“Sofrayı Kuran Kaldırıyor”: Ev İçi İş Bölümünün Kadınların Psikolojik Sağlığı Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32, 4649 - 4687, 31.12.2020

Sevim Ünlü

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.764464

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çoklu rol sahibi kadınlarda ev içi iş bölümünün eşler arası dağılımının kadınların psikolojik sağlıkları üzerindeki etkisini ve bu etkide iş-aile ve aile-iş çatışmasının aracılık rollerini çoklu grup analizleri ile test etmektir. Türkiye’nin 7 coğrafi bölgesinden seçilen 7 ilde 814 çoklu rol sahibi kadın ile anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda tüm örneklem için elde edilen bulgular, ev içi iş bölümünün kadınlar aleyhine tüm demografik kategorilerde eşitsiz bir şekilde dağıldığı ve bu dağılımın kadınların psikolojik sağlıklarını olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte iş aile çatışması, ev içi iş bölümünün psikolojik sağlığın anksiyete ve depresyon boyutu üzerindeki etkisinde aracılık rolüne sahiptir. Çoklu grup analizleri sonucunda; ev içi iş bölümünün eşler arasındaki eşitsiz dağılımı aylık 3.000 TL ve üzeri gelir elde eden, lisans ve lisansüstü mezunu çoklu rol sahibi kadınlarda psikolojik sağlığın sosyal işlev bozukluğu boyutunu tecrübe etme riskini artırırken; 2.021-2.500TL düzeyinde gelir elde eden, lise ve önlisans mezunu ve çalışma hayatına artık devam etmek istemeyen çoklu rol sahibi kadınlarda anksiyete ve depresyon riskini arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu anlamda çoklu rol sahibi kadınlar, psikolojik sağlıklarının hangi konularda riske gireceği kapsamında demografik özellikleri itibari ile ayrışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik Sağlık, Ev İçi İş Bölümü, İş-Aile Çatışması, Çoklu Roller

Destekleyen Kurum

Sakarya Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Koordinatörlüğü, Tez Projesi

Proje Numarası

2017-60-02-001

“Who Set the Table She Removes It Back”: The Effects of Division of Household Labor on Women’s Psychological Health

Öz

The aim of the study is to test the effect of the division of household labor on psychological health of women with multiple roles with mediation roles of work-family and family -work conflict with multiple group analyses. 814 women with multiple roles from seven different cities which are located in 7 different regions of Turkey contributed this research. According to results, there is an inequality against women in the division of household labor within the every category in the sample. These unequal distributions of household labor negatively affect the psychological health and increase risk to experience anxiety and depression. Besides, work-family conflict mediates the relation between division of household labor and anxietyanddepresion which is sub-dimension of psychological health. Results of multi-group analyses creates a distinction between sub dimensions of psychological health, on the one hand negative effects of household labor on social functioning disorder which is sub dimension of psychological health is observed just in women with multiple roles who earn monthly 3.000 TL and above, have bachelor and master degree. On the other hand negative effects of division of household labor on anxiety and depression were observed just in women with multiple roles who earn monthly minimum wage and 2.021-2.500TL, have high school and associate of science degree.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multiple Roles, Domestic Labour, Work-Family Conflict, Mental Health

Proje Numarası

2017-60-02-001

Kaynakça

• Ahmad-Nia, S. (2002). Women’s work and health in Iran: A comparison of working and non-working mothers. Social Science ve Medicine, 54(5), 753–765. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00107-1
• Ali, J., ve Avison, W. R. (1997). Employment transitions and psychological distress: The contrasting experiences of single and married mothers. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 38(4), 345–362. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2955430
• Arber, S. (1997). Comparing inequalities in women’s and men’s health: Britain in the 1990s. Social Science ve Medicine, 44(6), 773–787. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00185-2
• Arber, S., Gilbert, G. N., ve Dale, A. (1985). Paid employment and women’s health: A benefit or a source of role strain? Sociology Of Health ve Illness, 7(3), 375–400. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1467-9566.Ep10834014
• Aycan, Z., ve Eskin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7), 453–471. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11199-005-7134-8
• Banks, M. H. (1983). Validation of the general health questionnaire in a young community sample. Psychological Medicine, 13(2), 349–353. Https://Doi.Org/DOI: 10.1017/S0033291700050972
• Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., ve Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the general health questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal Of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 187–194. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.2044-8325.1980.Tb00024.X
• Barnett, R. C., ve Marshall, N. L. (1992). Worker and mother roles, spillover effects, and psychological distress. Women ve Health, 18(2), 9–40. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v18n02_02
• Baruch, G. K., ve Barnett, R. (1986). Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 51(3), 578–585. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022- 3514.51.3.578
• Baxter, J., ve Tai, T. (2016). Inequalities in unpaid work: A cross-national comparison. M. L. Connerley ve J. Wu (Eds.), Handbook On Well-Being Of Working Women içinde (s.653–671). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_36
• Bernstein, A. B. (2001). Motherhood, health status, and health care. Women’s Health Issues, 11(3), 173–184. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S1049-3867(01)00078-0
• Bird, C. E. (1999). Gender, household labor, and psychological distress: The impact of the amount and division of housework. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior. US: American Sociological Assn. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2676377
• Carlson, D. S., ve Perrewé, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work-family conflict. Journal Of Management, 25(4), 513–540. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/014920639902500403
• Cleveland, J. N., Fisher, G. G., Sawyer, K. B. (2015). Work–life equality: The importance of a level playing field at home bt - gender and the work-family experience: An intersection of two domains. M. J. Mills (Ed.) içinde(s. 177–199). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-319-08891-4_10
• Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 62(4), 1208–1233. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1741- 3737.2000.01208.X
• Dedeoğlu, S., ve Öztürk, M. Y. (2010). Kapitalizm, ataerkillik ve kadın emeği Türkiye örneği. İstanbul: Sav Yayıncılık.
• Dennerstein, L. (1995). Mental health, work, and gender. International Journal Of Health Services, 25(3), 503– 509. Https://Doi.Org/10.2190/QJRA-8NMB-KR1R-QH4Q
• Dökmen, Z. Y. (2003). Çalişma durumlari farkli üç grup kadinda ruh sağliği, kontrol odaği inanci ve cinsiyet rolü. [Mental health, locus of control, and gender roles in three groups of women differing in employment status.]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 18(51), 111–127.
• Eek, F., ve Axmon, A. (2014). Gender inequality at home is associated with poorer health for women. Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health, 43(2), 176–182. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494814562598
• Efeoğlu, E. İ., ve Özgen, H. (2007). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: ilaç sektöründe bir araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 237–254.
• Etiler, N. (2015). Çalışan kadınlar ile ev kadınlarının sağlık durumu üzerine bir analiz. Mesleki Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Dergisi (MSG), 15(57).
• Froberg, D., Gjerdingen, D. K., ve Preston, M. (1986). Multiple roles and women’s mental and physical health. women ve health. 11(2), 79–96. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v11n02_06
• Glass, J., ve Fujimoto, T. (1994). Housework, paid work, and depression among husbands and wives. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 35(2), 179–191. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2137364
• Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. London: Oxford University Press.
• Goldberg, D. P. (1978). Manual of the general health questionnaire, NFER. Windsor: NFER Publishing Company.
• Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483–496. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2092933
• Gove, W. R., ve Tudor, J. F. (1973). Adult sex roles and mental illness. American Journal Of Sociology, 78(4), 812–835. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/225404
• Graetz, B. (1991). Multidimensional properties of the general health questionnaire. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(3), 132–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/BF00782952
• Greenhaus, J. H., ve Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy Of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/Amr.1985.4277352
• Greenhaus, J. H., ve Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy Of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/Amr.2006.19379625
• Griffin, J. M., Fuhrer, R., Stansfeld, S. A., ve Marmot, M. (2002). The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: Do these effects vary by gender and social class? social science ve medicine, 54(5), 783–798. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00109-5
• Gurin, G., Veroff, J., ve Feld, S. (1960). Americans view their mental health: A nationwide interview survey. Americans view their mental health: A nationwide interview survey. Oxford, England: Basic Books.
• Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., ve Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560–568. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.560
• Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis : A global perspective. (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, Boston Columbus: Pearson.
• Hammarström, A., ve Phillips, S. P. (2012). Gender inequity needs to be regarded as a social determinant of depressive symptoms: Results from the Northern Swedish Cohort. Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health, 40(8), 746–752. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494812464915
• Harryson, L., Strandh, M., ve Hammarström, A. (2012). Domestic work and psychological distress--what is the importance of relative socioeconomic position and gender inequality in the couple relationship? Plos One, 7(6), E38484–E38484. Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0038484
• Hartley, M., Popay, J., ve Plewis, I. (1992). Domestic conditions, paid employment and women’s experience of ill-health. Sociology Of Health ve Illness, 14(3), 313–343. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9566.1992.Tb00126.X
• Helson, R., Elliott, T., ve Leigh, J. (1990). Number and quality of roles. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 14(1), 83–101. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1471-6402.1990.Tb00006.X
• Hochschild, A., ve Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin.
• Indik, B., Seashore, S. E., ve Slesinger, J. (1964). Demographic correlates of psychological strain. The Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 69(1), 26–38. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/H0040300
• Izraeli, D. N. (1994). Work/family conflict among men and women managers in dual career couples in Israel: Erratum. Journal Of Social Behavior ve Personality, 9(1), [Journal Insert]-[Journal Insert].
• Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., ve Tranby, E. (2011). Changing workplaces to reduce work-family conflict: Schedule control in a white-collar organization. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 265–290. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0003122411400056
• Kelly, R. F., ve Voydanoff, P. (1985). Work/family role strain among employed parents. Family Relations, 34(3), 367–374. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/583575
• Kinnunen, U., ve Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 51(2), 157–177. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/001872679805100203
• Kılıç, C. (1996). Genel saglik anketi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalismasi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(1), 83–89.
• Kılıç, C., Rezaki, M., Rezaki, B., Kaplan, I., Özgen, G., Sağduyu, A., ve Öztürk, M. O. (1997). General health questionnaire (GHQ12 ve GHQ28): Psychometric properties and factor structure of the scales in a Turkish Primary care sample. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32(6), 327–331.
• Kopp, R. G., ve Ruzicka, M. F. (1993). Women’s multiple roles and psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 72(3_Suppl), 1351–1354. Https://Doi.Org/10.2466/Pr0.1993.72.3c.1351
• Law, M., Steinwender, S., ve Leclair, L. (1998). Occupation, health and well-being. Canadian Journal Of Occupational Therapy, 65(2), 81–91. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/000841749806500204
• Lennon, M. C., ve Rosenfield, S. (1994). Relative fairness and the division of housework: The importance of options. American Journal Of Sociology, 100(2), 506–531. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/230545
• Lordoğlu, K., ve Özkaplan, N. (2005). Çalışma iktisadı. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
• Madsen, S. R. (2001). Work and family conflict: A review of the theory and literature. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Academy Of Human Resource Development Conference Proceedings (Symposium 22).
• Madsen, S. R. (2003). The effects of home-based teleworking on work-family conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(1), 35–58. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Hrdq.1049
• Marchand, A., ve Blanc, M.-È. (2011). Occupation, work organisation conditions and the development of chronic psychological distress. Work, 40, 425–435. Https://Doi.Org/10.3233/WOR-2011-1254
• Marchand, A., Demers, A., ve Durand, P. (2005). Do occupation and work conditions really matter? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress experiences among Canadian workers. Sociology Of Health ve Illness, 27(5), 602–627. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9566.2005.00458.X
• Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6), 921–936. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2094577
• Mcbride, A. B. (1990). Mental health effects of women’s multiple roles. Addictions nursing network, 2(3), 4–14. Https://Doi.Org/10.3109/10884609009149669
• Mcnamara, M., Bohle, P., ve Quinlan, M. (2011). Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work. Applied Ergonomics, 42(2), 225–232. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apergo.2010.06.013
• Meijman, T. F., ve Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook Of Work And Organizational: Work Psychology, 2nd Ed. Içinde (s. 5–33). Hove, England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor ve Francis.
• Memiş, E., ve Özay, Ö. (2011). Eviçi uğraşlardan iktisatta karşılıksız emeğe: Türkiye üzerine yapılan çalışmalara ilişkin bir değerlendirme. S. Sancar (Ed.), Birkaç Arpa Boyu içinde (Vol.21, s.249–280). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Merton, R. K. (1957). Social theory and social structure. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.
• Moen, P., Dempster-Mcclain, D., ve Williams Robin M. (1992). Successful aging: A life-course perspective on women’s multiple roles and health. American Journal Of Sociology, 97(6), 1612–1638. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/229941
• Molarius, A., Granström, F., Lindén-Boström, M., ve Elo, S. (2013). Domestic work and self-rated health among women and men aged 25–64 years: Results from a population-based survey in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health, 42(1), 52–59. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494813503056
• Montazeri, A., Harirchi, A. M., Shariati, M., Garmaroudi, G., Ebadi, M., ve Fateh, A. (2003). The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health And Quality Of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 66. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-66
• Nathanson, C. A. (1980). Social roles and health status among women: The Significance Of Employment. Social Science ve Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology ve Medical Sociology, 14(6), 463–471. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0271-7123(80)80050-2
• Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., ve Mcmurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021- 9010.81.4.400
• Noor, N. M. (2004). Work-family conflict, work- and family-role salience, and women’s well-being. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 144(4), 389–406. Https://Doi.Org/10.3200/SOCP.144.4.389-406
• Parasuraman, S., ve Simmers, C. A. (2001). Type of employment, work–family conflict and well-being: a comparative study. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 551–568. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Job.102
• Perry-Jenkins, M., ve Folk, K. (1994). Class, couples, and conflict: Effects of the division of labor on assessments of marriage in dual-earner families. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 56(1), 165–180. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/352711
• Reskin, B. F., ve Coverman, S. (1985). Sex and race in the determinants of psychophysical distress: A reappraisal of the sex-role hypothesis*. Social Forces, 63(4), 1038–1059. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Sf/63.4.1038
• Rexroat, C., ve Shehan, C. (1987). The family life cycle and spouses’ time in housework. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 49(4), 737–750. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/351968
• Rotondo, D. M., Carlson, D. S., ve Kincaid, J. F. (2003). Coping with multiple dimensions of work‐family conflict. Personnel Review, 32(3), 275–296. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/00483480310467606
• Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., Panzer, K., ve King, S. N. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy Of Management Journal, 45(2), 369–386. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/3069352
• Sánchez-López, M. Del P., ve Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish Population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839–843.
• Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., ve Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2011). Daily detachment from work and home: the moderating effect of role salience. Human Relations, 64(6), 775–799. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0018726710393368
• Savran, G. A., ve Demiryontan, N. T. (2008). Kadının görünmeyen emeği. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
• Sharma, J., Dhar, R. L., ve Tyagi, A. (2016). Stress as a mediator between work–family conflict and psychological health among the nursing staff: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 268–275. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apnr.2015.01.010
• Shelton, B. A., ve John, D. (1996). The division of household labor. Annual Review Of Sociology, 22(1), 299–322. Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Soc.22.1.299
• Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 567–578. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2094422
• Sorensen, G., ve Verbrugge, L. M. (1987). Women, work, and health. Annual Review Of Public Health, 8(1), 235– 251. Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Pu.08.050187.001315
• Staland-Nyman, C., Alexanderson, K., ve Hensing, G. (2008). Associations between strain in domestic work and self-rated health: A study of employed women in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health, 36(1), 21–27. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494807085307
• Susanna, L. (2003). Perceptions of work‐family conflict among married female professionals in Hong Kong. Personnel Review, 32(3), 376–390. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/00483480310467679
• Svedberg, P., Mather, L., Bergström, G., Lindfors, P., ve Blom, V. (2018). Work-home interference, perceived total workload, and the risk of future sickness absence due to stress-related mental diagnoses among women and men: A prospective twin study. International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 103–111. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S12529-017-9669-9
• Thoits, P. A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 174–187. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2095103
• Thomas, L. T., ve Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6–15. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021- 9010.80.1.6
• Urhan, B., ve Etiler, N. (2011). Sağlık Sektöründe kadın emeğinin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından analizi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(29), 191–215.
• Van Daalen, G., Willemsen, T. M., ve Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing work–family conflict through different sources of social support. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 462–476. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jvb.2006.07.005
• Verbrugge, L. M. (1986). Role burdens and physical health of women and men. Women ve Health, 11(1), 47–77. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v11n01_04
• Verdonk, P., Hooftman, W. E., Van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., Boelens, L. R. M., ve Koppes, L. L. J. (2010). Work-related fatigue: The specific case of highly educated women in the Netherlands. International Archives Of Occupational And Environmental Health, 83(3), 309–321. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00420-009-0481-Y
• Voydanoff, P., ve Donnelly, B. W. (1999). Multiple roles and psychological distress: The intersection of the paid worker, spouse, and parent roles with the role of the adult child. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 61(3), 725– 738. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/353573
• Waldron, I, ve Jacobs, J. A. (1988). Effects of labor force participation on women’s health: New evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal Of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication Of The Industrial Medical Association, 30(12), 977—983. Https://Doi.Org/10.1097/00043764-198812000-00019
• Waldron, I., Hughes, M. E., ve Brooks, T. L. (1996). Marriage protection and marriage selection: Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Social Science ve Medicine, 43(1), 113–123. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00347-9
• Waldron, I., ve Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Effects of multiple roles on women’s health: Evidence from a national longitudinal study. Women ve Health, 15(1), 3–20. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v15n01_02
• Waldron, I., Weiss, C. C., ve Hughes, M. E. (1998). Interacting effects of multiple roles on women’s health. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 39(3), 216–236. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2676314
• Warner, R. L. (1986). Alternative strategies for measuring household division of labor: A comparison. Journal Of Family Issues, 7(2), 179–195. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/019251386007002005
• Warren, J. A., ve Johnson, P. J. (1995). The impact of workplace support on work-family role strain. Family Relations, 44(2), 163–169. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/584803
• Werneke, U., Goldberg, D. P., Yalcın, I., ve Üstün, B. T. (2000). The stability of the factor structure of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 823–829. Https://Doi.Org/DOI: 10.1017/S0033291799002287
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, (2018) Mental health: strengthening our response https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-respo adresinden erişilmiştir.