Stamen construction, development and evolution in Salvia s.l.

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 28 - 48, 29.12.2017

Regine Claßen-bockhoff

Öz

Lever-like stamens are among the most important floral traits in Salvia s.l. Their morphology, function and diversity were repeatedly
studied to understand the lever mechanism and to reconstruct stamen evolution. The present paper reviews current knowledge on
stamen diversity in Salvia species and combines morphogenetic and phylogenetic data. Five stamen types are distinguished based
on absence vs. presence of versatile anthers, bithecate vs. monothecate anthers, curved vs. straight connective growth and presence
vs. absence of the lower lever arm. Type I (no versatile anthers) is restricted to the four species of the Californian sect. Echinosphace.
Versatile anthers evolved at least five times: Type II (bithectae) is the most common one in all old world Salvia s.l. clades, but also
appears twice in America. Type III (monothectae, curved connective) is derived from type II (ontogenetic abbreviation). It is not
restricted to the Eurasian-African clade I (Salvia s. str.) and the E-Asian clade IV-A, but also underlies some bee-pollinated American
species. The new function of the lower lever arm to serve as a sterile barrier goes along with novel growth centres (ontogenetic
addition). Type IV (monothecate, straight connective) characterises the majority of the American species (subgen. Calosphace). Type
V (no lower lever arm) is derived by ontogenetic abbreviation and most likely homoplastic. It evolved at least four times
independently, i.e. twice in Salvia s. str., once in the Californian clade II-B (sect. Audibertia) and once or several times in the East
Asian clade. The study shows that stamen diversity results from few developmental changes. The latter appear in different
combinations and support subclades rather than clades.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Inhibition, flower force, novel growth centers, ontogenetic abbreviation, ontogenetic addition, parallel evolution, phylogeny, staminal lever mechanism

Kaynakça

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