Almutairi, K. M., Al Helih, E. M., Moussa, M., Boshaiqah, A. E., Saleh Alajilan, A., Vinluan, J. M., & Almutairi, A. (2015). Awareness, attitudes, and practices related to coronavirus pandemic among public in Saudi Arabia. Family & Community Health, 38(4), 332-340. doi:10.1097/FCH.0000000000000082
Balcı, Ş., & Baloğlu, E. (2018). The Relationship between social media addiction and depression: “A survey among university youth.” Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, 29, 209-234. doi:10.16878/gsuilet.500860
Bults, M., Beaujean, D. J., de Zwart, O., Kok, G., van Empelen, P., van Steenbergen, J. E., ... & Voeten, H. A. (2011). Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioral responses of the general public during the early phaseof the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: Results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC public health, 11(1), 2-13. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-2
Cauchemez, S., Ferguson, N. M., Wachtel, C., Tegnell, A., Saour, G., Duncan, B., & Nicoll, A. (2009). Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. The Lancet infectious diseases, 9(8), 473-481. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70176-8
Coronavirus disease 2019. (2020, March 22). Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019#cite_note-Xiang4Feb2020-117
Cowling, B. J., Ng, D. M., Ip, D. K., Liao, Q., Lam, W. W., Wu, J. T., ... & Fielding, R. (2010). Community psychological and behavioral responses through the first wave of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Hong Kong. The Journal of infectious diseases, 202(6), 867-876. doi:10.1086/655811
da Silva Medeiros, F. N., & Massarani, L. (2010). Pandemic on the air: A case study on the coverage of new influenza A/H1N1 by Brazilian prime time TV news. Journal of Science Communication, 9(3), A03.
Effler, P. V., Carcione, D., Giele, C., Dowse, G. K., Goggin, L., & Mak, D. B. (2010). Household responses to pandemic (H1N1) 2009–related school closures, Perth, Western Australia. Emerging infectious diseases, 16(2), 205-211. doi:10.3201/eid1602.091372
Ingram, A. (2016). Pandemic anxiety and global health security. In Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (pp. 93-104). Burlington, VT: Routledge.
Isaac, M., & Frenkel, S. (2020, March 24). Facebook Is 'Just Trying to Keep the Lights On' as Traffic Soars in Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/technology/virus-facebook-usagetraffic.html
Jang, W. M., Kim, U. N., Jang, D. H., Jung, H., Cho, S., Eun, S. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Influence of trust on two different risk perceptions as an affective and cognitive dimension during Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea: Serial cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open, 10(3). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033026
Karaman, M.A. (2020). Examining associations between social media use, depression, global health, and sleep disturbance among emerging adults. (Manuscript is under review).
Klemm, C., Das, E., & Hartmann, T. (2016). Swine flu and hype: A systematic review of media dramatization of the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 19(1), 1-20.
La, V., Pham, T., Ho, T. M., Hoàng, N. M., Linh, N. P. K., Vuong, T., … Vuong, Q. (2020). Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons. doi:10.31219/osf.io/vxhz5
LaBar, K. S. (2016). Fear and anxiety. In L. F. Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 751-773). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lake, J. I., & LaBar, K. S. (2011). Unpredictability and uncertainty in anxiety: A new direction for emotional timing research. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5, 55. doi:10.3389/fnint.2011.00055
Lin, L. yi, Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., … Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 323– 331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
Maglunog, G. P. A., & Dy, M. F. R. (2019). Facebook Usage and Depression Levels of Selected Filipino College Students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6(2), 35-50. doi:10.17220/ijpes.2019.02.004
Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., ... & Hall, L. M. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924-1932. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060584
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus User's Guide. Seventh Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
Pandey, A., Patni, N., Singh, M., Sood, A., & Singh, G. (2010). YouTube as a source of information on the H1N1 influenza pandemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(3), e1-e3. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.007
Perrin, P. C., McCabe, L., Everly, G. S., & Links, J. M. (2009). Preparing for an influenza pandemic: Mental health considerations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(3), 223-230. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00006853
Q&A on coronaviruses. (2020). Retrieved from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-adetail/q-a-coronaviruses
Remmerswaal, D., & Muris, P. (2011). Children's fear reactions to the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic: The role of threat information as provided by parents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 444-449. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.008
Ro, J. S., Lee, J. S., Kang, S. C., & Jung, H. M. (2017). Worry experienced during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pandemic in Korea. Plos One, 12(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173234
Roose, K. & Gabriel, J. X. D. (2020, March 23). The Coronavirus Revives Facebook as a News Powerhouse. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus-facebook-news.html
Signorini, A., Segre, A. M., & Polgreen, P. M. (2011). The use of Twitter to track levels of disease activity and public concern in the US during the influenza A H1N1 pandemic. PloS one, 6(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019467
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The collected works of Harry Stack Sullivan. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12058
Timsit, A. (2020, March 9). The psychology of coronavirus fear—and how to manage it. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1812664/the-psychology-of-coronavirus-fear-and-how-to-overcome-it/
UNESCO (n.d.). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures
Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an ecological study across 23 member states of the European Union. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 370-374.
Van, D., McLaws, M. L., Crimmins, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Seale, H. (2010). University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009. BMC Public Health, 10(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-130
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218. doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
Wikipedia Contributors. (2020, March 22). Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic_on_educat ion#cite_note-18
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
Investigating the Factors Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Undergraduate Students’ Interests in Coursework
Today the world is suffering from coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic illness, and people all around the world stay at home due to its rapid spread. People including students gather information and government instructions through TVs, social media and others around them. Since the classes were canceled in many countries, the novel coronavirus affects students’ interest in coursework. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of TV news, social media and communication with
people on interest in coursework, and mediating roles of fear of contamination, depression, and anxiety on these effects. A path analysis was carried out with the data collected from 773 college students. The results showed that interest in coursework was most strongly affected by communication with people. This was due to its direct and indirect effects. Social media and TV News did not directly affect interest in coursework, but indirectly affected. The study also found that among the three mediator variables, the mediator roles of anxiety was bigger than the others. Understanding the findings of this research has become very important to us, especially at a time
when face-to-face lessons have been canceled all over the world and transitioned to online education. Specific recommendations for practitioners and limitations for future research were also provided in the study.
Almutairi, K. M., Al Helih, E. M., Moussa, M., Boshaiqah, A. E., Saleh Alajilan, A., Vinluan, J. M., & Almutairi, A. (2015). Awareness, attitudes, and practices related to coronavirus pandemic among public in Saudi Arabia. Family & Community Health, 38(4), 332-340. doi:10.1097/FCH.0000000000000082
Balcı, Ş., & Baloğlu, E. (2018). The Relationship between social media addiction and depression: “A survey among university youth.” Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, 29, 209-234. doi:10.16878/gsuilet.500860
Bults, M., Beaujean, D. J., de Zwart, O., Kok, G., van Empelen, P., van Steenbergen, J. E., ... & Voeten, H. A. (2011). Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioral responses of the general public during the early phaseof the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: Results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC public health, 11(1), 2-13. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-2
Cauchemez, S., Ferguson, N. M., Wachtel, C., Tegnell, A., Saour, G., Duncan, B., & Nicoll, A. (2009). Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. The Lancet infectious diseases, 9(8), 473-481. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70176-8
Coronavirus disease 2019. (2020, March 22). Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019#cite_note-Xiang4Feb2020-117
Cowling, B. J., Ng, D. M., Ip, D. K., Liao, Q., Lam, W. W., Wu, J. T., ... & Fielding, R. (2010). Community psychological and behavioral responses through the first wave of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Hong Kong. The Journal of infectious diseases, 202(6), 867-876. doi:10.1086/655811
da Silva Medeiros, F. N., & Massarani, L. (2010). Pandemic on the air: A case study on the coverage of new influenza A/H1N1 by Brazilian prime time TV news. Journal of Science Communication, 9(3), A03.
Effler, P. V., Carcione, D., Giele, C., Dowse, G. K., Goggin, L., & Mak, D. B. (2010). Household responses to pandemic (H1N1) 2009–related school closures, Perth, Western Australia. Emerging infectious diseases, 16(2), 205-211. doi:10.3201/eid1602.091372
Ingram, A. (2016). Pandemic anxiety and global health security. In Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (pp. 93-104). Burlington, VT: Routledge.
Isaac, M., & Frenkel, S. (2020, March 24). Facebook Is 'Just Trying to Keep the Lights On' as Traffic Soars in Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/technology/virus-facebook-usagetraffic.html
Jang, W. M., Kim, U. N., Jang, D. H., Jung, H., Cho, S., Eun, S. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Influence of trust on two different risk perceptions as an affective and cognitive dimension during Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea: Serial cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open, 10(3). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033026
Karaman, M.A. (2020). Examining associations between social media use, depression, global health, and sleep disturbance among emerging adults. (Manuscript is under review).
Klemm, C., Das, E., & Hartmann, T. (2016). Swine flu and hype: A systematic review of media dramatization of the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 19(1), 1-20.
La, V., Pham, T., Ho, T. M., Hoàng, N. M., Linh, N. P. K., Vuong, T., … Vuong, Q. (2020). Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons. doi:10.31219/osf.io/vxhz5
LaBar, K. S. (2016). Fear and anxiety. In L. F. Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 751-773). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lake, J. I., & LaBar, K. S. (2011). Unpredictability and uncertainty in anxiety: A new direction for emotional timing research. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5, 55. doi:10.3389/fnint.2011.00055
Lin, L. yi, Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., … Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 323– 331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
Maglunog, G. P. A., & Dy, M. F. R. (2019). Facebook Usage and Depression Levels of Selected Filipino College Students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6(2), 35-50. doi:10.17220/ijpes.2019.02.004
Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., ... & Hall, L. M. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924-1932. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060584
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus User's Guide. Seventh Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
Pandey, A., Patni, N., Singh, M., Sood, A., & Singh, G. (2010). YouTube as a source of information on the H1N1 influenza pandemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(3), e1-e3. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.007
Perrin, P. C., McCabe, L., Everly, G. S., & Links, J. M. (2009). Preparing for an influenza pandemic: Mental health considerations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(3), 223-230. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00006853
Q&A on coronaviruses. (2020). Retrieved from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-adetail/q-a-coronaviruses
Remmerswaal, D., & Muris, P. (2011). Children's fear reactions to the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic: The role of threat information as provided by parents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 444-449. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.008
Ro, J. S., Lee, J. S., Kang, S. C., & Jung, H. M. (2017). Worry experienced during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pandemic in Korea. Plos One, 12(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173234
Roose, K. & Gabriel, J. X. D. (2020, March 23). The Coronavirus Revives Facebook as a News Powerhouse. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus-facebook-news.html
Signorini, A., Segre, A. M., & Polgreen, P. M. (2011). The use of Twitter to track levels of disease activity and public concern in the US during the influenza A H1N1 pandemic. PloS one, 6(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019467
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The collected works of Harry Stack Sullivan. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12058
Timsit, A. (2020, March 9). The psychology of coronavirus fear—and how to manage it. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1812664/the-psychology-of-coronavirus-fear-and-how-to-overcome-it/
UNESCO (n.d.). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures
Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an ecological study across 23 member states of the European Union. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 370-374.
Van, D., McLaws, M. L., Crimmins, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Seale, H. (2010). University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009. BMC Public Health, 10(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-130
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218. doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
Wikipedia Contributors. (2020, March 22). Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic_on_educat ion#cite_note-18
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
Güngör, A., Karaman, M. A., Sarı, H. İ., Çolak, T. S. (2020). Investigating the Factors Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Undergraduate Students’ Interests in Coursework. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(3), 1-13.