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GEOPOLITICAL APPROACHES OF THE USA AND RUSSIA INTERVENTION TO THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR

Yıl 2021, , 43 - 84, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31834/ortadoguvegoc.936741

Öz

In 2010, the unrest in the North African countries spread to the Middle East in a wave, and the revolt of the Arab peoples had its effect in Syria. Civil war in Syria has become inevitable as a result of the violent suppression of the protests against the regime, arrests, the pressure and violence of terrorist organizations such as DAESH and YPG on the people, and many other negative developments that started in Deraa in 2011. With the civil war, international interventions in Syria have manifested themselves intensely. The study focuses on the intervention reasons, methods and Syrian policies of the USA and Russia, which intervened in the Syrian civil war. In this context, the main theme of the study is the intervention of both countries in Syria, the geopolitical interests related to the geopolitical importance of Syria, their geopolitical approach and the policies they follow. With the civil war in Syria, the lands of the country have become an area of geopolitical struggle and new power balances have emerged. The actors involved in the civil war are trying to realize their geopolitical goals in Syria through the policies they follow and to keep their influence in the region strong through the Syrian state.

Kaynakça

  • Ağır, O. ve Takar, M. (2016). Rusya-Suriye İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Arka Planı, KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (2), ss. 285-306.
  • Ahmadi, H. ve Ghorbani, F. (2014). The Impact of Syrian Crisis on Iran-Turkey Relations, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 4 (1), ss. 59-87.
  • Akdemir, İ. O. (2011). Global Energy Circulation, Turkey's Geographical Location and Petropolitics, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, ss. 71–80.
  • Akgün, M. (2016). Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki Yeni Stratejisi, 27.08.2016, www.dw.com/tr /türkiyenin-ortadoğudaki-yeni-stratejisi/a-19507959
  • Amidror, Y. (2016). Tip of the Iceberg: Russian Use of Power in Syria, BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 371.
  • Arı, T. (2004). Irak, İran ve ABD: Önleyici Savaş, Petrol ve Hegemonya, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Asseburg, M. (2020). Reconstruction in Syria Challenges and Policy Options for the EU and its Member States, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs, SWP Research Paper 11 July 2020, Berlin. doi: 10.18449/2020RP11
  • Ataman, M. ve Özdemir, Ç. (2018). Turkey’s Syria policy: Constant Objectives, Shifting Priorities, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), ss. 13-35.
  • Balanche, F. (2018). Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War. Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  • Batrawi, S. (2020). Pandora’s Box in Syri Anticipating Negative Externalities of a Re-Entrenching Regime, CRU Report, May 2020
  • Bohman V. ve Ekengren, M. (2016). Syria: A State of İmbalance and War a Case Study of The Civil War in Syria, Stockholm, Swedish Defence University Bachelor’s Dissertation: 15 ECTS (hp), ss. 1-38.
  • Bostancı, M. (2016). Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu Siyasetine Etkisi Bakımından 1957 Türkiye-Suriye krizi, Yeni Türkiye, ss. 603-611.
  • Bruce E. ve Bechtol J. (2015). North Korea and Syria: Partners in destruction and violence, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 27 (3), ss. 277–292
  • Buhaug, H., Gates, S. (2002). The geography of civil war, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 39, no. 4, 2002, ss. 417–433.
  • Buhaug, H., Gates, S., Lujala, P. (2005). Geography, strategic ambition, and the duration of civil conflict, Paper prepared for presentation at the “Mapping the Complexity of Civil Wars” International Conference, September 15-17, 2005, Zurich, Switzerland. A previous version of the paper was presented at the 2005 APSA Annual meeting, September 1-4, 2005, Washington, D.C.
  • Congressional Research Service (CRS). (2020). CRS, using areas of influence data from IHS Conflict Monitor. Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response.
  • Dalacoura, K. (2012). The 2011 Uprisings in the Arab Middle East: Political Change and Geopolitical İmplications, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), 88 (1), ss. 63-79.
  • Dostal, J. M. (2016). Transnational War in Syria the Eisenhower Doctrine in the 21st Century?, Romanian Political Science Review, vol. XVI , no. 2, 2016. ss. 179-218.
  • Doster, B. (2013). Suriye’deki İstikrarsızlık ve Ülkelerin Değişen Siyasetleri, Ortadoğu Analiz, 5, (55). ss. 33-40.
  • Ertekin, B.A. (2012). Neo-Rusya’nın Akdeniz Rüyası: Neo-Rusya’nın Suriye Arap Baharı’ndaki Rolü, Bilge Strateji, 4 (7), ss. 131-163.
  • Eslen, N. (2017). Küresel Güç Mücadelesi 21nci Yüzyılda Jeostrateji, İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • Friedman, G. (2011). Gelecek On Yıl Neredeydik Nereyi Gidiyoruz. (Çev. Tayfun Törüner), İstanbul: Pegasus yayınları.
  • GICJ (Geneva International Centre for Justice). (2017). Syrian Civil War: Six Years into the Worst Humanitarian Tragedy Since WWII, Geneva, Switzerland. www.gicj.org
  • Göçer, İ. ve Çınar, S. (2015). The Reasons of Arab Spring, Its International Dimension and Impacts on Turkey’s Foreign Trade and Tourism Incomes. Kafkas Üniversity Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty the Journal, 6 (10), ss. 51-68.
  • Günel, K. (2008). Coğrafyanın Siyasal Gücü. İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
  • Güner, R. (2016). Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharına Suriye İç ve Dış Politika, Bitmeyen Kavga: Suriye-ABD İlişkilerinin Dünü, Bugünü. Ankara: Nobel yayınevi.
  • Hatahet, S. (2019). Russia and Iran: Economic Influence in Syria, Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2019, Chatham House The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Humud, C. E., Blanchard, M., Christopher M. ve Nikitin, B. D. (2017). Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response, Congressional Research Service, www.crs.gov
  • İbn-i Haldun. (1977). Mukaddime Birinci Cilt, (çev. Turan Dursun), Ankara: Onur Yayınları.
  • Jalaby, S. (2019). Economic Consequences of Family Dispersion in Syria, ın chapter Local Economies in Syria Divisions and Dependencies, Published in September 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, ss.17-28
  • Khlebnikov, A. (2020). Assessing Russia’s Middle East policy after the Arab Uprisings: Prospects and limitations, Chapter in the book Russia in the Changing International System (Ed: Parlar Dal, Emel and Erşen, Emre). Switzerland: Springer Nature, ss.224-243.
  • Klare, M. T. (2001). Natural Resources Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Laruelle, M. (2008). Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire, , Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press/The John Hopkins University Press
  • Liggett, A. (2015). Cheap Oil and the Impact on Rebuilding Syria, Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island.
  • Luft, G. (2009). Dependence On Middle East Energy And Its Impact On Global Security, Energy and Environmental Challenges to Security, pp 197-210, Conference proceedings, Editors: Stephen Stec & Besnik Baraj, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9453-8.
  • Mahalli, H. (2012). Ortadoğu'da Kanlı Bahar, İstanbul: Destek Yayınevi.
  • Musaoğlu, N. (2015). Krizin İlk İki Yılında Suriye Krizinin Çözümü/ Çözümsüzlüğünde Rusya, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Kış 2015, Sayı 48, ss. 1-30.
  • O’Loughlin, J., Witmer, F. (2005). Taking ‘Geography’ Seriously: Disaggregating the Study of Civil Wars, Paper Presented At The Conference On “Disaggregating the study of civil war and transnational violence”, University of California Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation, La Jolla, CA.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2011). Ortadoğu’daki Halk Hareketleri ve Büyük Güçler. Ortadoğu Analiz, ORSAM, Ankara, 3 (29), ss. 68- 76.
  • Özdemir, Ç. (2016). Suriye’de İç Savaşın Nedenleri: Otokratik Yönetim mi, Bölgesel ve Küresel Güçler mi?, Bilgi, (33) , ss. 81-102.
  • Parasiliti, A., Reedy, K. ve Wasser, B. (2017). Preventing state collapse in Syria, Perspective Exper insights on a timely policy issue.
  • Said, S. (2019). Introduction, in Chapter Local Economies in Syria Divisions and Dependencies, Published in September 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, ss. 4-16.
  • Sakin, S. ve Deveci, C. (2011). Ortadoğu Kavramı Ve Sınırları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, History Studies, Special Issue, ss. 282-293.
  • Samset, I. (2009). Natural Resource Wealth, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, The Graduate Center, Program on States and Securıty, Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Semin, A. (2012). Bütün Boyutlarıyla Suriye Krizi ve Türkiye, BİLGESAM (Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi), Bilge Adamlar Kurulu Raporu, Rapor No: 52, İstanbul: Bilgesam Yayınları.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel Enerji Stratejileri ve Jeopolitik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Shaban, F. (2019). The Oil and Natural Gas Conflict in Syria: Reality or Illusion, Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi –ORSAM, https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-oil-and-natural-gas-conflict-in-syria-reality-or-illusion/
  • SNHR- (Syrian Network For Human Rights). (2018). https://sn4hr.org/wp-content /pdf/english/1389_civilians_killed_in_Syria_in_2_2018_en.pdf
  • SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights). (2020). http://sn4hr.org/syria-map-snhr/2020
  • Taşçı, T. A. (2015). Türk-Rus İlişkilerinde Yeni Başlangıç: Rus Savaş Uçağının Düşürülmesi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ERUSAM)
  • UNHCR (2020). Situation Syria regional refugee response. http://data2.unhcr.Org/en/ situations/syria.
  • Valenta, J. ve Valenta, L. F.(2016). Why Putin wants Syria, Middle East Quarterly, ss.1-7.
  • Venturini, G. (2013). The Proxy 'Civil War' In Syria Is About Gas, Oil And Pipelines, 24 September, 2013, Countercurrents.org
  • WFP (World Food Programme). (2021a). Syrian Arab Republic, May 2021, https://www.wfp.org/ countries/syrian-arab-republic.
  • WFP (World Food Programme). (2021b). Syria Emergency, May 2021, https://www.wfp.org/ emergencies/syria-emergency
  • World Bank Group. (2017). World Bank Annual Report, https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/14302150 90971 1004/world-bank-annual-report-2017.
  • Zbygniew, A. (2005). Middle East: The Bernard Lewis Map, Internatıonal Press Revıew Rassegna Stampa Internazıonale Revue De Presse Internatıonale. http://arthurzbygniew.blogspot.com/2005/08/bernard-lewis-map-of-middle-east. html.
  • Zifcak, S. (2012). The Responsibility to Protect After Libya and Syria, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol 13, ss.1-35.

ABD VE RUSYA’NIN SURİYE İÇ SAVAŞINA MÜDAHALELERİNİN JEOPOLİTİK YAKLAŞIMLARI

Yıl 2021, , 43 - 84, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31834/ortadoguvegoc.936741

Öz

2010 yılında Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinde yaşanan huzursuzluk bir dalga halinde Ortadoğu’ya yayılmış, Arap halklarının ayaklanması Suriye’de de etkisini göstermiştir. 2011 yılında Dera’da başlayan rejime yönelik protestoların rejim güçleri tarafından şiddet yoluyla bastırılması, tutuklamalar, DEAŞ, YPG gibi terör örgütlerinin halk üzerindeki baskısı, şiddeti ve daha pek çok olumsuz gelişme sonucu Suriye’de iç savaş kaçınılmaz olmuştur. İç savaşla birlikte Suriye’de uluslararası müdahaleler yoğun biçimde kendini göstermiştir. Çalışma, Suriye iç savaşına müdahalede bulunan ABD ve Rusya’nın müdahale nedenleri, yöntemleri ve Suriye politikalarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın ana teması her iki ülkenin Suriye’ye müdahaleleri, Suriye’nin jeopolitik önemine binaen bu ülkedeki jeopolitik menfaatleri, jeopolitik yaklaşımları ve izledikleri politikalardır. Suriye’de yaşanan iç savaşla ülke toprakları jeopolitik mücadele alanı haline gelmiş, yeni güç dengeleri ortaya çıkmıştır. İç savaşa müdahil olan aktörler, Suriye’deki jeopolitik hedeflerini izledikleri politikalar üzerinden gerçekleştirmeye ve bölgedeki nüfuzlarını Suriye devleti üzerinden güçlü tutmaya çalışmaktadırlar.

Kaynakça

  • Ağır, O. ve Takar, M. (2016). Rusya-Suriye İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Arka Planı, KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (2), ss. 285-306.
  • Ahmadi, H. ve Ghorbani, F. (2014). The Impact of Syrian Crisis on Iran-Turkey Relations, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 4 (1), ss. 59-87.
  • Akdemir, İ. O. (2011). Global Energy Circulation, Turkey's Geographical Location and Petropolitics, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, ss. 71–80.
  • Akgün, M. (2016). Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki Yeni Stratejisi, 27.08.2016, www.dw.com/tr /türkiyenin-ortadoğudaki-yeni-stratejisi/a-19507959
  • Amidror, Y. (2016). Tip of the Iceberg: Russian Use of Power in Syria, BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 371.
  • Arı, T. (2004). Irak, İran ve ABD: Önleyici Savaş, Petrol ve Hegemonya, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Asseburg, M. (2020). Reconstruction in Syria Challenges and Policy Options for the EU and its Member States, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs, SWP Research Paper 11 July 2020, Berlin. doi: 10.18449/2020RP11
  • Ataman, M. ve Özdemir, Ç. (2018). Turkey’s Syria policy: Constant Objectives, Shifting Priorities, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), ss. 13-35.
  • Balanche, F. (2018). Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War. Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  • Batrawi, S. (2020). Pandora’s Box in Syri Anticipating Negative Externalities of a Re-Entrenching Regime, CRU Report, May 2020
  • Bohman V. ve Ekengren, M. (2016). Syria: A State of İmbalance and War a Case Study of The Civil War in Syria, Stockholm, Swedish Defence University Bachelor’s Dissertation: 15 ECTS (hp), ss. 1-38.
  • Bostancı, M. (2016). Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu Siyasetine Etkisi Bakımından 1957 Türkiye-Suriye krizi, Yeni Türkiye, ss. 603-611.
  • Bruce E. ve Bechtol J. (2015). North Korea and Syria: Partners in destruction and violence, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 27 (3), ss. 277–292
  • Buhaug, H., Gates, S. (2002). The geography of civil war, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 39, no. 4, 2002, ss. 417–433.
  • Buhaug, H., Gates, S., Lujala, P. (2005). Geography, strategic ambition, and the duration of civil conflict, Paper prepared for presentation at the “Mapping the Complexity of Civil Wars” International Conference, September 15-17, 2005, Zurich, Switzerland. A previous version of the paper was presented at the 2005 APSA Annual meeting, September 1-4, 2005, Washington, D.C.
  • Congressional Research Service (CRS). (2020). CRS, using areas of influence data from IHS Conflict Monitor. Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response.
  • Dalacoura, K. (2012). The 2011 Uprisings in the Arab Middle East: Political Change and Geopolitical İmplications, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), 88 (1), ss. 63-79.
  • Dostal, J. M. (2016). Transnational War in Syria the Eisenhower Doctrine in the 21st Century?, Romanian Political Science Review, vol. XVI , no. 2, 2016. ss. 179-218.
  • Doster, B. (2013). Suriye’deki İstikrarsızlık ve Ülkelerin Değişen Siyasetleri, Ortadoğu Analiz, 5, (55). ss. 33-40.
  • Ertekin, B.A. (2012). Neo-Rusya’nın Akdeniz Rüyası: Neo-Rusya’nın Suriye Arap Baharı’ndaki Rolü, Bilge Strateji, 4 (7), ss. 131-163.
  • Eslen, N. (2017). Küresel Güç Mücadelesi 21nci Yüzyılda Jeostrateji, İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • Friedman, G. (2011). Gelecek On Yıl Neredeydik Nereyi Gidiyoruz. (Çev. Tayfun Törüner), İstanbul: Pegasus yayınları.
  • GICJ (Geneva International Centre for Justice). (2017). Syrian Civil War: Six Years into the Worst Humanitarian Tragedy Since WWII, Geneva, Switzerland. www.gicj.org
  • Göçer, İ. ve Çınar, S. (2015). The Reasons of Arab Spring, Its International Dimension and Impacts on Turkey’s Foreign Trade and Tourism Incomes. Kafkas Üniversity Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty the Journal, 6 (10), ss. 51-68.
  • Günel, K. (2008). Coğrafyanın Siyasal Gücü. İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
  • Güner, R. (2016). Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharına Suriye İç ve Dış Politika, Bitmeyen Kavga: Suriye-ABD İlişkilerinin Dünü, Bugünü. Ankara: Nobel yayınevi.
  • Hatahet, S. (2019). Russia and Iran: Economic Influence in Syria, Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2019, Chatham House The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Humud, C. E., Blanchard, M., Christopher M. ve Nikitin, B. D. (2017). Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response, Congressional Research Service, www.crs.gov
  • İbn-i Haldun. (1977). Mukaddime Birinci Cilt, (çev. Turan Dursun), Ankara: Onur Yayınları.
  • Jalaby, S. (2019). Economic Consequences of Family Dispersion in Syria, ın chapter Local Economies in Syria Divisions and Dependencies, Published in September 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, ss.17-28
  • Khlebnikov, A. (2020). Assessing Russia’s Middle East policy after the Arab Uprisings: Prospects and limitations, Chapter in the book Russia in the Changing International System (Ed: Parlar Dal, Emel and Erşen, Emre). Switzerland: Springer Nature, ss.224-243.
  • Klare, M. T. (2001). Natural Resources Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Laruelle, M. (2008). Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire, , Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Press/The John Hopkins University Press
  • Liggett, A. (2015). Cheap Oil and the Impact on Rebuilding Syria, Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island.
  • Luft, G. (2009). Dependence On Middle East Energy And Its Impact On Global Security, Energy and Environmental Challenges to Security, pp 197-210, Conference proceedings, Editors: Stephen Stec & Besnik Baraj, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9453-8.
  • Mahalli, H. (2012). Ortadoğu'da Kanlı Bahar, İstanbul: Destek Yayınevi.
  • Musaoğlu, N. (2015). Krizin İlk İki Yılında Suriye Krizinin Çözümü/ Çözümsüzlüğünde Rusya, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Kış 2015, Sayı 48, ss. 1-30.
  • O’Loughlin, J., Witmer, F. (2005). Taking ‘Geography’ Seriously: Disaggregating the Study of Civil Wars, Paper Presented At The Conference On “Disaggregating the study of civil war and transnational violence”, University of California Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation, La Jolla, CA.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2011). Ortadoğu’daki Halk Hareketleri ve Büyük Güçler. Ortadoğu Analiz, ORSAM, Ankara, 3 (29), ss. 68- 76.
  • Özdemir, Ç. (2016). Suriye’de İç Savaşın Nedenleri: Otokratik Yönetim mi, Bölgesel ve Küresel Güçler mi?, Bilgi, (33) , ss. 81-102.
  • Parasiliti, A., Reedy, K. ve Wasser, B. (2017). Preventing state collapse in Syria, Perspective Exper insights on a timely policy issue.
  • Said, S. (2019). Introduction, in Chapter Local Economies in Syria Divisions and Dependencies, Published in September 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, ss. 4-16.
  • Sakin, S. ve Deveci, C. (2011). Ortadoğu Kavramı Ve Sınırları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, History Studies, Special Issue, ss. 282-293.
  • Samset, I. (2009). Natural Resource Wealth, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, The Graduate Center, Program on States and Securıty, Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Semin, A. (2012). Bütün Boyutlarıyla Suriye Krizi ve Türkiye, BİLGESAM (Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi), Bilge Adamlar Kurulu Raporu, Rapor No: 52, İstanbul: Bilgesam Yayınları.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel Enerji Stratejileri ve Jeopolitik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Shaban, F. (2019). The Oil and Natural Gas Conflict in Syria: Reality or Illusion, Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi –ORSAM, https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-oil-and-natural-gas-conflict-in-syria-reality-or-illusion/
  • SNHR- (Syrian Network For Human Rights). (2018). https://sn4hr.org/wp-content /pdf/english/1389_civilians_killed_in_Syria_in_2_2018_en.pdf
  • SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights). (2020). http://sn4hr.org/syria-map-snhr/2020
  • Taşçı, T. A. (2015). Türk-Rus İlişkilerinde Yeni Başlangıç: Rus Savaş Uçağının Düşürülmesi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ERUSAM)
  • UNHCR (2020). Situation Syria regional refugee response. http://data2.unhcr.Org/en/ situations/syria.
  • Valenta, J. ve Valenta, L. F.(2016). Why Putin wants Syria, Middle East Quarterly, ss.1-7.
  • Venturini, G. (2013). The Proxy 'Civil War' In Syria Is About Gas, Oil And Pipelines, 24 September, 2013, Countercurrents.org
  • WFP (World Food Programme). (2021a). Syrian Arab Republic, May 2021, https://www.wfp.org/ countries/syrian-arab-republic.
  • WFP (World Food Programme). (2021b). Syria Emergency, May 2021, https://www.wfp.org/ emergencies/syria-emergency
  • World Bank Group. (2017). World Bank Annual Report, https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/14302150 90971 1004/world-bank-annual-report-2017.
  • Zbygniew, A. (2005). Middle East: The Bernard Lewis Map, Internatıonal Press Revıew Rassegna Stampa Internazıonale Revue De Presse Internatıonale. http://arthurzbygniew.blogspot.com/2005/08/bernard-lewis-map-of-middle-east. html.
  • Zifcak, S. (2012). The Responsibility to Protect After Libya and Syria, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol 13, ss.1-35.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Muazzez Harunoğulları 0000-0001-9515-7833

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Harunoğulları, M. (2021). ABD VE RUSYA’NIN SURİYE İÇ SAVAŞINA MÜDAHALELERİNİN JEOPOLİTİK YAKLAŞIMLARI. Ortadoğu Ve Göç, 11(1), 43-84. https://doi.org/10.31834/ortadoguvegoc.936741