Araştırma Makalesi
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Dünya Siyasetinde Aktörler: Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının (STK) Yasal Kişiliği ve Sınıflandırması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32, 5153 - 5175, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.821835

Öz

Devlet-dışı aktörlerin küresel siyasetteki rolü artmaya devam ederken, sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK) gibi aktörlerin çeşitli politika alanlarına katılımdaki ağırlıkları önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Öte yandan, devlet sınırları aşarak küresel etkileşime girebilen bu yapıların varlığı, ulus devlet merkezli karmaşık dünya yapısını tartışmaya açmıştır. Bu karmaşık yapı içerisinde, devletlerin istisnai konumu, çok-uluslu şirketler, hükümetler arası kuruluşlar ve STK’lar gibi kendilerine ikincil statü atfedilen aktörler tarafından sınırlandırılmaya başlanmıştır. Küresel gelişmelerin ve teknolojideki eşi görülmemiş büyümenin karşı konulmaz etkisiyle bu dönüşüm akademik çevrelerce de sıkça ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkan yeni durum, devlet merkezci geleneksel dünya sistemi paradigmasını temelden etkilemekle kalmamış, devlet dışı aktörlerin bizatihi sistemi dönüştürücü ve değiştirici potansiyelinin hak ettiği ilgiliyi görmesine imkân tanımıştır. Mevcut arka plan çerçevesinde, bu çalışma yorumlayıcı ve tanımlayıcı niteliksel bir sosyal araştırma metodolojisini izleyerek devlet-dışı aktörlerin ontolojik yapısına odaklanmaktadır. Özellikle, devlet dışı aktörler üzerine bir sınıflandırma yaparak, STK’ların tüzel kişiliklerini ortaya çıkarmayı temel almaktadır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı ise, STK'ların uluslararası tüzel kişiliğe sahip olmadıkları gerçeğini kabul ederek, devlet-dışı aktörlerin çeşitli politika alanlarında önemli ölçüde etkilerinin arttığını savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aall, P. R., Miltenberger, D., and Weiss, T. G., (2000). Guide to IGOs, NGOs, and the military in peace and relief Operations. United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Ahmed, S., and Potter, D. (2006). NGOs in ınternational politics. Kumarian Press.
  • Archer, C. (1992). International organizations. Routledge.
  • Barnett, M., and Finnemore, M. (2004). Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics. Cornell University Press.
  • Baylis, J., Smith, S., and Willetts, P. (2013). Transnational actors and ınternational organizations in global politics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Benedek, W. (2008). The emerging global civil society: Achievements and prospects. In V. Rittberger, M. Nettesheim, & C. Huckel (Eds.), Authority in the Global Political Economy (p. 170–185). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Bianchi, A. (2017). Non-State Actors and International Law. Routledge.
  • Brown, S. (1995). New Forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics. HarperCollins College Publishers.
  • Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B. (2002). Transnational actors and world politics. In Handbook of International Relations.
  • Charnovitz, S. (2006). Nongovernmental organizations and ınternational law. The American Journal of International Law, 100(2), 348–372.
  • Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (2010). International relations theories: Discipline and diversity. In International Relations Theories. Oxford University Press.
  • Finnemore, M. (1993). International organizations as teachers of norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy. International Organization, 47(4), 565–597.
  • Geeraerts, G., and Mellentin, A. (1994). Analyzing non-state actors in World Politics: A conceptual approach (Vol. 1). Brussel : Vrije Universiteit.
  • Götz, N. (2008). Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter. European Journal of International Relations, 14(2), 231–258.
  • Götz, N. (2013). Civil society and NGO: Far from unproblematic concepts. In B. Reinalda (Ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors. Routledge Press.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1973). Transnational organizations in world politics. World Politics, 25(3), 333–368.
  • Jacobson, H. K. (1979). Networks of ınterdependence: International organizations and the global political system. Knopf.
  • Josselin, D., and Wallace, W. (2001). Non-state actors in world politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Judge, A. J. N. (1978). International ınstitutions: Diversity, borderline case, functional substitutes and possible alternatives.
  • Klotz, A. (2001). Constructing world culture: International nongovernment organizations since 1875. John Boli, George M. Thomas. The Journal of Politics, 63(1), 358–360.
  • Koch, M. (2016, March 23). Non-state and state actors in global governance. The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors; Routledge.
  • Krasner, S. d. (1995). Power politics, ınstitutions, and transnational relations. In T. Risse-Kappen (Ed.), Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lindblom, A.-K. (2016). Non-governmental organizations and non-state actors in ınternational law. In B. Reinalda (Ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors (p. 159–172). Routledge.
  • Little, R. (1996). The growing relevance of pluralism? In K. Booth, M. Zalewski, & S. Smith (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (p. 66–86). Cambridge University Press.
  • Martens, K. (2002). Mission Impossible? defining nongovernmental organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 13(3), 271–285.
  • Mathews, J. T. (1997). Power shift. Foreign Affairs, 76(1), 50–66.
  • Munck, R. (2006). Global civil society: Royal road or slippery path? Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(4), 324–331.
  • Nye, J. S., and keohane, r. o. (1971). transnational Relations and World Politics: An introduction. International Organization, 25(3), 329–349.
  • Peters, A., Koechlin, L., Förster, T., and Fenner Zinkernagel, G. (Eds.). (2009). Non-state actors as standard setters. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. N., Czempiel, E.-O., and Smith, S. (1992). Governance without government: Order and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109–122.
  • Shelton, D. (1994). The participation of nongovernmental organizations in ınternational judicial proceedings. The American Journal of International Law, 88(4), 611–642.
  • Simmons, P. J. (1998). Learning to Live with NGOs. Foreign Policy, 112, 82–96.
  • Skjelsbaek, K. (1971). The growth of ınternational nongovernmental organization in the twentieth century. International Organization, 25(3), 420–442.
  • Weiss, T. (2013). The rise of non-state actors in global governance: Opportunities and limitations. https://oefresearch.org/publications/rise-non-state-actors-global-governance-opportunities-and- limitations accessed on.
  • Willetts, P. (1996). The conscience of the World: The ınfluence of non-governmental organisations in the UN system. Brookings Institution.
  • Willetts, P. (2010). Non-governmental organizations in world politics: The construction of global governance. Routledge.
  • Wolfers, A. (1962). Discord and collaboration: Essays on ınternational politics. Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Young, O. (1972). The actors in world politics. In J. N. Rosenau, V. Davis, & M. A. East (Eds.), The Analysis of international politics: Essays in honor of Harold and Margaret Sprout (p. 125–144). Free Press.

Actors In World Politics: A Taxonomy and The Legal Personality of NGOs

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32, 5153 - 5175, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.821835

Öz

As the role of non-state actors continues to rise on the agenda of global politics, the engagement of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in various issue areas is taking on new relevance. The presence of a sizeable voluntary sector that interacts transnationally has brought forward new questions about the bewildering complexity of world politics, which consists of interactions among similar units known as nation-states. Within this complexity, the exceptional position of the state has largely dominated at the expense of other entities such as NGOs, transnational corporations, and intergovernmental organisations, which have been attributed secondary status. This two-tiered approach, however, has been gradually changed by the effect of global developments, unprecedented growth in technology, and dramatic changes in the scope of international connectivity. These developments have fundamentally influenced the traditional world system paradigm established on the basis of the sole authority of the nation-state, with due credit now being given to NGOs. This paper primarily focuses on these latter actors, following an interpretive and descriptive qualitative social research methodology. In particular, it takes NGOs for the core analysis, uncovering their legal personality within the broad generalisation of non-state actor taxonomy. This paper claims that although NGOs are not deemed to enjoy international legal personality, their relative power has been exercised considerably in various policy areas.

Kaynakça

  • Aall, P. R., Miltenberger, D., and Weiss, T. G., (2000). Guide to IGOs, NGOs, and the military in peace and relief Operations. United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Ahmed, S., and Potter, D. (2006). NGOs in ınternational politics. Kumarian Press.
  • Archer, C. (1992). International organizations. Routledge.
  • Barnett, M., and Finnemore, M. (2004). Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics. Cornell University Press.
  • Baylis, J., Smith, S., and Willetts, P. (2013). Transnational actors and ınternational organizations in global politics. In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Benedek, W. (2008). The emerging global civil society: Achievements and prospects. In V. Rittberger, M. Nettesheim, & C. Huckel (Eds.), Authority in the Global Political Economy (p. 170–185). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Bianchi, A. (2017). Non-State Actors and International Law. Routledge.
  • Brown, S. (1995). New Forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics. HarperCollins College Publishers.
  • Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B. (2002). Transnational actors and world politics. In Handbook of International Relations.
  • Charnovitz, S. (2006). Nongovernmental organizations and ınternational law. The American Journal of International Law, 100(2), 348–372.
  • Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (2010). International relations theories: Discipline and diversity. In International Relations Theories. Oxford University Press.
  • Finnemore, M. (1993). International organizations as teachers of norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy. International Organization, 47(4), 565–597.
  • Geeraerts, G., and Mellentin, A. (1994). Analyzing non-state actors in World Politics: A conceptual approach (Vol. 1). Brussel : Vrije Universiteit.
  • Götz, N. (2008). Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter. European Journal of International Relations, 14(2), 231–258.
  • Götz, N. (2013). Civil society and NGO: Far from unproblematic concepts. In B. Reinalda (Ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors. Routledge Press.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1973). Transnational organizations in world politics. World Politics, 25(3), 333–368.
  • Jacobson, H. K. (1979). Networks of ınterdependence: International organizations and the global political system. Knopf.
  • Josselin, D., and Wallace, W. (2001). Non-state actors in world politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Judge, A. J. N. (1978). International ınstitutions: Diversity, borderline case, functional substitutes and possible alternatives.
  • Klotz, A. (2001). Constructing world culture: International nongovernment organizations since 1875. John Boli, George M. Thomas. The Journal of Politics, 63(1), 358–360.
  • Koch, M. (2016, March 23). Non-state and state actors in global governance. The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors; Routledge.
  • Krasner, S. d. (1995). Power politics, ınstitutions, and transnational relations. In T. Risse-Kappen (Ed.), Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lindblom, A.-K. (2016). Non-governmental organizations and non-state actors in ınternational law. In B. Reinalda (Ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors (p. 159–172). Routledge.
  • Little, R. (1996). The growing relevance of pluralism? In K. Booth, M. Zalewski, & S. Smith (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (p. 66–86). Cambridge University Press.
  • Martens, K. (2002). Mission Impossible? defining nongovernmental organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 13(3), 271–285.
  • Mathews, J. T. (1997). Power shift. Foreign Affairs, 76(1), 50–66.
  • Munck, R. (2006). Global civil society: Royal road or slippery path? Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(4), 324–331.
  • Nye, J. S., and keohane, r. o. (1971). transnational Relations and World Politics: An introduction. International Organization, 25(3), 329–349.
  • Peters, A., Koechlin, L., Förster, T., and Fenner Zinkernagel, G. (Eds.). (2009). Non-state actors as standard setters. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. N., Czempiel, E.-O., and Smith, S. (1992). Governance without government: Order and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109–122.
  • Shelton, D. (1994). The participation of nongovernmental organizations in ınternational judicial proceedings. The American Journal of International Law, 88(4), 611–642.
  • Simmons, P. J. (1998). Learning to Live with NGOs. Foreign Policy, 112, 82–96.
  • Skjelsbaek, K. (1971). The growth of ınternational nongovernmental organization in the twentieth century. International Organization, 25(3), 420–442.
  • Weiss, T. (2013). The rise of non-state actors in global governance: Opportunities and limitations. https://oefresearch.org/publications/rise-non-state-actors-global-governance-opportunities-and- limitations accessed on.
  • Willetts, P. (1996). The conscience of the World: The ınfluence of non-governmental organisations in the UN system. Brookings Institution.
  • Willetts, P. (2010). Non-governmental organizations in world politics: The construction of global governance. Routledge.
  • Wolfers, A. (1962). Discord and collaboration: Essays on ınternational politics. Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Young, O. (1972). The actors in world politics. In J. N. Rosenau, V. Davis, & M. A. East (Eds.), The Analysis of international politics: Essays in honor of Harold and Margaret Sprout (p. 125–144). Free Press.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yunus Turhan 0000-0001-7641-9885

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Turhan, Y. (2020). Actors In World Politics: A Taxonomy and The Legal Personality of NGOs. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(32), 5153-5175. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.821835