A Study on the Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Self-Regulation Processes among University Students

Abstract

In this research, the relationships between social media addiction (SMA) and self-regulation levels among university students were investigated. A sample of 329 (234 women, 95 men) university students with the age range 18-29 were selected. SMA and self-regulation scales were administered to the sample. The multiple regression analysis revealed that SMA was predicted by self-monitoring; self-evaluation and self-reinforcement did not predict SMA. The regression model accounted for 17% of the variance in SMA, while self-regulation predicted the SMA levels and the regression model accounted for 7% of the variance in SMA. Independent sample t test demonstrated that there were no gender differences between the means of SMA and self-regulation. But, there was a significant difference between the means of SMA of working students and non-working students, non-working students SMA mean scores were higher.

Keywords

• Y
• Z
• Alpha generations; social media addiction; self-regulation; self-monitoring; self-evaluation; self-reinforcement

Kaynakça

1. Abela, J. R., & Seligman, M. E. (2000). The hopelessness theory of depression: A test of the diathesis-stress component in the interpersonal and achievement domains. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(4), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005571518032.
2. Akfirat, O. N. (2020). Investigation of relationship between psychological well-being, self-esteem, perceived general self-efficacy, level of hope and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i9.3267
3. Alarcon, G. M., Bowling, N. A., & Khazon, S. (2013). Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004.
4. APA Dictionary https://dictionary.apa.org/self-esteem retrieved on 08.03.2021.
5. Aradilla-Herrero, A., Tomás-Sábado, J., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2014). Associations between emotional intelligence, depression and suicide risk in nursing students. Nurse education Today, 34(4), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.07.001
6. Atik, G., & Kemer, G. (2009). Psychometric properties of children's hope scale: validity and reliability study. Elementary Education Online, 8(2), 379-390. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=09910a23-c7e7-4919-ac1c-a731c7043842%40pdc-v-sessmgr02
7. Bailey, T. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Satisfaction with life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57(2), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395574
8. Bernardo, A. I. B. (2010). Extending hope theory: Internal and external locus of trait hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 944–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.036

9. Bosacki, S, Harwood, D., & Sumaway, C. (2012). Being mean: Children’s gendered perceptions of peer teasing within the classroom. Journal of Moral Education, 41, 473- 489. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2012.690728
10. Brown J. D. & Marshall, M. A. (2013) The three faces of self-esteem. In Kernis M. H. (Ed.). (2013), Self-esteem issues and answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives. Psychology press, p.4-9.
11. Bucchianeri, M. M., Eisenberg, M. E., Wall, M. M., Piran, N., Neumark-Sztainer D. (2014). multiple types of harassment: Associations with emotional well-being and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(6), 724–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.205
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem.
13. Chui, W. H., & Wong, M. Y. (2017). Association between parents’ marital status and the development of purpose, hope, and self-esteem in adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Issues, 38(6), 820-838, https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15606490
14. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1985). Gençlerde benlik saygısı ile ilgili bir araştırma. XXI. Ulusal Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, 107-108.
15. Day, L., Hanson, K., Maltby, J., Proctor, C., & Wood, A. (2010). Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 550–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.009
16. Dennis, M. J. B., & Satcher, J. (1999). Name calling and the peer beliefs of elementary school children. Professional School Counseling, 3(2), 76-80.
17. Dolenc, P. (2015). Anxiety, self-esteem and coping with stress in secondary school students in relation to involvement in organized sports. Slovenian Journal of Public Health, 54(3), 222. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0031
18. Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
19. Embry, S. L.; Luzzo, D. A.(1996). The relationship between name-calling and peer beliefs among elementary school children. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 31(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/1997-02586-004
20. Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Haines, J., & Wall, M. (2006). Weight-teasing and emotional well-being in adolescents: Longitudinal findings from Project EAT. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 675-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.002
21. Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X. Y. N., et al. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000084
22. Gana, K., Daigre, S., & Ledrich, J. (2013). Psychometric properties of the French version of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale. Assessment, 20, 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112468315
23. Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/352226
24. George, D. and Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 Update (10th Ed.). Pearson.
25. Glass, K., Flory, K., Hankin, B. L., Kloos, B., & Turecki, G. (2009). Are coping strategies, social support, and hope associated with psychological distress among Hurricane Katrina survivors? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(6), 779-795. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.6.779
26. Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T. A., & Martin, S. B. (2017). Exploring weight-related teasing and depression among overweight and obese adolescents. European Review of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2017.01.004
27. Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T. A., & Martin, S. B. (2014). Relationship of weight‐based teasing and adolescents' psychological well‐being and physical health. Journal of School Health, 84(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12118
28. Harter, S. A. (2013). The development of self-esteem. In Kernis M.H. (Ed). Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp .144-150). Psychology press.
29. Harter, S. (2006). Developmental and individual difference perspectives on self-esteem. In D. K. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (p. 311–334). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
30. Harter, S. A. (1999). The Construction of the self: A developmental perspective. The Guilford Press.
31. Harter, S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In Self-esteem (pp. 87-116). Springer.
32. Heaven, P., & Ciarrochi, J. (2008). Parental styles, gender and the development of hope and self‐esteem. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology, 22(8), 707-724. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.699
33. Irving, L. M., Snyder, C. R., & Crowson Jr., J. J. (1998). Hope and the negotiation of cancer facts by college women. Journal of Personality, 66, 195– 214. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00009
34. Ju, S., & Lee, Y. (2018). Developmental trajectories and longitudinal mediation effects of self-esteem, peer attachment, child maltreatment and depression on early adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu
35. Juvonen, J., Graham, S. & Schuster, M., A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112;1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1231 Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Nobel.
36. Kruger, J., Gordon, C. L., & Kuban, J. (2006). Intentions in teasing: When" just kidding" just isn't good enough. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.412
37. Kurtović, A., Vuković, I., & Gajić, M. (2018). The effect of locus of control on university students' mental health: Possible mediation through self-esteem and coping. The Journal of Psychology, 152(6), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2018.1463962
38. Ledley, D. R., Storch, E. A., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Moser, J., & Bravata, E. A. (2006). The relationship between childhood teasing and later interpersonal functioning. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-4539-9
39. Lee, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38,219 –231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802698396
40. Lee, C. S., Park, J. Y., Raj, P. P., Gautam, U., Denis, N. M., & Adhikari, S. (2019). Human rights damage and self-esteem of university students: The mediating effect of hope and grit. Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(6), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2019.17.6.051
41. Ma, J. L. C., Lai, K. Y., & Xia, L. L. (2020). Perceived social support, perception of competence, and hope among Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Chinese context: Children's perspective. Child & Family Social Work, 25(1), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12655
42. Madowitz, J., Knatz, S., Maginot, T., Crow, S. J., & Boutelle, K. N. (2012). Teasing, depression and unhealthy weight control behaviour in obese children. Pediatric Obesity, 7, 446e452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00078.x
43. Martins, A. R., Crespo, C., Salvador, Á., Santos, S., Carona, C., & Canavarro, M. C. (2018). Does hope matter? Associations among self-reported hope, anxiety, and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 25(1), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-018-9547-x
44. McCauley, J. B., Harris, M. A., Zajic, M. C., Swain-Lerro, L. E., Oswald, T., McIntyre, N., Trzesniewski, K., Mundy, P., Solomon, M. (2017). Self-esteem, internalizing symptoms, and theory of mind in youth with autism Spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1381912
45. Merkaš, M., & Brajša-Žganec, A. (2011). Children with different levels of hope: are there differences in their self-esteem, life satisfaction, social support, and family cohesion?. Child Indicators Research, 4(3), 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9105-7
46. Merolla, A. J., Bernhold, Q., & Peterson, C. (2021). Pathways to connection: An intensive longitudinal examination of state and dispositional hope, day quality, and everyday interpersonal interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211001933
47. Ministry of Health Public Legislation System. (2015, October 24). Guide to Clinical Research for the Pediatric Population. https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Goster/128507?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
48. Mora-Giral, M., Raich-Escursell, R. M., Segues, C. V., Torras-Claraso, J., & Huon, G. (2004). Bulimia symptoms and risk factors in university students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9(3), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325062
49. Mustafa, S., Melonashi, E., Shkembi, F., Besimi, K., & Fanaj, N. (2015). Anxiety and self-esteem among university students: comparison between Albania and Kosovo. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.057
50. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama, 285(16), 2094-2100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
51. Ong, A. D., Edwards, L. M., & Bergeman, C. S. (2006). Hope as a source of resilience in later adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(7), 1263-1273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.028
52. Özmen, O. (2006). Predictors of risk-taking behaviors among turkish adolescents [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Middle East Technical University.
53. Pawluk, C. J. (1989). Social construction of teasing. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19, 145–167.
54. Pearlman, A. T., Schvey, N. A., Higgins Neyland, M. K., Solomon, S., Hennigan, K., Schindler, R., ... & Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2020). Associations between family weight-based teasing, eating pathology, and psychosocial functioning among adolescent military dependents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010024
55. Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938
56. Pichler, P. (2006). Multifunctional teasing as a resource for identity construction in the talk of British Bangladeshi girls. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(2), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2006.00326.x
57. Pleeging, E., Burger, M., & van Exel, J. (2019). The Relations between hope and subjective well-being: A literature review and empirical analysis. Applied Research in Quality Life. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09802-4
58. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435
59. Reese, E., Bird, A., & Tripp, G. (2007). Children's self‐esteem and moral self: Links to parent–child conversations regarding emotion. Social Development, 16(3), 460-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00393.x
60. Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 141-156. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096350
61. Ross, D. (1996). Childhood bullying and teasing: what school personnel, other professionals, and parents can do. Alexandria. American Counseling Association.
62. Sahranc, U. (2015). Coping with teasing and name-calling scale for children. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 12(1).
63. Shapiro, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Kessler, J. W. (1991). A three-component model of children's teasing: Aggression, humor, and ambiguity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(4), 459-472. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1991.10.4.459
64. Slater, A. & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence. 34, 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.007
65. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows of the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
66. Snyder, C. R. (2000a). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic Press.
67. Snyder, C. R. (2000b). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.11
68. Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002a). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). Oxford University Press.
69. Snyder, C. R., Feldman, D. B., Shorey, H.S., & Rand, K. L. (2002b). Hopeful choices: A school counselor’s guide to hope theory. Professional School Counseling, 5(5), 298- 307.
70. Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., King, E. A., Feldman, D. B. , & Woodward, J. T. (2002c). False hope. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 1003-1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10096
71. Tabachnick. B. G. & Fidell. L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon.
72. Tafarodi, R. W., & Milne, A. B. (2002). Decomposing global self‐esteem. Journal of personality, 70(4), 443-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.05017
73. Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 381. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.381
74. Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.03.005
75. Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2004). Further evaluation of the Children's Hope Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22(4), 320-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/073428290402200403
76. Wang, Y., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2021). Parent-child cohesion, self-esteem, and academic achievement: The longitudinal relations among elementary school students. Learning and Instruction, 73, 101467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101467
77. Weindl, D., Knefel, M., Glück, T., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2020). Emotion regulation strategies, self-esteem, and anger in adult survivors of childhood maltreatment in foster care settings. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(4), 100163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100163
78. Wells, A. E., Hunnikin, L. M., Ash, D. P., & Van Goozen, S. H. (2020). Low self-esteem and impairments in emotion recognition predict behavioural problems in children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 42, 693-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09814-7
79. Wong, S. S., & Lim, T. (2009). Hope versus optimism in Singaporean adolescents: Contributions to depression and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5-6), 648-652, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.009
80. Yabiku, S. T., Axinn, W. G., & Thornton, A. (1999). Family integration and children's self-esteem. American Journal of Sociology, 104(5), 1494-1524. https://doi.org/10.1086/210180
81. Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2018). Self-esteem and hope mediate the relations between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents following the Ya’an earthquake. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1374376