Araştırma Makalesi
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Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses About Pain Management

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.04.2021

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelerin ağrı yönetimine ilişkin bilgi ve tutumlarının demografik özellikleri ile ilişkisini belirlemektir.,
Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı araştırma tasarımı kullanıldı. Araştırma bir devlet hastanesinde çalışan 172 hemşire ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma öncesi ilgili kurumdan izin alınmıştır (Tarih: 22.01.2019, No: 82965765). Araştırmacılar tarafından çalışmaya başlamadan önce hemşirelere çalışmanın amacı açıklandı. Araştırma verileri Hemşire Tanıtım Formu ve Hemşirelerin Ağrıya İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutum Anketi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çalışma anketi her katılımcıya tanıtıldı ve her katılımcıdan soruları yanıtlaması istendi. Doldurulan anketler, araştırmacılar tarafından kontrol edildikten sonra toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar, ortalama bilgi puanının 10.75±2.11 ve ağrıya ilişkin tutum puanının 12.65±2.33 olduğunu gösterdi. Hemşirelerin sosyodemografik özellikleri ile toplam bilgi ve tutum puanları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı bulundu (p> 0.05). Hemşirelerin %32.6'sı cerrahi kliniğinde, ve %92.4'ü klinik hemşiresi olarak çalışmaktadır. Hemşirelerin yaş ortalaması 35.15±8.97, ve 48-57 yaş grubunda ağrı tutum ve davranış puanı en yüksek, sağlık meslek lisesi mezunlarının puanları daha yüksekti.
Sonuç: Araştırma, hemşirelerin ağrı yönetimi konusunda orta düzeyde bilgi ve tutum sergilediklerini göstermektedir. Hemşirelerin ağrı yönetimine yönelik tutumlarını geliştirmek için ağrı eğitim programlarının standardize edilmesi gerekmektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ramira ML, Instone S, Clark MJ. Pediatric pain management: An evidence-based approach. Pediatric Nursing 2016; 42: 39-46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27019942/
  • 2. Babacan A. Pain, pain pathways and approach to painful patient. http://med.gazi,edu.tr/posts/download?id=20754, pp:1-14 Date Access: 24 November 2019
  • 3. Aygin D, Var G. Pain management in trauma patients and nursing approaches. Sakarya Medical Journal 2012; 2: 61-70. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/117117
  • 4. Çelik S. et al. Determination of knowledge and behaviour of nurses about pain management. Bakırköy Medicine Journal, 2018; 14: 17-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.5350/BTDMJB.20160905103604
  • 5. Öztunç G, Kılıç M. The methods used in pain control and the role of the nurse. Fırat Journal of Health Services 2012; 7: 35-51.
  • 6. Morgan I, Eguia F, Gelaye B, Peterlin BL, Tadesse MG, Lemma S, Berhane Y, Williams MA. Sleep disturbances and quality of life in Sub-Saharan African migraineurs. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2015; 16(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0504
  • 7. Samarkandi OA. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia 2020; 22: 220-226. DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17
  • 8. Çelik S. Paın levels of the patıents after 24-48 hours from abdomınal surgery and applied nursıng. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Science 2013; 2: 325-330.
  • 9. Eti Aslan F, Badır A. Reality about pain control: The knowledge and beliefs of nurses on the nature, assessment and management of pain. Pain 2015; 17: 44-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15977095/
  • 10. Cui J, Zhou L, Zhang L, Li L, Zhao J. Training the trainer: An educational course for training pain nursing specialists supported by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Pain Management Nursing 2013; 14(4): 142-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2011.09.004
  • 11. Özer S, Akyürek MB, Başbakkal Z. Investigation of nurses’ pain related knowledge, attitude and clinical decision making skills. Pain 2006; 18: 36-43. https://jag.journalagent.com/agri/pdfs/AGRI_18_4_36_43.pdf.
  • 12. Mc Caffery M, Robinson ES. Pain here’s how you respond. Nursing 2002; 32: 37-47. 13. Yıldırım Y, Çiçek F, Uyar M. Knowledge and attitudes of Turkish oncology nurses about cancer pain management. Pain Management Nursing 2008; 9(1): 17-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2007.09.002.
  • 14. Özer N, Bölükbaş N. Investıgatıon of the definıtıon pa ın by the patıents ın the postoperatıve perıod and the attltudes of nurses towards the patıents wıth pain. Atatürk University Journal of Nursing School, 2001; 4: 7-16
  • 15. Payen JF, Bosson JL, Chanque, G, Mantz J, Labarere J. Pain assesment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post hoc analysis of the DOLOREA Study. Anesthesiology 2009; 11: 1308-1316. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c0d4f0
  • 16. Puntillo K, Max A, Timsit JF, Vignoud L, Changques G, Robleda G, Roche-Campo F, Mancebo J, Diöatia JV, Soares M, Ionescu DC, Grintescu IM, Vasiliu IL, Maggiore SM, Rusinova K, Owczuk Rl, Egerod I, Papathanassoglou E, Kyranou M, Joynt GM, Burghi G, Preebairn R.c… Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit: The Europain Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Nurses 2014; 189: 39-47. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1174OC
  • 17. Granja C, Lopes A, Moreira S, Dias C, Costa-Pereira A, Carneiro A….Patients’ recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life. Critical Care, 2005; 9:2. DOI: 10.1186/cc3026
  • 18. Menefee LA, Monti D. Nonpharmacologic and copmlementary approaches to cancer pain management. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2005; 105: 15-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16368903/
  • 19. Bloch C. Hispanic Nurses’ knowledge of and approach to pain assessment and management. Journal Transcultural Nursing. 2006; 4: 1-8. DOI: 10.1177/1043659616639102
  • 20. Ferrell BR, McCaffery M. Knowledge and attitudes survey regarding pain. http: pre.Coh.org. Knowledge Attitude Survey-updated.5-08.pdf. (1987. revised 2008).
  • 21. Polat FN, Erdem R. The relationshıp between the level of compassion fatigue and quality of professional life: The case of medical professionals. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences 2017; 26(1): 291–312. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sbe/issue/29477/451660
  • 22. Meijun et al. Factors related to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in hospitals in low-income areas. Pain Management Nursing 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.06.009
  • 23. Yava A, Çiçek Hl, Tosun N, Özcan C, Yıldız D, Dizer B. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses about pain management. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2013; 6(3): 494-505. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/23.%20Yava.pdf
  • 24. Machira G, Kariuki H, Martindale L. Impact of an educational painmanagement programme on nurses pain knowledge and attitudes in Kenya. International Journal Palliative Nursing 2013; 19: 341-6. DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.7.341.
  • 25. Manwere A, Chipfuwa T, Mukwamba TM, Chironda G. Knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management of adult medical patients: A case of Bindura Hospital. Health Science Journal 2015; 9: 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282988117
  • 26. Akbaş M, Öztunç G. Examination of knowledge about and nursing interventions for care of patients in pain of nurses who work at Çukurova University Medical Faculty Balcalı Hospital. Pain Management Nursing 2008; 9(3): 88–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2008.02.004.
  • 27. Eşer İ, Khorshid L, Gürol Aslan G. A study about patients’ views related to approaches of the nurses and doctors to the patients in pain. Journal of Ege Üniversite Nursing School 2008; 24(1): 1-14. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/835525
  • 28. Young JL, Horton FM, Davidhizar R. Nursing attitudes and beliefs in pain assessment and management. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006; 53(4): 412-421. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03735.x.
  • 29. Wang H., Tsai YF. Nurses’ knowledge and barriers regarding pain management in intensive care units. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010; 19(21- 22): 3188-3196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03226.x.
  • 30. Al-Qadire M, Al-Khalaileh M. Jordanian nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain management. Pain Managament Nursing. 2014; 15: 220-228. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.08.006
  • 31. Moceri JT, Drevdahl DJ. Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 2014; 40(1): 6-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2012.04.014
  • 32. Al-Quliti KW, Alamri MS. Assessment of pain: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care providers in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2015; 20(2): 131-136. DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140546.
  • 33. Ay F, Alpar Ş. Approaches taken by nurses in treating postoperative pain. Pain 2010; 22: 21-29. https://jag.journalagent.com/agri/pdfs/AGRI_22_1_21_29.pdf
  • 34. Coulling S. Doctors’ and nurses’ knowledge of pain after surgery. Nursing Standard 2005; 19: 41-9. DOI: 10.7748/ns2005.05.19.34.41.c3859
  • 35. Hauser W, Schmutzer G, Hemningsen P, Brahler E. Chronic pain, pain disease, and satisfaction of patients with pain treatment in Germany: Results of a representative population survey. Schmerz 2014; 28(5): 483-492. DOI: 10.1007/s00482-014-1438-y.
  • 36. Hua Y, Zhang Q, Ting W, Qio R, Yao WY, Chen XL. Pediatric nurse practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management study in central China. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 2019; 50(6): 275-281. DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20190516-08.
  • 37. Demir Dikmen L, Yıldırım Usta Y, İnce Y, Türken Gel K, Akı Kaya M. Determining of nurses’ knowledge, behavior and clinical decision making regarding pain management. Contemporary Turkish Journal 2012; 2: 162-172. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/81870
  • 38. Holl RM, Carmack J. Complexity of Pain, Nurses’ Knowledge, and Treatment Options. Holistic Nursing Practice 2015; 29:377-80. DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000114.
  • 39. Lui LYY, So WKW, Fong DYT. Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses in Hong Kong medical units. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2008; 17: 2014-2021. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02183.x.
  • 40. Manwere A. et al. (2015). Knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management of adult medical patients: A case of Bindura Hospital. Health Science Journal. 9:1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282988117
  • 41. Ou M, Wu W, Chen Y, Yan Y. Factors related to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in hospitals in low-income areas. Pain Management Nursing 2020; 22(3): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.06.009

Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses About Pain Management

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.04.2021

Öz

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine of knowledge and attitude of nurses about pain management and their relationship to demographic.
Methods: The descriptive study design was used. The study was conducted with 172 registered nurses working at a hospital state. Permission was obtained from the relevant institution before the study (Date: 22.01.2019, Number: 82965765). The researchers explained the study aims, and procedures in the study to participants before they started. The study data were collected by using the Nurse Introductory Form and Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire Regarding Pain. The study questionnaire was introduced to each participant, and each participant was asked to answer the questions. The completed questionnaires were collected personally after being checked by the researchers.
Results: The results showed that the mean knowledge score 10.75±2.11 and attitude score about pain 12.65±2.33. It was found that there were no significant differences between nurses’ sociodemographic characteristics and the total knowledge and attitude score (p> 0.05). The working at a surgical clinic was 32.6% and 92.4% were worked as primary care nurses in clinic. Average age of nurses 35.15±8.97-, and 48–57-year age group had the highest pain attitude and behavior score, and higher scores health vocational level.
Conclusion: The study indicates that nurses do moderate level knowledge and attitude about management of pain. Pain educational programs need to be standardized in order to improve nurses’ attitudes towards pain management.

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ramira ML, Instone S, Clark MJ. Pediatric pain management: An evidence-based approach. Pediatric Nursing 2016; 42: 39-46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27019942/
  • 2. Babacan A. Pain, pain pathways and approach to painful patient. http://med.gazi,edu.tr/posts/download?id=20754, pp:1-14 Date Access: 24 November 2019
  • 3. Aygin D, Var G. Pain management in trauma patients and nursing approaches. Sakarya Medical Journal 2012; 2: 61-70. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/117117
  • 4. Çelik S. et al. Determination of knowledge and behaviour of nurses about pain management. Bakırköy Medicine Journal, 2018; 14: 17-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.5350/BTDMJB.20160905103604
  • 5. Öztunç G, Kılıç M. The methods used in pain control and the role of the nurse. Fırat Journal of Health Services 2012; 7: 35-51.
  • 6. Morgan I, Eguia F, Gelaye B, Peterlin BL, Tadesse MG, Lemma S, Berhane Y, Williams MA. Sleep disturbances and quality of life in Sub-Saharan African migraineurs. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2015; 16(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0504
  • 7. Samarkandi OA. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia 2020; 22: 220-226. DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17
  • 8. Çelik S. Paın levels of the patıents after 24-48 hours from abdomınal surgery and applied nursıng. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Science 2013; 2: 325-330.
  • 9. Eti Aslan F, Badır A. Reality about pain control: The knowledge and beliefs of nurses on the nature, assessment and management of pain. Pain 2015; 17: 44-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15977095/
  • 10. Cui J, Zhou L, Zhang L, Li L, Zhao J. Training the trainer: An educational course for training pain nursing specialists supported by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Pain Management Nursing 2013; 14(4): 142-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2011.09.004
  • 11. Özer S, Akyürek MB, Başbakkal Z. Investigation of nurses’ pain related knowledge, attitude and clinical decision making skills. Pain 2006; 18: 36-43. https://jag.journalagent.com/agri/pdfs/AGRI_18_4_36_43.pdf.
  • 12. Mc Caffery M, Robinson ES. Pain here’s how you respond. Nursing 2002; 32: 37-47. 13. Yıldırım Y, Çiçek F, Uyar M. Knowledge and attitudes of Turkish oncology nurses about cancer pain management. Pain Management Nursing 2008; 9(1): 17-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2007.09.002.
  • 14. Özer N, Bölükbaş N. Investıgatıon of the definıtıon pa ın by the patıents ın the postoperatıve perıod and the attltudes of nurses towards the patıents wıth pain. Atatürk University Journal of Nursing School, 2001; 4: 7-16
  • 15. Payen JF, Bosson JL, Chanque, G, Mantz J, Labarere J. Pain assesment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post hoc analysis of the DOLOREA Study. Anesthesiology 2009; 11: 1308-1316. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c0d4f0
  • 16. Puntillo K, Max A, Timsit JF, Vignoud L, Changques G, Robleda G, Roche-Campo F, Mancebo J, Diöatia JV, Soares M, Ionescu DC, Grintescu IM, Vasiliu IL, Maggiore SM, Rusinova K, Owczuk Rl, Egerod I, Papathanassoglou E, Kyranou M, Joynt GM, Burghi G, Preebairn R.c… Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit: The Europain Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Nurses 2014; 189: 39-47. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1174OC
  • 17. Granja C, Lopes A, Moreira S, Dias C, Costa-Pereira A, Carneiro A….Patients’ recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life. Critical Care, 2005; 9:2. DOI: 10.1186/cc3026
  • 18. Menefee LA, Monti D. Nonpharmacologic and copmlementary approaches to cancer pain management. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2005; 105: 15-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16368903/
  • 19. Bloch C. Hispanic Nurses’ knowledge of and approach to pain assessment and management. Journal Transcultural Nursing. 2006; 4: 1-8. DOI: 10.1177/1043659616639102
  • 20. Ferrell BR, McCaffery M. Knowledge and attitudes survey regarding pain. http: pre.Coh.org. Knowledge Attitude Survey-updated.5-08.pdf. (1987. revised 2008).
  • 21. Polat FN, Erdem R. The relationshıp between the level of compassion fatigue and quality of professional life: The case of medical professionals. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences 2017; 26(1): 291–312. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sbe/issue/29477/451660
  • 22. Meijun et al. Factors related to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in hospitals in low-income areas. Pain Management Nursing 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.06.009
  • 23. Yava A, Çiçek Hl, Tosun N, Özcan C, Yıldız D, Dizer B. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses about pain management. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2013; 6(3): 494-505. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/23.%20Yava.pdf
  • 24. Machira G, Kariuki H, Martindale L. Impact of an educational painmanagement programme on nurses pain knowledge and attitudes in Kenya. International Journal Palliative Nursing 2013; 19: 341-6. DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.7.341.
  • 25. Manwere A, Chipfuwa T, Mukwamba TM, Chironda G. Knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management of adult medical patients: A case of Bindura Hospital. Health Science Journal 2015; 9: 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282988117
  • 26. Akbaş M, Öztunç G. Examination of knowledge about and nursing interventions for care of patients in pain of nurses who work at Çukurova University Medical Faculty Balcalı Hospital. Pain Management Nursing 2008; 9(3): 88–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2008.02.004.
  • 27. Eşer İ, Khorshid L, Gürol Aslan G. A study about patients’ views related to approaches of the nurses and doctors to the patients in pain. Journal of Ege Üniversite Nursing School 2008; 24(1): 1-14. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/835525
  • 28. Young JL, Horton FM, Davidhizar R. Nursing attitudes and beliefs in pain assessment and management. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006; 53(4): 412-421. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03735.x.
  • 29. Wang H., Tsai YF. Nurses’ knowledge and barriers regarding pain management in intensive care units. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010; 19(21- 22): 3188-3196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03226.x.
  • 30. Al-Qadire M, Al-Khalaileh M. Jordanian nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain management. Pain Managament Nursing. 2014; 15: 220-228. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.08.006
  • 31. Moceri JT, Drevdahl DJ. Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 2014; 40(1): 6-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2012.04.014
  • 32. Al-Quliti KW, Alamri MS. Assessment of pain: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care providers in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2015; 20(2): 131-136. DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140546.
  • 33. Ay F, Alpar Ş. Approaches taken by nurses in treating postoperative pain. Pain 2010; 22: 21-29. https://jag.journalagent.com/agri/pdfs/AGRI_22_1_21_29.pdf
  • 34. Coulling S. Doctors’ and nurses’ knowledge of pain after surgery. Nursing Standard 2005; 19: 41-9. DOI: 10.7748/ns2005.05.19.34.41.c3859
  • 35. Hauser W, Schmutzer G, Hemningsen P, Brahler E. Chronic pain, pain disease, and satisfaction of patients with pain treatment in Germany: Results of a representative population survey. Schmerz 2014; 28(5): 483-492. DOI: 10.1007/s00482-014-1438-y.
  • 36. Hua Y, Zhang Q, Ting W, Qio R, Yao WY, Chen XL. Pediatric nurse practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management study in central China. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 2019; 50(6): 275-281. DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20190516-08.
  • 37. Demir Dikmen L, Yıldırım Usta Y, İnce Y, Türken Gel K, Akı Kaya M. Determining of nurses’ knowledge, behavior and clinical decision making regarding pain management. Contemporary Turkish Journal 2012; 2: 162-172. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/81870
  • 38. Holl RM, Carmack J. Complexity of Pain, Nurses’ Knowledge, and Treatment Options. Holistic Nursing Practice 2015; 29:377-80. DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000114.
  • 39. Lui LYY, So WKW, Fong DYT. Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses in Hong Kong medical units. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2008; 17: 2014-2021. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02183.x.
  • 40. Manwere A. et al. (2015). Knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management of adult medical patients: A case of Bindura Hospital. Health Science Journal. 9:1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282988117
  • 41. Ou M, Wu W, Chen Y, Yan Y. Factors related to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in hospitals in low-income areas. Pain Management Nursing 2020; 22(3): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.06.009
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Orjinal makale
Yazarlar

Nurgül Bölükbaş 0000-0001-5684-8359

Betül Şahin 0000-0001-8863-4654

Proje Numarası yok
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Bölükbaş N, Şahin B. Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses About Pain Management. ODU Tıp Derg. 2021;8(1):1-9.