Music Performance Anxiety Scale for High School Students: Validity and Reliability Study

Abstract

This study aims to develop a Music Performance Anxiety Scale MPAS for high school students, and to conduct a validity and reliability study. In this respect, a scale will be developed to be used for high school students adolescents , and differences between the genders will be examined. The study was conducted on 546 high school students. Of these students, 185 33.9% were male, 361 66.1% were female, and the average age was 16.81 with the ages ranging from 15 to 20. Correlational values of the scale items among themselves and with item totals were examined as a preliminary analysis. As a result of the EFA’s principal components technique, promax rotation technique and the analyses, a construct with three factors explaining a total of 42.74% of the total variance was attained. The structure attained was validated by CFA, and fit indices were found to be within the acceptance interval. In the reliability study, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .86 for the entire scale, 27% for the lower-upper group comparison and test-retest analyses were conducted. The t-test was performed to attain the difference between genders. As a result of the study, a valid and reliable scale was seen to have been developed and a difference between the genders was apparent.

Keywords

• Gender,high school students,music performance anxiety,reliability validity

Kaynakça

1. Abel, J. L., & Larkin, K. T. (1990). Anticipation of performance among musicians: Physiological arousal, confidence, and state-anxiety. Psychology of Music, 18(2), 171-182. DOI:10.1177/0305735690182006
2. Allen, R. (2010). Free improvisation and performance anxiety among piano students. (Doctoral thesis, Boston University). Boston: College of Fine Arts. DOI:10.1177/0305735611415750
3. Beck, A., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
4. Boucher, H., & Ryan, C. A. (2011). Performance stress and the very young musician. Journal of Research in Music Education, 58(4), 329-345. DOI:10.1177/0022429410386965
5. Costello, E. J., Egger, H. L., Copeland, W., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2011). The Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. In W. K. Silverman, Field, A. (Ed.), Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Research, Assessment nd Intervention (2. ed., pp. 56-75).
6. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Multivariate statistics for social sciences. SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
7. Egilmez, H. O. (2012). Music education students’ views related to the piano examination anxieties and suggestions for coping with students’ performance anxiety. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46(0), 2088-2093. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.433
8. Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and Interpretation with SPSS. Florida: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

9. Kafadar, A. (2009). Performance anxiety specific to musicians on the example ofpiyanists. (Unpublished PostGraduate Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University in İzmir). Fine Arts Institute, Izmir.
10. Kenny, D. T. (2005). A systematic review of treatments for music performance anxiety. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 18(3), 183-208. DOI:10.1080/10615800500167258
11. Kenny, D. T., & Ackermann, B. (2008). Anxiety in public performance, stress and health issues for musicians. In S. Hallam, Cross, I., Thaut M. (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology.UK: Oxford University Press.
12. Kenny, D. T., Davis, P., & Oates, J. (2004). Music performance anxiety and occupational stress amongst opera chorus artists and their relationship with state and trait anxiety and perfectionism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(6), 757-777. DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.004
13. Kirchner, J. M. (2002). Performance anxiety in solo piano playing. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Oklahoma). Oklahoma.
14. Kirchner, J. M. (2003). A qualitative inquiry into musical performance anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(2), 78-82.
15. Kokotsaki, D., & Davidson, J. W. (2003). Investigating musical performance anxiety among music college singing students: A quantitative analysis. Music Education Research, 5(1), 45-59. DOI:10.1080/14613800307103
16. LeBlanc, A., Jin, Y. C., Obert, M., & Siivola, C. (1997). Effect of audience on music performance anxiety. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(3), 480-496. DOI:10.2307/3345541
17. Marye, L. H. (2011). A survey of music performance anxiety: Definitions, causes and treatments. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of South Carolina). United States.
18. Nagel, J. J. (1988). In pursuit of perfection: Career choice and performance anxiety in musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 3(4), 140. DOI:10.1037/1072-5245.12.4.331
19. Osborne, M. S., Kenny, D. T., & Holsomback, R. (2005). Assessment of music performance anxiety in late childhood: A validation study of the music performance anxiety inventory for adolescents (MPAI-A). International Journal of Stress Management, 12(4), 312. DOI:10.1037/1072-5245.12.4.312
20. Osborne, M. S., Kenny, D. T. (2005). Development and validation of a music performance anxiety inventory for gifted adolescent musicians. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(7), 725-751. DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.09.002
21. Pargman, D. (2006). Managing performance stress: Models and methods. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
22. Ryan, C. (1998). Exploring musical performance anxiety in children. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 13(3), 83-88.
23. Salmon, P. G. (1990). A psychological merspective on musical performance anxiety: A review of the literature. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 5(1), 2-11.
24. Sanderson, W. C., DiNardo, P. A., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-R anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(3), 308. DOI:10.1037/0021- 843X.99.3.308
25. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
26. Spahn, C. (2006). Lampenfieber und aufführungsangst bei musikern – grundlagen und therapie. Med Welt, 57, 559-563.
27. Steptoe, A., Malik, F., Pay, C., Pearson, P., Price, C., & Win, Z. (1995). The impact of stage fright on student actors. British Journal of Psychology, 86(1), 27-39. DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02544.x
28. Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5 ed.). New York: Routlege, Taylo&Francis Group.
29. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (4 ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
30. Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS. Ankara: Nodel Publish.
31. Teztel, H. G. (2007). The prevalence of musical performance anxiety and effective coping methods: A study of turkish musicians. (Doctoral Thesis, Istanbul Tecnical University). Istanbul: Social Sciences Institute, Department of Music in Istanbul.
32. Wesner, R. B., Noyes, R., & Davis, T. L. (1990). The occurence of performance anxiety among musicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18(3), 177-185.
33. Widmer, S., Conway, A., Cohen, S., & Davies, P. (1997). Hyperventilation: A correlate and predictor of debilitating performance anxiety in musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 12, 97-106.
34. Yöndem, Z. D. (2007). Performance anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes and gender in university music students. Social Behaviour and Personality, 35(10), 1415-1426. DOI:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1415
35. Yöndem, Z. D. (2012). Physical, behavioral and cognitive characteristics of perceived performance anxiety in music students: A qualitative study. Education and Science, 37(166).