Self-blame Regret, Fear of COVID-19 and Mental Health During Post-Peak Pandemic

Öz

The novel Coronavirus pandemic caused strong negative emotions including fear, and stress and impacted the mental health of individuals worldwide. One of the emotions linked with mental health and infectious disease is self-blame regret. Thus, the current study investigated the role of fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress in the relationship between self-blame regret and depression. As a means of such investigation, the current research was conducted based on quantitative data and the research sample was recruited via a convenient sampling method. A community sample of 352 individuals in Turkey (71 % female and 29 % males), ranged between in age 18 and 63 (M= 28.90±8.90), completed Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and responded to one item concerning the self-blame regret. Results demonstrated that self-blame regret is positively correlated with fear of COVID-19, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms. Moreover, serial multiple mediation analyses demonstrated that both fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress mediated the relationship between self-blame regret and depression. The findings showed that self-blame regret, fear of COVID-19, and perceived stress are determinants of depressive symptoms, suggesting that such factors are important in understanding these issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Self-blame regret
• fear of COVID-19
• perceived stress
• depression
• serial mediation
• Self-blame regret, fear of COVID-19, perceived stress, depression, serial mediation

Kaynakça

1. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
2. Belen, H. 2020. Fear of COVID-19 and mental health: The role of mindfulness in during time of crisis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (In press)
3. Brewer, N. T., DeFrank, J. T., & Gilkey, M. B. (2016). Anticipated regret and health behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 35(11), 1264.
4. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
5. Bruine de Bruin, W., Dombrovski, A. Y., Parker, A. M., & Szanto, K. (2016). Late‐life depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide: The role of individual differences in maximizing, regret, and negative decision outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(4), 363-371.
6. Chase, H. W., Camille, N., Michael, A., Bullmore, E. T., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2010). Regret and the negative evaluation of decision outcomes in major depression. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(3), 406-413.
7. Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3740.
8. Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. Jama, 298(14), 1685-1687.

9. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. Advance online publication. Doi: 10.2307/2136404
10. Connolly, T., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). Regret in decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(6), 212-216.
11. de Quervain, D., Aerni, A., Amini, E., Bentz, D., Coynel, D., Gerhards, C., ... & Schlitt, T. (2020). The Swiss Corona stress study. Advance online publication. Doi: 10.31219/osf.io/jqw6a
12. Du, J., Dong, L., Wang, T., Yuan, C., Fu, R., Zhang, L., Liu, B., Zhang, M., Yin, Y., Qin, J., Bouey, J., Zhao, M., & Li, X. (2020). Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. General Hospital Psychiatry, S0163-8343(20)30045-1. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011
13. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Living in the midst of fear: Depressive symptomatology among US adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23080
14. Gates, B. (2020). Responding to Covid-19—a once-in-a-century pandemic? New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677-1679.
15. Gotlib, I. H., Borchers, L. R., Chahal, R., Gifuni, A. J., & Ho, T. (2020). Early life stress predicts depressive symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of perceived stress. Available at SSRN 3606441 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606441
16. Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
17. Kaya, C., Tansey, T. N., Melekoglu, M., Cakiroglu, O., & Chan, F. (2019). Psychometric evaluation of Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale with Turkish college students. Journal of Mental Health, 28(2), 161-167.
18. Kraines, M. A., Krug, C. P., & Wells, T. T. (2017). Decision justification theory in depression: Regret and self-blame. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(4), 556-561.
19. Lecci, L., Okun, M. A., & Karoly, P. (1994). Life regrets and current goals as predictors of psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 731.
20. Limcaoco, R. S. G., Mateos, E. M., Fernandez, J. M., & Roncero, C. (2020). Anxiety, worry and perceived stress in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020. Preliminary results. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992
21. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343.
22. Maguire, R., Hanly, P., Drummond, F. J., Gavin, A., & Sharp, L. (2017). Regret and fear in prostate cancer: The relationship between treatment appraisals and fear of recurrence in prostate cancer survivors. Psycho‐oncology, 26(11), 1825-1831.
23. Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249-1260.
24. McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., ... & Wong, J. G. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 241-247.
25. Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Mingqin, Q., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13014
26. Monroe, M. R., Skowronski, J. J., MacDonald, W., & Wood, S. E. (2005). The mildly depressed experience more post–decisional regret than the non–depressed. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 665-690.
27. Montano, R. L. T., & Acebes, K. M. L. (2020). Covid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 9(4), 78-103.
28. Nickell, L. A., Crighton, E. J., Tracy, C. S., Al-Enazy, H., Bolaji, Y., Hanjrah, S., Ayesha, H., Makhlouf, S., & Upshur, R. E. (2004). Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: Survey of a large tertiary care institution. Cmaj, 170(5), 793-798.
29. Nicolle, A., Bach, D. R., Frith, C., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). Amygdala involvement in self-blame regret. Social Neuroscience, 6(2), 178-189.
30. Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. Advanced online publication.
31. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
32. Preti, E., Di Mattei, V., Perego, G., Ferrari, F., Mazzetti, M., Taranto, P., Di Pierro, R., Madeddu, F., & Calati, R. (2020). The psychological impact of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review of the evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(8), 1-22.
33. Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
34. Roese, N. J., Epstude, K. A. I., Fessel, F., Morrison, M., Smallman, R., Summerville, A., Galinsky, A., & Segerstrom, S. (2009). Repetitive regret, depression, and anxiety: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(6), 671-688.
35. Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
36. Shepherd, L., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2014). When do next-of-kin opt-in? Anticipated regret, affective attitudes and donating deceased family member’s organs. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(12), 1508-1517.
37. Straud, C. L., & McNaughton-Cassill, M. (2019). Self-blame and stress in undergraduate college students: The mediating role of proactive coping. Journal of American College Health, 67(4), 367-373.
38. Tsang, H. W., Scudds, R. J., & Chan, E. Y. (2004). Psychosocial impact of SARS. Emerging Infectious Disease, 10 (2004), 1326-27.
39. Wu, R., & Wang, C. L. (2017). The asymmetric impact of other-blame regret versus self-blame regret on negative word of mouth. European Journal of Marketing.
40. Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595.
41. Yu, X., Chen, J., Zhao, S., & Yu, X. (2017). Impact of rumination and regret on depression among new employees in China. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(9), 1499-1509.
42. Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
43. Zhang, Y., Peters, A., & Chen, G. (2018). Perceived stress mediates the associations between sleep quality and symptoms of anxiety and depression among college nursing students. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 15(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2017-0020.
44. Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Zhao, J., Tanimoto, T., Ozaki, A., Crump, A., ... & Jiang, Q. W. (2020). Association between quarantined living circumstances and perceived stress in Wuhan city during the COVID-19 outbreak: A rapid, exploratory cross-sectional study. Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study (3/16/2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556642 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556642