Focusing on Adolescents’ Emotional Awareness: Instrument Validation and Evaluation of a Training Program

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 289 - 306, 01.07.2022

Fatma İnceman Kara , Galip Yüksel

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.91.9.4

Cited By: 1

Öz

The purpose of this multiple study is to investigate the effect of a psychoeducational training program on adolescents’ emotional awareness skills as well as adapting an emotional awareness instrument into the Turkish language and context. In this regard, this paper reports the findings from two studies. In Study I, the validity and reliability analyses were conducted to test the generalizability of the emotion awareness scale in a different context. The findings showed that the scale has a six-factor structure. In addition, the reliability of the scale was found satisfactory. In study II, an experimental research design with the randomized pre and post-test control group was conducted with the participation of adolescents. The experimental group attended a seven-session emotional awareness training while the control group attended regular guidance activities in the school. The findings indicated that the students in the experimental group had significantly higher scores of emotional awareness and verbal sharing of emotions, compared with the students in the control group. However, no significant difference was observed for differentiating emotions, not hiding emotions, bodily awareness, attending to others’ emotions, and analyses of emotions. The findings were discussed considering the relevant literature and the cultural characteristics in emotional awareness, and recommendations were presented, accordingly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotional awareness, psyhoeducational training, emotional awareness scale, verbal sharing of emotions, instrument validation

Teşekkür

This study was derived from the thesis study of the first author supervised by the second author. A part of the study was orally presented at 26. International Educational Sciences Congress.

Kaynakça

• Bacanlı, H. (2006). Duyuşsal davranış eğitimi. Ankara: Nobel.
• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-1.item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
• Begun, R. W. (1996). Ready-to-use social skills lessons & activities for grades 7-12. San Francisco, CA: Jasey-Bass.
• Boratav, H. B., Sunar, D., & Ataca, B. (2011). Emotional display rules and their contextual determinants: An investigation with university students in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 26(68), 90-101. Retrieved from https://www.psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpd1300443320110000m000091.pdf
• Bréjard, V., Bonnet, A., Pasquier, A., & Pedinielli, J. L. (2011). Depressive symptoms in adolescence: Role of personality and emotion awareness. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 59(3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2010.07.013
• Boroomandian, N., Mohammadi, N., & Taghanaki, C. H. (2020). Comparing the effectiveness of group therapy by “interaction and psychodrama” on emotional awareness of adolescent girls with psychological distress. Journal of Psychological Achievements (Journal of Education & Psychology), 27(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2020.29101.2312
• Burnett, S., Thompson, S., Bird, G., & Blakemore, S. J. (2011). Pubertal development of the understanding of social emotions: Implications for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 681-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.05.007
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem.
• Camodeca, M., & Rieffe, C. (2013). Developmetrics validation of the Italian Emotion Awareness Questionnaire for children and adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(3), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.694609
• Ciarrochi, J. V., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Rickwood, D. (2002). Adolescents who need help the most are the least likely to seek it: The relationship between low emotional competence and low intention to seek help. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 30(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880220128047
• Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C. L., &, Supavadeeprasit, S. (2008). The link between emotion identification skills and socio-emotional functioning in early adolescence: A one-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 31(5), 565–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.10.004
• Cordaro, D. T., Sun, R., Keltner, D., Kamble, S., Huddar, N., & McNeil, G. (2018). Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures. Emotion, 18(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000302
• Cormier, S. & Hackney, H. (2005). Counseling strategies and interventions. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
• Davis, J. P., Kendall, P. C. & Suveg, C. M. (2019). Emotional awareness predicts specific cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes for anxious youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 50, 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-018-00863-4
• Dedikousi, A., Gonida, E., & Kiosseoglou, G. (2013). Emotional understanding and awareness in school age: The contribution of children’s cognitive performance and their perceptions of parental warmth/coldness. Scientific Annals-School of Psychology, 10, 1-31. Retrieved from http://ejournals.lib.auth.gr/psyannals/article/view/4265/4346
• Denham, S. A. (2007). Dealing with feelings: How children negotiate the worlds of emotions and social relationships. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 11, 1–48. Retrieved from https://denhamlab.gmu.edu/Publications%20PDFs/Denham%202007.pdf DeVellis, R. F. (2003) Scale development. California: Sage Publication Inc.
• Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, N., & Deniz, M. E. (2010). The effects of an emotional education program on the emotional skills of six-year-old children attending preschool. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(4), 2105-2140. Retrieved from https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journalDetail.xhtml
• Eastabrook, J. M., Flynn, J. J., & Hollenstein, T. (2014). Internalizing symptoms in female adolescents: Associations with emotional awareness and emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9705-y
• Eckland, N. S. & Berenbaum, H. (2021). Emotional awareness in daily life: Exploring its potential role in repetitive thinking and healthy coping. Behavior Therapy.52(2), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.010
• Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 869-885. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.869
• Elsina, I. & Svence, G. (2016). Changes of middle childhood students’ emotional awareness in social competence and awareness intervention group for children. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1, 331-343. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1530
• Erkan, S. & Kaya, A. (Ed.). (2014). Deneysel olarak sınanmış grupla psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik programları III. Ankara: Pegem.
• Erkan, S. (2015). Örnek grup rehberliği etkinlikleri. Ankara: Pegem.
• Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.
• Gençoğlu, C. & Yılmaz, M. (2013). The effects of emotional awareness training program on the level of emotional control. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(5), 961-980. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS1552
• Gençoğlu, C. (2012). The effects of emotional awareness training program based on emotion-focused therapy on optimism levels of young adults. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
• Goleman, D. (2005). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.
• Greenberg, L. S. (2010). Emotion-focused therapy: An overview. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(33), 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21453/229828
• Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Emotion-focused therapy. Washington: APA.
• Greenberg, L. S. (2015). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington: APA.
• Greenberg, L. S. (2014). Duygu odaklı terapi 1. atölye çalışması metinleri. İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü.
• Greenberg, L. S. (2016). Duygu odaklı terapi ileri düzey atölye çalışması metinleri. İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü.
• Greenberg, L. S. & Warwar, S. H. (2006). Homework in an emotion-focused approach to experiential therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 16(2), 178-200. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0479.16.2.178
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, A global perspective. NJ Pearson, Upper Saddle River.
• Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social competence. Social Development, 10(1), 79-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00150
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. Retrieved from http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/6596/1/JC-Structural-Equation.pdf
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Ishizu, K. & Shimoda, Y. (2013). Development of the Japanese version of the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire for junior high school students. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 84(3), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.84.229
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity, Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
• Knoetze, J. S. (2012). An emotional awareness program for children in middle childhood, for utilization in the educational system. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pretoria Faculty of Humanities, Pretoria.
• Kranzler, A., Young, J. F., Hankin, B. L., Abela, J. R. Z., Elias, M. J., & Selby, E. A. (2016). Emotional awareness: A transdiagnostic predictor of depression and anxiety for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.987379
• Kuzucu, Y. (2007). Duyguları fark etme ve ifade etme psiko-eğitim programı. Ankara: Nobel.
• Kwak, T. & Lim, J. (2019). The effects of emotional awareness on the psychological well-being of adolescents: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 40(2), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.2.13
• Lahaye, M., Luminet, O., Van Broeck, N., Bodart, E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the emotion awareness questionnaire for children in a French-speaking population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.482003
• Lambie, J. A., & Lindberg, A. (2016). The role of maternal emotional validation and invalidation on children’s emotional awareness. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 62(2), 129-157. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.2.0129.pdf? refreqid=excelsior%3Aa1c4c1fd606e22a03ec25ba799202219
• Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1992). Levels of emotional awareness: Implications for psychotherapeutic integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 2(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101238
• Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwartz, G. E., Walker, P. A., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1-2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674052
• Lane, R. D., Subic-Wrana, C., Greenberg, L., & Yovel, I. (2020). The role of enhanced emotional awareness in promoting change across psychotherapy modalities. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000244
• Le, H. N., Berenbaum, H., & Raghavan, C. (2002). Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates and the role of parental socialization of emotions. Emotion, 2(4), 341-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.4.341
• Lee, H., & Kwak, Y. (2012). Development and initial validation of a trait emotional intelligence scale for Korean adults. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(2), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9175-8
• Lehrer, J. (2009). How we decide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
• Lo, C. (2014). Cultural values and alexithymia. SAGE Open, 4(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014555117
• Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
• Matsumoto, D., Takeuchi, S., Andayani, S., Kouznetsova, N., & Krupp, D. (1998). The contribution of individualism–collectivism to cross-national differences in display rules. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00010
• Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.68
• Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 179-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.179
• Mete Otlu, B., İkiz, F. E., & Asıcı, E. (2016). The effects of the psycho-education program of emotional awareness and expression on the counselor trainees’ self-compassion levels. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(56), 273-283. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/229656
• Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2). 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
• Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hill.
• Rieffe, C. & Camodeca, M. (2016). Empathy in adolescence: Relations with emotion awareness and social roles. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12133
• Rieffe, C. & De Rooij, M. (2012). The longitudinal relationship between emotion awareness and internalising symptoms during late childhood. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(6), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0267-8
• Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., Miers, A. C., Terwogt, M. M., & Ly, V. (2008). Emotion awareness and internalising symptoms in children and adolescents: The Emotion Awareness Questionnaire revised. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 756-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.001
• Rieffe, C., Villanueva, L., Adrian, J. E., & Gorriz, A. B. (2009). Somatic complaints, mood states, and emotional awareness in adolescents. Psicothema, 21(3), 459-464. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/PDF/3654.pdf
• Riley, T. N., Sullivan, T. N., Hinton, T. S., & Kliewer, W. (2019). Longitudinal relations between emotional awareness and expression, emotion regulation, and peer victimization among urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.005
• Rowsell, H. C., Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., & Heaven, P. C. (2016). Emotion identification skill and social support during adolescence: A three‐year longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12175
• Rowsell, H. C., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C. L. & Deane, F. P. (2014). The role of emotion identification skill in the formation of male and female friendships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.005
• Saarni, C. (1999, April). A skill based model of emotional competence: A development perspective. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430678.pdf
• Saarni, C., Campos, J. J., Camras, L. A., & Witherington, D. (2006). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (pp. 226-299). Newyork: Wiley.
• Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., & Casey, B. J. (2010). A time of change: behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.003
• Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2013). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.
• Sprung, M., Munch, H. M., Harris, P. L., Ebesutani, C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Children’s emotion understanding: A meta-analysis of training studies. Developmental Review, 37, 41-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.05.001
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Baston: Pearson.
• Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Van Beveren, M., Goossens, L., Volkaert, B., Grassmann, C., Wante, L., Vandeweghe, L., Verbeken, S., & Braet, C. (2019). How do I feel right now? Emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in youth. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1203-3
• Van Rensburg, M. & Reyneke, P. (2019). Using adventure-based therapy to improve emotional awareness of adolescents. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development, 31(1), 1– 24. https://doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/4047
• Voltan-Acar, N. (2013). Grupla psikolojik danışmada alıştırmalar-deneyler. Ankara: Nobel.
• Wong, S., Bond, H., & Mosquera, P. M. R. (2008). The influence of cultural value orientations on self-reported emotional expression across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(2), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107313866