Digital Addiction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management Strategies

Öz

Digital addiction is a behavioural addiction that develops as a result of the uncontrolled and excessive use of online platforms such as the internet, smartphones, digital games, and social media. This condition, which is increasingly prevalent among adolescents and young adults, has become a significant public health issue, negatively impacting individual functioning. This review comprehensively examines the epidemiological characteristics, neurobiological foundations, diagnostic criteria, and the relationship between digital addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional changes in the frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex, in individuals with digital addiction. Moreover, dysfunctions in the dopaminergic reward system provide a crucial biological basis for explaining impairments in impulse control and reward expectancy observed in these individuals. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is central to the treatment process, while exercise-based interventions and novel approaches such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) play a supplementary role. Early intervention programmes, supported by multidisciplinary teams, are of paramount importance in mitigating the individual, familial, and societal burdens associated with digital addiction. One of the most effective strategies for addressing this issue is the early implementation of diagnostic tools alongside cognitive behavioural therapy interventions. It is crucial to raise digital awareness within communities, strengthen educational initiatives aimed at reducing risky usage, and promote healthy digital habits. Mitigating the individual and societal impacts of digital addiction will require a coordinated and holistic approach across health, education, and social policy sectors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
• Digital addiction
• Internet addiction

Dijital Bağımlılık, Epidemiyoloji, Patofizyoloji ve Yönetim Stratejileri

Öz

Dijital bağımlılık, internet, akıllı telefonlar, dijital oyunlar ve sosyal medya gibi çevrim içi platformların kontrolsüz ve aşırı kullanımına bağlı olarak gelişen bir davranışsal bağımlılık türüdür. Özellikle ergenler ve genç erişkinler arasında giderek artan bir prevalansa sahip olan dijital bağımlılık, bireylerin günlük işlevselliklerini olumsuz yönde etkileyerek önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. Bu derlemede, dijital bağımlılığın epidemiyolojik özellikleri, nörobiyolojik temelleri, tanı ölçütleri ve eşlik eden psikiyatrik bozukluklarla ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Nörogörüntüleme çalışmaları, dijital bağımlılığı olan bireylerde özellikle prefrontal korteks olmak üzere frontal lob işlevlerinde yapısal ve işlevsel değişiklikler gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, dopaminerjik ödül sistemindeki disfonksiyon, bu bireylerde dürtü kontrolü ve ödül beklentisi ile ilgili bozulmaları açıklamak adına önemli bir biyolojik dayanak sunmaktadır. Tedavi sürecinde bilişsel davranışçı terapiler (BDT) ön planda yer almakta, ayrıca egzersiz temelli müdahaleler ve tekrarlayan transkraniyal manyetik stimülasyon (rTMS) gibi yenilikçi yöntemler destekleyici rol oynamaktadır. Dijital bağımlılıkla mücadelede erken müdahale programları, multidisipliner ekiplerin iş birliğiyle bireysel, ailesel ve toplumsal düzeydeki olumsuz etkilerin azaltılması açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Sorunun yönetiminde en etkili yaklaşım, erken tanı araçlarının etkin kullanımı ve bilişsel davranışçı terapi temelli müdahalelerin yaygınlaştırılmasıdır. Toplum düzeyinde dijital farkındalığın artırılması, riskli kullanımı azaltmaya yönelik eğitimlerin güçlendirilmesi ve işlevsel kullanım alışkanlıklarının desteklenmesi önemlidir. Dijital bağımlılığın bireysel ve toplumsal etkilerinin azaltılması; sağlık, eğitim ve sosyal politika alanlarının koordineli ve bütüncül bir yaklaşım geliştirmesiyle mümkün olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilişsel davranışçı terapi
• Dijital bağımlılık
• İnternet bağımlılığı

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