ALMANYA’DA PEYZAJ PLANLAMANIN OLUŞUMU

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 86 - 97, 31.12.2025

Sevgi Görmüş Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.56629/paud.1770579

Öz

Bu çalışma, Almanya planlama sistemi içinde peyzaj planlamasının tarihsel gelişimi ve değişen rolünü üç ayrı dönemde (1900-1975, 1976-2001 ve 2002-günümüz) incelemektedir. İlk dönemlerde kentleşme ve sanayileşmeye verilen tepkilerle ortaya çıkan peyzaj planlaması, zamanla doğa koruma ve mekânsal planlama ile giderek daha fazla bütünleşmiştir. Küresel sorunlar ve ihtiyaçlar bağlamında sürekli güncellenen bir yapı kapsamında koruma ve kalkınma arasındaki dengeyi sağlamayı amaçlayarak, peyzaj planlamasının etki alanı doğal kaynaklar ve çevre planlamasını da içerecek şekilde genişletmiştir. Günümüzde ise peyzaj planlaması Avrupa Birliği’nin bütünlük ve sürdürülebilirlik için geliştirdiği çevre hukuk belgelerine entegre olarak sosyal, ekolojik ve çevresel tehditleri önlemek, müdahaleleri düzenlemek, çeşitli sektörler ve planlama düzeyleri arasında iş birliğini kolaylaştırmak için önemli bir araç olarak planlamayı hem yatay ve hem de dikey yönlerde yönlendirmektedir. Planlamanın farklı düzeylerde yönetim çeşitliliği ve parçacılığına rağmen, Almanya'da peyzaj planlaması değişen ve dönüşen küresel, bölgesel ve yerel koşullara sürekli adaptasyonu, bilimsel temeli, insan-çevre etkileşimlerini yönetme ve sürdürülebilir peyzaj dönüşümüne rehberlik etme konusundaki önemli rolünü sürdürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Peyzaj planlaması , Mekânsal planlama , Doğa koruma , Dayanıklılık ve adaptasyon

Proje Numarası

1059B192300440

THE GENESIS OF LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN GERMANY

Öz

This study examines the historical development and changing role of landscape planning within the German planning system during three separate periods: 1900-1975, 1976-2001, and 2002-present. Landscape planning, which emerged as a response to the processes of urbanization and industrialization in the early modern period, has gradually evolved into a more integrated field, encompassing not only the conservation of natural environments but also spatial planning. To maintain a balance between conservation and development within a structure that is constantly being updated in the context of global issues and needs, the scope of landscape planning has been expanded to include natural resources and environmental planning. In the contemporary context, landscape planning has been incorporated into the European Union's environmental legal documents, which are designed to uphold environmental integrity and sustainability. This integration serves as a pivotal instrument for the prevention of social, ecological, and environmental threats, the regulation of interventions, and the facilitation of cooperation among diverse sectors and planning levels. It provides guidance for both horizontal and vertical planning, thereby ensuring the harmonious integration of environmental, social, and economic considerations within the planning process. Despite the diversity and fragmentation of management at different levels of planning, landscape planning in Germany continues to play an important role in adapting to changing and evolving global, regional, and local conditions. In addition, it maintains a scientific foundation, manages human-environment interactions, and guides sustainable landscape transformation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Landscape planning , Spatial planning , Nature conservation , Resilience and adaptation , Germany

Etik Beyan

Ethical committee approval is not required.

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) and Hochschule Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences

Proje Numarası

1059B192300440

Teşekkür

This study was conducted within the scope of the “Deconstructing Landscape Ontology in Planning: Germany Experience” project (Project Number: 1059B192300440) supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under the 2219- International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program for Turkish Citizens. I would like to thank you TÜBİTAK and Director Prof. Dr. Elke Mertens (Hochschule Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences) for their support.

Kaynakça

• Antrop, M. (2018). A brief history of landscape research. In The Routledge companion to landscape studies (pp. 1-15). Routledge.
• BFN (2012). Landschaftsplanung: Grundlage nachhaltigerLandschaftsentwicklung.https://www.bfn.de/sites/default/files/202107/Landschaftsplanung_Broschuere_2012.pdf
• BNatSchG (2025). Landschaftsplanung: Ziele, Aufgaben und Inhalte https://www.bfn.de/landschaftsplanung-ziele-aufgaben-und-inhalte
• Brönnimann, S. (2022). Alexander von Humboldt and Earth System Science. In Alexander von Humboldt: Multiperspective Approaches (pp. 39-57). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• ELC, (2000) European Landscape Convention. https://rm.coe.int/1680080621
• Glaubrecht, M. (2022). “Through a Country We Never Intended to See”. Revisiting the Humboldt Renaissance. In Alexander von Humboldt: Multiperspective Approaches (pp. 3-36). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Görmüş, S. (2021). Peyzaj Mimarlığı’nda Mekan Tahayyülleri (Space Imaginations in Landscape Architecture). Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Antropoloji ABD, YL Tezi, Ankara
• Grunberg, K. U. (2016). Sicherung der biologischen Vielfalt. Landschaftsplanung, 7-13.
• Haber, W. (1995) Concept, Origin, and Meaning of Landscape. UNESCO's Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value: Components of a Global Strategy. UNESCO, New York. Pages 38-42
• Hoppenstedt, A., & Hage, G. (2017). Landschaftsplanung eine Erfolgsstory?! Kurzer Rückblick und Perspektiven. Die räumliche Wirkung der Landschaftsplanung: Evaluation, Indikatoren und Trends, 159-168.
• Ingold, T. (1993). The temporality of the landscape. World Archaeology, 25, 152–174.
• Jackson S. T. (2009). Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth.Science324,596-597(2009). DOI:10.1126/science.1171659
• Kozban, I., Kopsieker, L., Wulf, S. (2024). PraxisInfo 10. Meaningful engagement in nature restoration at the local level. Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Konstantinstr. 110. DOI: 10.19217/prx2410
• Kühne, O. (2019). Landscape Theories. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
• Lange, H., & Riedel, W. (2016). Allgemeiner Ablauf zur Aufstellung von Landschaftsplänen. In Landschaftsplanung (pp. 99-103). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg)
• Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). The Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge.
• Neef, E. (1967) Die theoretische Grundlagen der Landschafstlehre, Gotha: V.E.B. Haack.
• Riedel W. & Lange H. (2016) Historische Entwicklung. Landschaftsplanung, Springer Reference Naturwissenschaften, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39855-1_4
• Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J. et al. The emergence and evolution of Earth System Science. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1, 54–63 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0005-6
• Oxford English Dictionary, (2025). Land. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/land_n1?tab=factsheet#39665165
• Von Haaren, C., & Vollheyde, A. L. (2019). Landscape planning in Germany: Not loved by all, but badly needed. International review for spatial planning and sustainable development, 7(4), 148-166.)
• Von Haaren, C., Albert, C., Barkmann, J., De Groot, R. S., Spangenberg, J. H., Schröter-Schlaack, C., & Hansjürgens, B. (2014). From explanation to application: introducing a practice-oriented ecosystem services evaluation (PRESET) model adapted to the context of landscape planning and management. Landscape ecology, 29, 1335-1346.
• Wylie, J. (2016). A landscape cannot be a homeland. Landscape Research, 41(4): 408-416). Zonneveld, I.S. (1995) Land Ecology, Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing.