The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study

Cansel Cebeci; Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı

doi:10.17275/per.26.69.13.5

The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of the Zesquare (Ze2) Visual Attention Set (VAS) on the development of pattern skills in early childhood. The study utilized a pre-test–post-test control group design. The study group consisted of 38 students (18 females, 20 males) aged 5, attending a preschool in Istanbul. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was employed. These intact groups were then designated as either the experimental or the control group. In the study, the experimental group participated in Ze2 VAS activities for 30-40 minutes daily over 12 weeks, considering each child's attention and interest level. The control group continued their education following the standard curriculum. Data collection employed the Preschool Pattern Skills Test, which included demographic information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS v24 and the R package. The study found no significant difference in pre-test pattern skills scores between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.24). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to their pre-test scores, indicating a notable gain in pattern skills favoring the intervention (p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.80). There was no significant difference in pattern skills post-test scores compared to pre-test scores for the control group (p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.12). The findings indicate that children using the Ze2 VAS app demonstrated improvement in their pattern recognition skills. In summary, the study suggests that Ze2 VAS contributes positively to children’s development.

Keywords

early childhood, pattern skills, quasi-experimental study, Zesquare visual attention set

Ethical Statement

The necessary ethics committee approvals for this study have been obtained, and the institution from which the ethics committee approval was received, the date of the ethics committee meeting, and the decision number are stated in the Methods section.

Thanks

We express gratitude to the participant children, their parents and teachers who participated in this study

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Basic Training (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cansel Cebeci
0000-0002-9646-8470
Türkiye

Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı ^*
0000-0002-6912-7080
Türkiye

Publication Date

August 30, 2026

Submission Date

April 1, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 6, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 5

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.69.13.5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA59JA75RZ

APA

Cebeci, C., & Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, N. (2026). The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study. Participatory Educational Research, 13(5), 146-160. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.69.13.5

AMA

1.Cebeci C, Durmuşoğlu Saltalı N. The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study. PER. 2026;13(5):146-160. doi:10.17275/per.26.69.13.5

Chicago

Cebeci, Cansel, and Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı. 2026. “The Effect of Zesquare Visual Attention Set on the Development of Pattern Skills in Early Childhood: A Quasi–experimental Study”. Participatory Educational Research 13 (5): 146-60. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.69.13.5.

EndNote

Cebeci C, Durmuşoğlu Saltalı N (August 1, 2026) The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study. Participatory Educational Research 13 5 146–160.

IEEE

[1]C. Cebeci and N. Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, “The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study”, PER, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 146–160, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.17275/per.26.69.13.5.

ISNAD

Cebeci, Cansel - Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, Neslihan. “The Effect of Zesquare Visual Attention Set on the Development of Pattern Skills in Early Childhood: A Quasi–experimental Study”. Participatory Educational Research 13/5 (August 1, 2026): 146-160. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.69.13.5.

JAMA

1.Cebeci C, Durmuşoğlu Saltalı N. The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study. PER. 2026;13:146–160.

MLA

Cebeci, Cansel, and Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı. “The Effect of Zesquare Visual Attention Set on the Development of Pattern Skills in Early Childhood: A Quasi–experimental Study”. Participatory Educational Research, vol. 13, no. 5, Aug. 2026, pp. 146-60, doi:10.17275/per.26.69.13.5.

Vancouver

1.Cansel Cebeci, Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı. The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study. PER. 2026 Aug. 1;13(5):146-60. doi:10.17275/per.26.69.13.5

27707

Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 International Lisance

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The effect of Zesquare visual attention set on the development of pattern skills in early childhood: A quasi–experimental study

Abstract

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Thanks

References

Details

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Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

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Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

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