Antikçağ’dan günümüze kadar aynı adı taşıyan Tarsus şehri, Hıristiyanlığın doğuşunda, Roma ve İslâm dönemlerinde Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde dini, kültürel, askeri ve ticaret merkezlerinin en önemlilerindendi. Roma İmparatoru Pompei, M.Ö. 64 yılında Selevkos Krallığı’nın başkenti Antakya’yı almasıyla Selevkos Krallığı yıkıldı. Böylece M.Ö. 64 yılında Tarsus’ta Selevkoslar dönemi kapanırken Roma dönemi başlamış oldu. Roma İmparatoru Pompei, Roma hakimiyetine giren Tarsus’u imparatorluğun yeni eyaleti Kilikya’nın başkenti yaptı. Bu tarihten 90 yıl sonra dünya tarihini etkileyen Hıristıyanlığın şekillenmesi ve yayılmasında Tarsus doğumlu Pavlos, önemli rol oynadı. Havari Pavlos, Barnabas ve Petrus Hz. İsa’nın öğretisini yaymak için yaptıkları birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü haber gezilerinde Antakya’yı merkez olarak kullanarak Tarsus ve Anadolu’daki diğer kentleri gezip Hıristiyanlığı anlattılar. Bu şekilde M.S. 40 yıllarında Tarsus ve Antakya’da şekillenen Hıristiyanlık bu şehirlerden Roma dünyasına yayıldı
Kaynakça
Abu’l-Farac, Gregory, Abu’l-Farac Tarihi (Çev.Ömer Rıza Doğrul) T.T.K Basımevi, Ankara,1999
Belazuri, Futuh el-Buldan, (Çev. Mustafa Fayda), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yay., Ankara, 2002
Bickerman E., The Cambridge History of Iran; The Seleucid Period, Ed. Ehsan Yarshaster, 3. vol. Cambridge Univ. Pres. 1983
Bilhmeyer K. - H. Tuchle, I. ve IV. Yüzyıllarda Hıristıyanlık (Çev. A. Güral), İstanbul, 1972
Burkitt, Francis Crowford, Early Eastern Christianity: st. Margaret’s Lectures on the Syriac-Speaking Church, London, 1904
Bosworth, C. Edmund, ‘‘The City of Tarsus and The Arab-Byzantine Frontiers, in Early and Middle Abbasid Times ’’ ORIENS, Journal of the International Society for Oriental Research,33. Volume,New York,1992, 269-286
Brooks, E. W., ‘‘The Sruggle with the Saracens (717-867)’’, Cambridge Medieval History, 4.cilt
Christophilopoulou Aikaterina, Byzantine History II (610-867) (Translated by Timothy Cullen), Adolf M. Hakkert Yay., Amsterdam, 1993
Demircioğlu, Halil, Roma Tarihi, I. Cilt, T.T.K. yay. Ankara, 1998
Downey, Glanville, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arap Conquest, Princeton University Pres, New Jersey, 1961
Elçibey, Ebulfez, Tolunoğulları Devleti (868-905) (Çev. Selçuk Akın), Ötüken yay., İstanbul, 1997
Graigner, John D., Seleucus Nikator; Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom, Routledge Ltd. New York 1990
Haddad, George, Aspect of Social life in Antioch in Hellenistic-Roman period, Chicago, 1949
Honigmann, Ernest, Bizans Devleti’nin Doğu Sınırı, (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), İstanbul Üniv., İstanbul, 1970
Hitti, Philip K., History of Syria; Including Lebaon and Palestine, Macmillan co. ltd., London, 1951
İbnu’l-Esir, el-Kâmil fi’t-târih,(Çev. Ahmet Ağırakça), Bahar Yay.,İstanbul, 1987
Işıltan, Fikret, İ.A, ‘‘Seyfuddevle’’ mad.
Kopraman, Kâzım Yaşar, ‘‘Tolunoğulları (868-905)’’ D. G. B. İ. T., VI. cilt, Çağ Yay. İstanbul,1992 Matta (Yeni Ahid).
Mesûdî, Murûc ez-Zeheb (Çev. Ahsen Batur), Selenge yay.,İstanbul 2004 Mitchell, Stephen, Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No:5 BAR İnternational Series 156, 1983
Niavis, Pavlos, E., The Reign of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I. (802- 811), Historical publications st. D Basilopoulos, Athens, 1987 Ostrogorsky, George, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), T.T.K. Yay., Ankara, 2006
Ramsay W. M., Tarsus ( Aziz Pavlus’un Kenti ) ( Çev. Levent Zoroğlu ). T.T.K. basımevi, Ankara, 2000
Resullerin İşleri (Yeni Ahid)
Scylitzes, John, A Synopsis of Histories (811-1057) (Translated by John Wortley), Published by The Centre for Hellenic Civilization at University of Manitoba, Kanada, 2000
Ster n S. M., ‘‘ The Coins of Thamal and other Governers of Tarsus ’’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.80. No:3, Oxford, 1960, s. 217-225.
Taberi, Tarih el-Rusul ve’l Muluk, The History of al-Taberi, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1992
Theophones, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, A.D. 284-813 translated by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, Oxford University Press, 1997
Vasiliev A. A., Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi (Çev. A. Müfid Mansel), Maarif Matbaası, Ankara, 1943
Woolley C. Leonard, A Forgetten Kingdom,Penguin Boks, London, 1953
Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Antâkî, Târihu’l-Antâkî (H. 328-458, M. 940-1067), (Neşr. Ömer Abdullah Tedmuri), Lübnan, 1990
Yakûbî, Kitabu’l-Buldan (Ülkeler Kitabı), (Çev. Murat Ağarı), Ayışığı Yay. İstanbul, 2002
Yıldız, Hakkı Dursun, İslâmiyet ve Türkler, Kamer Yay., İstanbul, 2000 Zehebî, Tarihu’l-İslâm alwarak.com
The History of Tarsus in Later Ancient and Middle Ages Times
The ancient settlement of Tarsus is best known for that of its history which bears its name up to now and it is one of the most eminent cultural, military, commercial and religious centre of Eastern Mediterranean at the emerged of Christianity, Roman Empire and Islam reign. Antioch the capital city of Seleucus Kingdom was invaded by Roman Emperor Pompey 64 B.C. Thus Seleucus Kingdom collapsed and Roman reign commenced. Roman Emperor Pompey made Tarsus the capital of the new Roman province of Cilicia. Ninety years later after that period Saint Pavlos, who was born in Tarsus in 10 A.D., acted an important role in spreading Christianity influencing world history. In Tarsus and Antioch history one of the most eminent events happened during the reign of Emperor Caligula desciple of the Jesus Christ Saint Barnabas and Pavlos in the city to emit Christianity. As a result of the missionary services done by these saints they could congregate a mass which is called for the first time as Christianity spread throughout Roman World 40 A.D. Tarsus, the most important commercial and cultural centre in Mediterranean World, kept its effect in Turk-Islam reign. Islam army commanded by Ebu Ubeyde b. Cerrah at Yermuk War in 634 A.D. defeated Byzantium army and then moving quickly to the North of Damascus. It conquered Baalbek, Hims, Aleppo and Antioch and stopped on Toros mountains. Hence Islam army invaded Tarsus. H. 17/ After Ubade b. es-Samit who was one of Ebu Ubeyde’s commanders had Tarsus. Thus Tarsus became Islam frontier city. In nineth and tenth centuries, Turk commanders came to Tarsus and governed the city. Hence it continued to florish as a centre of Turk-Islam, merged todays’ characteristic of Tarsus.
Kaynakça
Abu’l-Farac, Gregory, Abu’l-Farac Tarihi (Çev.Ömer Rıza Doğrul) T.T.K Basımevi, Ankara,1999
Belazuri, Futuh el-Buldan, (Çev. Mustafa Fayda), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yay., Ankara, 2002
Bickerman E., The Cambridge History of Iran; The Seleucid Period, Ed. Ehsan Yarshaster, 3. vol. Cambridge Univ. Pres. 1983
Bilhmeyer K. - H. Tuchle, I. ve IV. Yüzyıllarda Hıristıyanlık (Çev. A. Güral), İstanbul, 1972
Burkitt, Francis Crowford, Early Eastern Christianity: st. Margaret’s Lectures on the Syriac-Speaking Church, London, 1904
Bosworth, C. Edmund, ‘‘The City of Tarsus and The Arab-Byzantine Frontiers, in Early and Middle Abbasid Times ’’ ORIENS, Journal of the International Society for Oriental Research,33. Volume,New York,1992, 269-286
Brooks, E. W., ‘‘The Sruggle with the Saracens (717-867)’’, Cambridge Medieval History, 4.cilt
Christophilopoulou Aikaterina, Byzantine History II (610-867) (Translated by Timothy Cullen), Adolf M. Hakkert Yay., Amsterdam, 1993
Demircioğlu, Halil, Roma Tarihi, I. Cilt, T.T.K. yay. Ankara, 1998
Downey, Glanville, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arap Conquest, Princeton University Pres, New Jersey, 1961
Elçibey, Ebulfez, Tolunoğulları Devleti (868-905) (Çev. Selçuk Akın), Ötüken yay., İstanbul, 1997
Graigner, John D., Seleucus Nikator; Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom, Routledge Ltd. New York 1990
Haddad, George, Aspect of Social life in Antioch in Hellenistic-Roman period, Chicago, 1949
Honigmann, Ernest, Bizans Devleti’nin Doğu Sınırı, (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), İstanbul Üniv., İstanbul, 1970
Hitti, Philip K., History of Syria; Including Lebaon and Palestine, Macmillan co. ltd., London, 1951
İbnu’l-Esir, el-Kâmil fi’t-târih,(Çev. Ahmet Ağırakça), Bahar Yay.,İstanbul, 1987
Işıltan, Fikret, İ.A, ‘‘Seyfuddevle’’ mad.
Kopraman, Kâzım Yaşar, ‘‘Tolunoğulları (868-905)’’ D. G. B. İ. T., VI. cilt, Çağ Yay. İstanbul,1992 Matta (Yeni Ahid).
Mesûdî, Murûc ez-Zeheb (Çev. Ahsen Batur), Selenge yay.,İstanbul 2004 Mitchell, Stephen, Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No:5 BAR İnternational Series 156, 1983
Niavis, Pavlos, E., The Reign of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I. (802- 811), Historical publications st. D Basilopoulos, Athens, 1987 Ostrogorsky, George, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), T.T.K. Yay., Ankara, 2006
Ramsay W. M., Tarsus ( Aziz Pavlus’un Kenti ) ( Çev. Levent Zoroğlu ). T.T.K. basımevi, Ankara, 2000
Resullerin İşleri (Yeni Ahid)
Scylitzes, John, A Synopsis of Histories (811-1057) (Translated by John Wortley), Published by The Centre for Hellenic Civilization at University of Manitoba, Kanada, 2000
Ster n S. M., ‘‘ The Coins of Thamal and other Governers of Tarsus ’’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.80. No:3, Oxford, 1960, s. 217-225.
Taberi, Tarih el-Rusul ve’l Muluk, The History of al-Taberi, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1992
Theophones, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, A.D. 284-813 translated by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, Oxford University Press, 1997
Vasiliev A. A., Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi (Çev. A. Müfid Mansel), Maarif Matbaası, Ankara, 1943
Woolley C. Leonard, A Forgetten Kingdom,Penguin Boks, London, 1953
Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Antâkî, Târihu’l-Antâkî (H. 328-458, M. 940-1067), (Neşr. Ömer Abdullah Tedmuri), Lübnan, 1990
Yakûbî, Kitabu’l-Buldan (Ülkeler Kitabı), (Çev. Murat Ağarı), Ayışığı Yay. İstanbul, 2002
Yıldız, Hakkı Dursun, İslâmiyet ve Türkler, Kamer Yay., İstanbul, 2000 Zehebî, Tarihu’l-İslâm alwarak.com