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George Maniakes: Life of a Rebel and His Place in Byzantine Historiography

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 383 - 390, 26.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.826928

Öz

George Maniakes, who had lived between c. 997-1043, is one of the most important commanders of the time between the rule of Basil II and Alexios Komnenos. Maniakes, whose name was first mentioned in 1030 as the strategos of Telouch theme, had been sent to Italy twice after gaining successes in the East, and in both phases he had expanded the lands and the influence of Byzantine Empire in Italy. However, having been subjected to injustices at the end of these phases, eventually revolted and marched against emperor Constantine Monomachus. In the battle between two sides, Manikes, who was on the verge of the victory according to the sources, lost his life because of an unknown spear blow. Byzantine, Latin and Armenian sources give information about Maniakes, and he is also mentioned in a Viking saga. Maniakes left a mark for his life time as a result of his bravery, courage and martial talent and while he was indeed a rebel, he was nearly portrayed as a hero. In this paper, beside his life, some controversial issues such as his origin is studied, and the expressions of Byzantine history writers about him were given place, and also the remarks regarding his place on Byzantine historiography are stated.

Kaynakça

  • Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, A Political History, Second Edition, Longman, Londra ve New York, 1997.
  • Attaleiates, Michael, The History, Çev. Anthony Kaldellis ve Dimitris Krallis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
  • Berto, Luigi Alberto, “Images of Byzantines in Early Medieval South Sicily: The Viewpoint of the Chroniclers of the Lombards (9th-10th centuries) and Normans (11th century)”, Mediterranean Studies, c. 22, s. 1, 2014, ss. 1-37.
  • Bialy, K., “From Conquest to the Failed Usurpation: Career of a Typical Byzantine Commander George Maniakes”, Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, c. 2 (14), 2016, ss. 173–187.
  • Blöndal, Sigfus, The Varangians of Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
  • Brand, Charles M. ve Anthony Cutler, “George Maniakes”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1285.
  • Byzantium in the Time of Troubles: The Continuation of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes (1057-1079), Çev. Eric McGeer, Brill, Leiden ve Boston, 2020
  • Cline, Kenneth, “Byzantium’s star-crossed general”, Medieval Warfare, c. 4, s. 2, 2014, ss. 44-48.
  • Comnenae, Annae, Alexias, Ed. D. A. Kambylis, Foteini Kolovou, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2001.
  • D’Amato, Raffaele, “A Prôtospatharios, Magistros, and Strategos Autokrator of 11th cent. : the equipment of Georgios Maniakes and his army according to the Skylitzes Matritensis miniatures and other artistic sources of the middle Byzantine period.”, Porphyra, Ek Sayı: 4, 2005 (Aralık), ss. 1-75.
  • Dumbarton Oaks Catalogues, Catalouge of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 3 West, Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and the Orient, Ed. Nicolas Oikonomides, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC, 1996.
  • Dumbarton Oaks Catalogues, Catalouge of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4 The East, Ed. Nicolas Oikonomides, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC, 2001.
  • Georgiou, Stavros G., “A Contribution to the Study of Byzantine Prosopography”, Byzantion, c. 78 (2008), ss. 224-238.
  • Glycae, Michaelis, Annales, Ed. Immanuel Bekkerus, Bonn, 1836.
  • H. G. Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1888.
  • Historici Graeci Minores Vol. II Menander Protector et Agathias, Ed. Ludovicus Dindorfius, B. G. Taubner, Leipzig, 1871.
  • Ioelis, Choronographia Compendiaria, Ed. I. Bekker, Bonn, 1836.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Katepano”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1115.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Praepositus Sacri Cubiculi”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1709.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Protostrator”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, ss. 1748-1749.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Sebastophoros”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1862.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, Anthony Cutler, “Protosphatarios”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1748.
  • Lauritzen, Frederick, “Achilles at the battle of Ostrovo, George Maniakes and the reception of Illiad”, Byzantinoslavica, c. LXXII, s. 1-2 (2014), ss. 171-187
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes ve Claudia Ludwig, vd., Konstantinos ‘3962’“, Prosopography der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online, De Gruyter. https://db.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ15116?rskey=RWg3Xp&result=4&dbq_0=maniakes&dbf_0=pmbz-fulltext&dbt_0=fulltext&o_0=AND.
  • Malaterra, Geoffrey, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, Çev. Kenneth Baxter Wolf, The University of Michigan Press, 2005.
  • O’Rourke, Michael, Greeks, Lombards and Normans: George Maniakes, Argyrus, Robert Guiscard and the Military Contest for Byzantine Italy, 1030-1071, Canberra, 2009
  • Psellus, The History of Psellus, Ed. Constantine Sathas, Methuen & Co, Londra, 1899.
  • Sevcenko, Nancy Patterson, “Mandylion”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, ss. 1282-3.
  • Skylitzae, Ioannis, Synopsis Historiarum, Ed. Ioannes Thurn, De Gruyter, Berlin 1973; İngilizce çevirisi: Skylitzes, John, A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811-1057, Çev. John Wortley), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
  • Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla History of the Kings of Norway, Çev. Lee Hollander, University of Texas, Austin, 2011.
  • The Chronicle of Constantine Manasses, Çev. Linda Turetich, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2018.
  • Theotokis, G., “Rus, Varangian and Frankish mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th-11th c.): Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans”, Byzantina Symmeikta, s. 22, ss. 125-156.
  • Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford Unversity Press, Stanford, 1997.
  • Treadgold, Warren, The Middle Byzantine Historians, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Urfalı Mateos Vekayinamesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162), Çev. Hrant D. Andreasyan, TTK, Ankara, 2010.
  • Zonaras, Ioannes, Epitomai Historiarum, Ed. Weber, c. 3, Bonn, 1897.
  • Σαββίδης, Αλέξιος, Γ. Κ. Γεώοργιος Μανιάκης, Κατακτήσεις και υπονόμευση στο Βυζάντιο του ενδέκατου αιώνα (1030-1043), Εκδόσεις Περίπλους, Αθήνα, 2004 [Savvides, Aleksios G., Geôrgios Maniakês, Kataktêseis kai yponomeusê sto Byzantio tou endekatou aiôna (1030-1043 m. X.), Ekdoseis Periplous, Athêna, 2004.]

Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 383 - 390, 26.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.826928

Öz

Yaklaşık olarak 997-1043 yılları arasında yaşamış olan Georgios Maniakes, II. Basileos ve Aleksios Komnenos arasındaki dönemin en önemli komutanlarından birisidir. Tarih eserlerinde adı ilk olarak 1030 yılında Telukh temasının strategosu olarak geçen Maniakes, doğuda kazandığı başarıların ardından iki defa İtalya’ya gönderilmiş ve her defasında bu bölgede Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun topraklarını ve nüfuzunu arttırmıştır. Ancak burada bulunduğu iki dönemin sonunda da haksızlıklara uğrayan Maniakes en sonunda isyan ederek İmparator Konstantinos Monomakhos’a karşı harekete geçmiştir. İmparatorluk ordusuyla yapılan muharebede, kaynakların belirttiğine göre neredeyse galip gelmekte olan Maniakes, nereden geldiği bilinmeyen bir mızrak darbesi ile hayatını kaybetmiştir. Bizans, Latin ve Ermeni kaynaklarında kendisiyle ilgili bilgiler verilen Maniakes, bir Viking sagasında da konu edinilmiştir. Yiğitliği, cesareti ve askerlik yeteneği ile elde ettiği başarıları sonucunda yaşadığı dönem için büyük bir iz bırakmış olan Maniakes, nihayetinde bir isyancı olduğu halde, Bizans kaynaklarında neredeyse bir kahraman gibi betimlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada Georgios Maniakes’in hayatının yanında kökeni konusu örneğindeki gibi birtakım tartışmalar irdelenmiş, bunun yanında Maniakes ile ilgili Bizans tarih yazarlarının anlatımlarına yer verilmiş ve onun Bizans tarih yazımındaki yeri hususunda görüşler bildirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, A Political History, Second Edition, Longman, Londra ve New York, 1997.
  • Attaleiates, Michael, The History, Çev. Anthony Kaldellis ve Dimitris Krallis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
  • Berto, Luigi Alberto, “Images of Byzantines in Early Medieval South Sicily: The Viewpoint of the Chroniclers of the Lombards (9th-10th centuries) and Normans (11th century)”, Mediterranean Studies, c. 22, s. 1, 2014, ss. 1-37.
  • Bialy, K., “From Conquest to the Failed Usurpation: Career of a Typical Byzantine Commander George Maniakes”, Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, c. 2 (14), 2016, ss. 173–187.
  • Blöndal, Sigfus, The Varangians of Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
  • Brand, Charles M. ve Anthony Cutler, “George Maniakes”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1285.
  • Byzantium in the Time of Troubles: The Continuation of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes (1057-1079), Çev. Eric McGeer, Brill, Leiden ve Boston, 2020
  • Cline, Kenneth, “Byzantium’s star-crossed general”, Medieval Warfare, c. 4, s. 2, 2014, ss. 44-48.
  • Comnenae, Annae, Alexias, Ed. D. A. Kambylis, Foteini Kolovou, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2001.
  • D’Amato, Raffaele, “A Prôtospatharios, Magistros, and Strategos Autokrator of 11th cent. : the equipment of Georgios Maniakes and his army according to the Skylitzes Matritensis miniatures and other artistic sources of the middle Byzantine period.”, Porphyra, Ek Sayı: 4, 2005 (Aralık), ss. 1-75.
  • Dumbarton Oaks Catalogues, Catalouge of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 3 West, Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and the Orient, Ed. Nicolas Oikonomides, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC, 1996.
  • Dumbarton Oaks Catalogues, Catalouge of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4 The East, Ed. Nicolas Oikonomides, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC, 2001.
  • Georgiou, Stavros G., “A Contribution to the Study of Byzantine Prosopography”, Byzantion, c. 78 (2008), ss. 224-238.
  • Glycae, Michaelis, Annales, Ed. Immanuel Bekkerus, Bonn, 1836.
  • H. G. Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1888.
  • Historici Graeci Minores Vol. II Menander Protector et Agathias, Ed. Ludovicus Dindorfius, B. G. Taubner, Leipzig, 1871.
  • Ioelis, Choronographia Compendiaria, Ed. I. Bekker, Bonn, 1836.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Katepano”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1115.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Praepositus Sacri Cubiculi”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1709.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Protostrator”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, ss. 1748-1749.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, “Sebastophoros”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1862.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, Anthony Cutler, “Protosphatarios”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 3, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, 1991, s. 1748.
  • Lauritzen, Frederick, “Achilles at the battle of Ostrovo, George Maniakes and the reception of Illiad”, Byzantinoslavica, c. LXXII, s. 1-2 (2014), ss. 171-187
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes ve Claudia Ludwig, vd., Konstantinos ‘3962’“, Prosopography der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online, De Gruyter. https://db.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ15116?rskey=RWg3Xp&result=4&dbq_0=maniakes&dbf_0=pmbz-fulltext&dbt_0=fulltext&o_0=AND.
  • Malaterra, Geoffrey, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, Çev. Kenneth Baxter Wolf, The University of Michigan Press, 2005.
  • O’Rourke, Michael, Greeks, Lombards and Normans: George Maniakes, Argyrus, Robert Guiscard and the Military Contest for Byzantine Italy, 1030-1071, Canberra, 2009
  • Psellus, The History of Psellus, Ed. Constantine Sathas, Methuen & Co, Londra, 1899.
  • Sevcenko, Nancy Patterson, “Mandylion”, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, c. 2, Ed. Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, New York ve Oxford, ss. 1282-3.
  • Skylitzae, Ioannis, Synopsis Historiarum, Ed. Ioannes Thurn, De Gruyter, Berlin 1973; İngilizce çevirisi: Skylitzes, John, A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811-1057, Çev. John Wortley), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
  • Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla History of the Kings of Norway, Çev. Lee Hollander, University of Texas, Austin, 2011.
  • The Chronicle of Constantine Manasses, Çev. Linda Turetich, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2018.
  • Theotokis, G., “Rus, Varangian and Frankish mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th-11th c.): Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans”, Byzantina Symmeikta, s. 22, ss. 125-156.
  • Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford Unversity Press, Stanford, 1997.
  • Treadgold, Warren, The Middle Byzantine Historians, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Urfalı Mateos Vekayinamesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162), Çev. Hrant D. Andreasyan, TTK, Ankara, 2010.
  • Zonaras, Ioannes, Epitomai Historiarum, Ed. Weber, c. 3, Bonn, 1897.
  • Σαββίδης, Αλέξιος, Γ. Κ. Γεώοργιος Μανιάκης, Κατακτήσεις και υπονόμευση στο Βυζάντιο του ενδέκατου αιώνα (1030-1043), Εκδόσεις Περίπλους, Αθήνα, 2004 [Savvides, Aleksios G., Geôrgios Maniakês, Kataktêseis kai yponomeusê sto Byzantio tou endekatou aiôna (1030-1043 m. X.), Ekdoseis Periplous, Athêna, 2004.]
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Arslan Kılıç 0000-0001-7074-7693

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, A. (2020). Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.826928
AMA Kılıç A. Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri. OAD. Aralık 2020;3(2):383-390. doi:10.48120/oad.826928
Chicago Kılıç, Arslan. “Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı Ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2020): 383-90. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.826928.
EndNote Kılıç A (01 Aralık 2020) Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 3 2 383–390.
IEEE A. Kılıç, “Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri”, OAD, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 383–390, 2020, doi: 10.48120/oad.826928.
ISNAD Kılıç, Arslan. “Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı Ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 3/2 (Aralık 2020), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.826928.
JAMA Kılıç A. Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri. OAD. 2020;3:383–390.
MLA Kılıç, Arslan. “Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı Ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 383-90, doi:10.48120/oad.826928.
Vancouver Kılıç A. Georgios Maniakes: Βir İsyancının Hayatı ve Bizans Tarih Yazımındaki Yeri. OAD. 2020;3(2):383-90.

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