Canonical Analysis of the Association Between Attention‐ Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Some Psychological Problems Among Students

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ADHD with internet addiction, depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia. The study was a descriptive‐correlation study. Statistical Population of the study was females’ students from Kosar university of Bojnord and, among which 327 students were selected by random sampling method. Participants completed ADHD Self‐report Questionnaire ASRS , Internet Addiction Test IAT , Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale Das‐21 , and Social Phobia Inventory SPIN . Data were analyzed by applying Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correlation analysis statistical tests and SPSS version 23. Pearson correlation’s results showed that ADHD components attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity had positive significant relationships with internet addiction, depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia p0.05 . ADHD related to many psychological disorders. So it seems to screen students with the disorder and designing some treatment interventions for these students to decrease negative consequences are required.

Keywords

• attention deficit/hyperactivity,internet addiction,depression,stress,social anxiety

Kaynakça

1. Adler, L. A., Spencer, T., Faraone, S. V., Kessler, R. C., Biederman, J., & Secnik, K. (2006). Validity of Pilot Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD Symptoms. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 18(3), 145–148. doi: 10.1080/10401230600801077.
2. Alavi, S. S., Jannatifard, F., Eslami, M., & Rezapour, H. (2011). Survey on validity and reliability of diagnostic questionnaire of internet addiction disorder in students users. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 13(7), 34‐38.
3. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42‐item and 21‐item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040‐3590.10.2.176.
4. Asghari, A., Saed, F., & Dibajnia. P. (2008). International Journal of Psychology. 2(2), 82‐102.
5. Bakhshani, N., Raghibi, M., & Babaei, S. (2011). Prevalence of adulthood attention deficit / hyperactivity symptoms in students of Sistan and Balouchestan University. Zahedan Journal Research in Medical Science (ZJRMS), 13(7), 18‐22.
6. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S.V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., & Johnson, M. A. (2002). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 36–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36
7. Bozkurt, H., Coskun, M., Ayaydin, H., Adak, I., & Zoroglu, S. S. (2013). Prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in referred adolescents with Internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67(5), 352–359. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12065.
8. Cao, F., Su, L., Liu, T., & Gao, X. (2007). The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents. European Psychiatry, 22, 466–471. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.004.

9. Cheung, L. M. & Wong W. S. (2011).The effects of insomnia and internet addiction on depression in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents: an exploratory cross‐sectional analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(2), 311– 317. doi.org/10.1111/j.
10. Chou, W. J., Huang, M. F., Chang, Y. P., Chen, Y. M., Hu, H. F., & Yen, C. F. (2017). Social skills deficits and their association with internet addiction and activities in adolescents with attention‐ deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(1), 42–50. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.005.
11. Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Broman‐Fulks, J. J., Rocheleau, C. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2015). Perceived Stress and ADHD Symptoms in Adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(5), 425–434. doi:10.1177/1087054712459558.
12. Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN). British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379‐386.
13. Faraone, S. V. & Antshe, K. M. (2008). Diagnosing and treating attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. World Psychiatry, 7(3), 131‐136.
14. Floros, G., Siomos, K., Stogiannidou, A., Giouzepas, I., & Garyfallos, G. (2014). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with Internet addiction in a clinical sample: The effect of personality, defense style and psychopathology. Addictive Behavior, 39, 1839‐1845. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.031.
15. Green, A. L., & Rabiner, D. L. (2016). What do we really know about adhd in college students? Neurotherapeutics, 9, 559–568. doi: 10.1007/s13311‐012‐0127‐8.
16. Hasanvand Amoozadeh, M. (2016). Validity and reliability of social phobia inventory in students with social anxiety. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(139), 166‐177.
17. Hirvikoski, T., Lindholm, T., Nordenstrom, A., Nordstrom, A., & Lajic, S. (2009). High self‐perceived stress and man stressors, but normal diurnal cortisol rhythm, in adults with ADHD (attention‐ deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Hormones and Behaviors, 55, 418‐424. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.12.004.
18. Ho, R. C., Zhang, M. W., Tsang, T. Y., Toh, A. H., Pan, F., Lu, Y., & et al. (2014). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric co‐morbidity: A meta‐analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 183. doi: 10.1186/1471‐244X‐14‐183.
19. Humphreys, K. L., Galán, C. A., Tottenham, N., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Impaired social decision‐making mediates the association between ADHD and social problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1023– 1032. doi: 10.1007/s10802‐015‐0095‐7.
20. Ivanov, I. & Yehuda, R. (2014). Optimizing fitness for duty and post‐combat clinical services for military personnel and combat veterans with ADHD: A systematic review of the current literature. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1‐11. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23894.
21. Kavakci, O., Kugu, N., Semiz, M., Meydan, F., Karsikaya, S., & Dogan, O. (2012). Prevalence of attention‐ deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co‐morbid disorders among students of Cumhuriyet University. European Journal of Psychiatric, 26(2), 107‐117. doi: 10.4321/S0213‐61632012000200004
22. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12‐month DSM‐IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.
23. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Faraone, S. V., & et al. (2005). Patterns and predictors of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological psychiatry, 57(11), 1442‐1451. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001.
24. Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Olazagasti, M. A. R., Roizen, E., Hutchison, J. A., Lashua, E. C., & et al. (2012). Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 1295– 1303. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2012.271.
25. Koyuncu, A., Çelebi, F., Ertekin, E., Kök, B. E., & Tüke, R. (2016). Attention deficit and hyperactivity in social anxiety disorder: relationship with trauma history and impulsivity. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 8, 95‐100. doi: 10.1007/s12402‐016‐0189‐2.
26. Lovibond, S. H. & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney: The Psychology Foundation of Australia Inc.
27. Miller, M., Ho, J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2014). Executive Functions in Girls With ADHD Followed Prospectively Into Young Adulthood. Neuropsychology, 26(3), 278‐287. doi: 10.1037/a0027792.
28. Mokhtari, H., Rabiei, M., & Salimi, S. H. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Adult Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self‐Report Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 21 (3), 244‐253.
29. Morrison, C. M. & Gore, H. (2010). The relationship between excessive internet use and depression: a questionnaire‐based study of 1,319 young people and adults. Psychopathology, 43(2), 121–126. doi: 10.1159/000277001.
30. Mörtberg, E., Tilfors, K., & Bejerot, S. (2012). Screening for ADHD in an Adult Social Phobia Sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(8), 645–649. doi:10.1177/1087054711423623
31. Mosalanejad, M., Mosalanejad, L., & Lashkarpour, K. (2013). Prevalence of ADHD among students of Zahedan University of medical science in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 83‐90.
32. OʹRourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Anastopoulos, A. D. (2017). Anxiety symptoms and disorders in college students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders,1‐11. doi:10.1177/1087054716685837
33. Parvaresh, N., Ziaadini, H., Erfani, R., & Shokoohi, M. (2014). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relation with depression]. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 16(1), 94‐99.
34. Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, J., Hoyle, R. H., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2008). Adjustment to college in students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorder, 11(6), 689‐99. doi:10.1177/1087054707305106.
35. Roth, R. M., Wishart, H. A., Flashman, L. A., Riordan, H. J., Huey, L., & Saykin, A. J. (2004). Contribution of organizational strategy to verbal learning and memory in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 78‐84. doi:10.1037/0894‐4105.18.1.78.
36. Sacchetti, G. M. & Lefler, E. K. (2014). ADHD Symptomology and social functioning in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17, 1–11. doi: 10.1177/1087054714557355.
37. Sobanski, E. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(1), 126‐131.
38. Sobanski, E., Bru¨ggemann, D., Alm, B., Kern, S., Deschner, M., Schubert, T., & et al. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention‐ deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 371–377. doi:10.1007/s00406‐007‐0712‐8.
39. Thompson, B. (1985). Canonical Correlation Analysis: Uses and Interpretations. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA.
40. Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2009). The association between harmful alcohol use and internet addiction among college students: Comparison of personality. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 63(2), 218‐224. doi: 10.1111/j.1440‐1819.2009.01943.x.
41. Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J. & et al. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 58(5), 487‐494. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.005.
42. Yoshimasu, K., Barbaresi, W., Colligan, R. C., Voigt, R. G., Killian, J. M., Weaver, A. L., & et al. (2012). Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: A population‐based birth cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1036–1043. doi:10.1111/j.1469‐7610.2012.02567.x.