Trying to impose the reforms in the periphery: actions and reactions to the Tanzimat in Cyprus – the case of the Muhassıl Mehmet Talat–

Yıl 2013, , 163 - 184, 01.08.2013

Michalis N. Mıchael

https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000628

Öz

As in other areas of the Ottoman Empire where local elite classes had gradually developed, from the mid-18th century onwards, particular elite that included individuals from both religious communities had developed in Cyprus as well. Muslim officers of the local administration as well as wealthy Orthodox, both laymen and clergy, constituted the ruling class of Ottoman Cyprus before the reforms. As will emerge through analysis of the period of muhassıl Mehmet Talat , the role of the local elite is particularly decisive, both in relation to efforts to implement changes as well as steps taken backwards. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the predominant climate in Cyprus, an island on the Ottoman periphery, during the first stages of the Tanzimat reforms immediately after the proclamation of firman (Hatt-i Şerif) as well as, to record reactions to the reforms and the groups from which these reactions originated. Highlighting the details of this climate might clarify the difficulties that the Sublime Porte faced in its effort to directly implements reformative measures. It will also help to demonstrate the Sublime Porte’s will to achieve this through directions contained in the documents sent to the island and also to show the setbacks which occurred during this effort. Additionally, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the first attempt for reforms on the island led to an intense unrest and to a climate of tension between the religious communities

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ottoman Cyprus, Tanzimat, Ottoman Local Elites

Trying to impose the reforms in the periphery: actions and reactions to the Tanzimat in Cyprus – the case of the Muhassıl Mehmet Talat–

Öz

Kıbrıs’ta, 18. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde yerel elit sınıfların kademeli olarak oluşmasına paralel olarak, özel bir elit sınıf şekillenmeye başladı. Kıbrıs’taki bu elit sınıf, adanın her iki dini topluluğunun bireylerinden oluşmaktaydı. Reformlar öncesindeki dönemde, Osmanlı Kıbrıs’ındaki yönetici sınıf, gerek adanın idaresindeki Müslüman memurlar gerekse varlıklı Ortodoks din adamları ya da din adamı olmayan Ortodokslardan oluşmaktaydı. Muhassıl Mehmet Talat döneminin incelenmesinden, gerek reformların uygulanmasına gerekse de geriye adım atılmasına ilişkin olarak yerel elitin belirleyici bir rolü olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Makalenin ana amacı, bir yandan Hatt-ı Şerif’in ilânından hemen sonra Tanzimat reformlarının Osmanlı Devleti’nin taşrasındaki bir ada olarak Kıbrıs’ta yarattığı durumu aydınlatmak, öbür yandan da reformların yarattığı tepkileri ve bu tepkilerin kaynağı olan toplumun kesimlerini tespit etmektedir. Ayrıca Babıâli’nin reform süreci bağlamında, bu sürecin ortaya çıkardığı başarılar ve zorluklar analiz edilecektir. Buna ek olarak, makalenin amacı, reformların uygulanmasına yönelik alınan ilk tedbirlerin adada büyük bir huzursuzluk ve adanın iki dini topluluğu arasında bir gerginlik havası yaratmasına neden olduğunu göstermektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Osmanlı Kıbrısı, Tanzimat, Osmanlı Yerel

Kaynakça

• Archival Sources
• Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Kıbrıs Şer'iyye Sicil Defteri, Defter n. 38.
• Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Cevdet Dahiliye, Gömlek n. 6012, Dosya n. 121.
• The National Archives, London, Foreign Office, FO 195/102.
• KYRIAZIS, Neoklis, “Diakivernisis Kyprou, oi satrapai aytis”, (The Administration of Cyprus. It’s Satraps), Kypriaka Hronika, 9 (1933), pp. 65-80, 81-122, 172-189.
• KYRIAZIS, Neoklis, “Hronografikon Simeioma”, (Chronicle) Kypriaka Hronika, 8 (1931), pp. 81-105.
• KYRIAZIS, Neoklis, “Proksenika Eggrafa” [Consular documents], Kypriaka Hronika, 7 (1930), pp. 218-220. Bibliography
• AYMES, Marc, “Reform Talks: Applying the Tanzimat to Cyprus”, in M. N. Michael, M. Kappler and E. Gavriel (eds), Ottoman Cyprus. A Collection of Studies on History and Culture, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, pp. 107-116.
• AYMES, Marc, “Un grand progress – sur la papier”. Histoire provinciale des réformes ottomanes à Chypre au xixe siècle, Peeters, Paris 2010.
• DAVISON, H. Roderic, “The Advent of the Principle of Representation in the Government of the Ottoman Empire”, in Roderic H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923, University of Texas, Texas 1990, pp. 96-109.
• DAVISON, H. Roderic, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Gordian Press, New York 1973.
• DEMIRYÜREK, Mehmet, Osmanlı Reform Sürecinde Kıbrıs, Akademik Kitaplar, İstanbul 2010.
• DEMIRYÜREK, Mehmet, “Tanzimat Donemi Kıbrıs Muhassıllarından Mehmet Talat Efendi ve Tanzimat Fermanının Kıbrıs’ta Uygulanması”, in E. Causevic, N. Moacanin, V. Kursar (eds), Perspectives on Ottoman Studies. Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Studies, Lit Verlag, Münster 2010, pp. 441-455.
• DIONYSIOU, George, The Implementation of the Tanzimat Reforms in Cyprus (1839-1878), Mam Publications, Nicosia 2009.
• FINDLEY, Vaughn Carter, “The Tanzimat”, in Reşat Kasaba (ed.), The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008, pp. 11-37.
• HACKETT, John, Istoria tis Orthodoxou Ekklisias tis Kyprou (History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus), vol. 1, Athens 1923.
• HILL, George, A History of Cyprus, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972.
• HOURANI, Albert, “Ottoman Reforms and the Politics of Notables”, in R.L.Chambers and W. R. Polk (eds), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1968, pp. 48-61.
• İNALCIK, Halil, “Application of the Tanzimat and its Social Effects”, in The Ottoman Empire. Conquest, Organization, Economy. Collected Studies, Variorum Reprints, London 1978, pp. 3-33.
• İNALCIK, Halil, “Tanzimat’ın Uygulanması ve Sosyal Tepkileri”, Belleten, 28 (1964), pp. 623-690.
• THEOHARIDES, Ioannis “Anekdoto fermani gia tin efarmogi tou Tanzimat stin Kypro”, (Unpublished Firman for the Implementation of Tanzimat in Cyprus), Journal of the Cyprus Research Centre, 13-16 (1984-1987), pp. 447-458.
• KAYNAR, Reşat, Mustafa Reşit Paşa ve Tanzimat, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1954.
• KUSHNER, David, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period. Political, Social and Economic Transformation, E.J.Brill, Leiden 1986.
• MA’OZ, Moshe, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1841, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1968.
• MICHAEL, N. Michalis, “Panaretos, 1827-40: His Struggle for Absolute Power during the Era of Ottoman Administrative Reforms”, in Andrekos Varnava and Michalis N. Michael (eds), The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age, Cambridge Scholar Publishing, London 2013, pp. 69-87.
• MICHAEL, N. Michalis, I Ekklisia tis Kyprou kata tin othomaniki periodo. I stadiaki sigkrotisi enos thesmou politikis eksousias (The Church of Cyprus during the Ottoman Period, 1571-1878. The Formation Process of an Institution of Political Power), Cyprus Research Centre, Nicosia 2005.
• ORTAYLI, İlber, Tanzimat Devrinde Osmanlı Mahallî İdarerleri (1840-1880), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2000.
• SHAW, J. Stanford, “The Origins of Representative Government in the Ottoman Empire: An Introduction to the Provincial Councils, 1839-1876”, in Winder R. Bayly (ed.), Near Eastern Round Table, 1967-68, New York University Press, New York 1969, pp. 53-142.
• SHAW, J. Stanford, “The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6 (1975), pp. 421-459.
• STAVRIDES, Theoharis, “List of Governors, Prelates and Dragomans of Cyprus (1571-1878)”, in M. N. Michael, M. Kappler and E. Gavriel (eds), Ottoman Cyprus. A Collection of Studies on History and Culture, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, pp. 357- 366.
• YALÇINKAYA, Mehmet Alaaddin, “The Provincial Reforms of the Early Tanzimat Period as Implemented in the Kaza of Avrethisarı”, Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6 (1995), pp. 344-385.