk sayılarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, yasağın sıkı bir şekilde uygulandığı 1997 sonrası dönemde, başörtüsü kullanan kadınların doğum sayılarında herhangi bir artış tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuçlarımız, çocuk doğurmaya engel olabilecek diğer alternatifler ortadan kaldırıldığında bile daha yüksek doğurganlığı teşvik etmenin zorluğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

başörtüsü dindarlık başörtüsü yasağı doğurganlık Türkiye

Kaynakça

  • Abdelgadir, A., & Fouka, V. (2020). Political secularism and Muslim integration in the West: Assessing the effects of the French headscarf ban. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 707-723.
  • Angrist, J. D., & Evans, W. N. (1998). Children and Their Parents’ Labor Supply: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size. American economic review, 450-477.
  • Attar, A. M. (2016). Doğurganlık Kararları, Akılcı Seçim ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Politikası [Fertility Decisions, Rational Choice, and Population Policy in Turkey]. Paper presented at the Türkiye Dördüncü Nüfusbilim Konferansı, Ankara.
  • Barras, A. (2014). Refashioning secularisms in France and Turkey: The case of the headscarf ban: Routledge.
  • Baudin, T. (2015). Religion and fertility: The French connection. Demographic Research, 32, 397-420.
  • Bhat, P. M., & Zavier, A. F. (2005). Role of religion in fertility decline: The case of Indian Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, 385-402.
  • Bleiberg, B. (2005). Unveiling the real issue: Evaluating the European court of human rights’decision to enforce the Turkish headscarf ban in Leyla Sahin v. Turkey. Cornell L. Rev., 91, 129.
  • Burghartz, S. (2015). Covered women? Veiling in early modern Europe. Paper presented at the History Workshop Journal.
  • Cáceres-Delpiano, J., & Simonsen, M. (2012). The toll of fertility on mothers’ wellbeing. Journal of health economics, 31(5), 752-766.
  • Chamie, J. (1981). Religion and fertility: Arab christian-muslim differentials: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cindoglu, D. (2010). Başörtüsü yasağı ve ayrımcılık: Uzman mesleklerde başörtülü kadınlar [Headscarved women in professional jobs: Revisiting discrimination in 2010 Turkey]. Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. (2007). The technology of skill formation. American economic review, 97(2), 31-47.
  • Çevik, A., Koç, G., & Şerbetçi, K. (2018). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İnkılap Tarihi Ve Atatürkçülük. Ankara: MEB.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2010). Visible Hands – Invisible Women: Garment Production in Turkey. Feminist Economics, 16(4), 1-32.
  • Dildar, Y. (2022). The Effect of Pronatalist Rhetoric on Women’s Fertility Preferences in Turkey. Population and development review.
  • Dilmaghani, M. (2019). Religiosity, secularity and fertility in Canada. European Journal of Population, 35(2), 403-428.
  • Eryurt, M. A., & Akadlı-Ergöçmen, B. (2012). Ebeveyn Eğitiminin Doğurganlık Üzerindeki Etkisi. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 30(1), 13-28.
  • Fidan, A. (2021). Religion and Women’s Fertility in Turkey: An Islamic Context. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(39), 158-192.
  • Goldscheider, C. (1971). Population, modernization, and social structure. Boston: Little Brown Company.
  • Guveli, A. (2011). Social and economic impact of the headscarf ban on women in Turkey. European Societies, 13(2), 171-189.
  • Hatun, D., & Warner, D. F. (2022). Disentangling the Roles of Modernization and Secularization on Fertility: The Case of Turkey. Population Research and Policy Review, 41(3), 1161-1189.
  • Heaton, T. B. (2011). Does religion influence fertility in developing countries. Population Research and Policy Review, 30(3), 449-465.
  • Heper, M. (1985). The state tradition in Turkey. Walkington: The Eothen Press. HIPS [Hacettepe University’s Institute of Population Studies]. 2003. Demographic and Health Survey. Ankara: Hacettepe University
  • İlkkaracan, I. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Jacobsen, J. P., Pearce III, J. W., & Rosenbloom, J. L. (1999). The effects of childbearing on married women’s labor supply and earnings: using twin births as a natural experiment. Journal of Human Resources, 449-474.
  • Kancı, T. (2007). Imagining the Turkish men and women: Nationalism, modernism and militarism in primary school textbooks, 1928-2000. Doktora Tezi. Sabancı Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
  • Karahan, H., & Tugsuz, N. (2021). The silent discrimination against headscarved professionals in the Turkish labor market: The case of women in the banking sector. Sustainability, 13(20), 11324.
  • Katras, M. J., Zuiker, V. S., & Bauer, J. W. (2004). Private safety net: Childcare resources from the perspective of rural low-income families. Family Relations, 53(2), 201-209.
  • Kautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., Ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014). Fostering and measuring skills: Improving cognitive and non-cognitive skills to promote lifetime success.
  • Kim, K. (2010). The coercion of trafficked workers. Iowa Law Review, 96, 409.
  • Kırdar, M. G., Dayıoğlu, M., & Koç, İ. (2018). The effects of compulsory-schooling laws on teenage marriage and births in Turkey. Journal of Human Capital, 12(4), 640-668. Konda. 2007. Gündelik ya ̧samda din, laiklik ve türban [Religion, secularism, and the headscarf in daily life]. Istanbul: Konda
  • Lyon, D., & Spini, D. (2004). Unveiling the headscarf debate. Feminist Legal Studies, 12(3), 333-345.
  • McQuillan, K. (2004). When does religion influence fertility? Population and development review, 30(1), 25-56.
  • Migdal, J. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Mule, P., & Barthel, D. (1992). The return to the veil: Individual autonomy vs. social esteem. Paper presented at the Sociological Forum.
  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198-223.
  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2003). Costs and rewards of children: The effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(2), 356-374.
  • Saktanber, A., & Çorbacioğlu, G. (2008). Veiling and headscarf-skepticism in Turkey. Social Politics, 15(4), 514-538.
  • Scroll. (n.d.). Head Covering Through the Centuries. Retrieved from http://www. scrollpublishing.com/store/head-covering-history.html
  • Tachau, F., & Heper, M. (1983). The state, politics, and the military in Turkey. Comparative Politics, 16(1), 17-33. TURKSTAT. Doğum İstatistikleri [Birth Statistics] Ankara: TURKSTAT
  • Uğur, Z.B. (2017). Türkiye’de Kadın Yoksulluğu ve Yoksunluğu. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 168-199.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2018a). Çocuk sahibi olmak insanlari mutlu ediyor mu? Türkiye’den bulgular. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 40, 83-104.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2018b). The Wearing of the Headscarf & Labor Market Outcomes for Women in Turkey. Kadem Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 51-75.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2020a). Unveiled: The effect of the headscarf ban on women’s tertiary education in turkey. Feminist Economics, 26(2), 187-217.
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2020b). Does having children bring life satisfaction in Europe? Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 1385-1406.
  • Wiles, E. (2007). Headscarves, human rights, and harmonious multicultural society: Implications of the French ban for interpretations of equality. Law & Society Review, 41(3), 699-736.
  • Zerouala, F. (2014). Headscarf ban turns France’s Muslim women towards homeworking. The Guardian.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zeynep B. Uğur Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5141-2529

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uğur, Z. B. (2022). HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 44(1), 5-26.
AMA Uğur ZB. HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. Aralık 2022;44(1):5-26.
Chicago Uğur, Zeynep B. “HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 44, sy. 1 (Aralık 2022): 5-26.
EndNote Uğur ZB (01 Aralık 2022) HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 44 1 5–26.
IEEE Z. B. Uğur, “HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY”, Nüfusbilim Dergisi, c. 44, sy. 1, ss. 5–26, 2022.
ISNAD Uğur, Zeynep B. “HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 44/1 (Aralık 2022), 5-26.
JAMA Uğur ZB. HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. 2022;44:5–26.
MLA Uğur, Zeynep B. “HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, c. 44, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 5-26.
Vancouver Uğur ZB. HEADSCARVES AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN TURKEY. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. 2022;44(1):5-26.
 Kapak Resmi İndir