BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Influence of the Background Color “Red” on the Appraisal of Pictures

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 1 - 9, 01.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2017.02.001

Öz

It is assumed that color has an influence on human cognition and behavior. The red effect has been taken up by a large body of research and the purpose of the study was to test the influence of red as a background color on the appraisal of pictures. Participants were randomly divided into two conditions: red or white. They appraised the levels of valence and arousal of four pictures with background colors of red or white. Results demonstrated that the levels of arousal were significantly higher when negative pictures with background color red were presented than when they were presented with background color white. This study’s results are consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated a context-dependent manner of color effects on human cognition and behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Attrill, M. J., Gresty, K. A., Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2008). Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 577-582. doi: 10.1080/02640410701736244
  • Bakker, T. C., & Milinski, M. (1993). The advantages of being red: Sexual selection in the stickleback. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 23(1-4), 287-300. doi: 10.1080/10236249309378870
  • Borade, A. B., Bansod, S. V., & Gandhewar, V. R. (2008). Hazard perception based on safety words and colors: an Indian perspective. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 14(4), 407-416. doi:10.1080/10803548.2008.11076777
  • Buechner, V. L., Maier, M. A., Lichtenfeld, S., and Schwarz, S. (2014). Red – take a closer look. PLoS ONE 9:e108111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108111
  • Changizi, M. (2009). The Vision Revolution. Dallas, TX: Benbella.
  • Elliot, A. J., Kayser, D. N., Greitemeyer, T., Lichtenfeld, S., Gramzow, R. H., Maier, M. A., & Liu, H. (2010). Red, rank, and romance in women viewing men. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 399-417. doi:10.1037/a0019689
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2007). Color and psychological functioning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 250–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Color-in-context theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 61- 125. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00002-0
  • Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Moller, A. C., Friedman, R., & Meinhardt, J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(1), 154-168. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.154
  • Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: red enhances men’s attraction to women. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150–1164. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150
  • Fetterman D. K., Robinson M. D., Gordon R. B., & Elliot A. J. (2011) Anger as seeing red: Perceptual sources of evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 311–316. doi: 10.1177/1948550610390051
  • Fetterman, A. K., Robinson, M. D., & Meier, B. P. (2012). Anger as seeing red: Evidence for a perceptual association. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1445-1458. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.673477
  • Gil, S., & Le Bigot, L. (2016). Colour and emotion: children also associate red with negative valence. Developmental science, 19(6), 1087-1094. doi: 10.1111/desc.12382
  • Griffith, L. J., & Leonard, S. D. (1997). Association of colors with warning signal words. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 317-325. doi:10.1016/S0169-8141(96)00062-5
  • Guéguen, N. (2008). The effects of women’s cosmetics on men’s approach: an evaluation in a bar. North American Journal of Psychology, 10, 221-228.
  • Guéguen, N. (2010). Color and women hitchhikers’ attractiveness: gentleman drivers prefer red. Color Research & Application, 37, 76-78. doi: 10.1002/col.20651
  • Guéguen, N. (2012a). Color and women attractiveness: when red clothed women are perceived to have more intense sexual intent. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 261-265. doi:10.1080/00224545.2011.605398
  • Guéguen, N. (2012b). Does red lipstick really attract men? An evaluation in a bar. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(2), 206-209.
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2012a). Color and cyber-attractiveness: red enhances men’s attraction to women’s internet personal ads. Color Research & Application, 38, 309-312. doi: 10.1002/col.21718
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2012b). Lipstick and tipping behavior: when led lipstick enhances waitresses’ tips. International journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1333-1335. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.03.012
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2014). Clothing color and tipping: gentlemen patrons give more tips to waitresses with red clothes. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38, 275-280. doi: 10.1177/1096348012442546
  • Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., Lourel, M., & Pascual, A. (2012). When drivers see red: car color frustrators and drivers’ aggressiveness. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 166-169. doi: 10.1002/ab.21416
  • Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2005). Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature, 435(7040), 293. doi:10.1038/435293a
  • Hupka, R. B., Zaleski, Z., Otto, J., Reidl, L., & Tarabrina, N. V. (1997). The colors of anger, envy, fear, and jealousy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 156-171. doi: 10.1177/0022022197282002
  • Kövecses (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614408
  • Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. (2016). Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS). Behavior Research Methods, 1-14. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., & Keefer, L. A. (2010). A metaphor-enriched social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1045-1067. doi:10.1037/a0020970
  • Lang, P. (1980). Self-assessment manikin. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
  • Lin, H. (2014). Red-colored products enhance the attractiveness of women. Displays 35(4), 202-205.doi: 10.1016/j.displa.2014.05.009
  • Lindsay, D. T., Brown, A. M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A. N., Kuzmova, Y. I., and Wolfe, J. M. (2010). Color channels, not color appearance of color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychological Science, 21, 1208–1214. doi: 10.1177/0956797610379861
  • Luximon, A., Chung, L. W., & Goonetilleke, R. S. (2008). Safety signal words and color codes: the perception of implied hazard by Chinese people. Proceedings of the 5th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics, Kitakyushu, Japan, 20-33.
  • Maier, M. A., Elliot, A. J., & Lichtenfeld, S. (2008). Mediation of the negative effect of red on intellectual performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1530–1540. doi: 10.1177/0146167208323104
  • Meier, B. P., D’Agostino, P. R., Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., & Wilkowski, B. M. (2012). Color in context: Psychological context moderates the influence of red on approach-and avoidance-motivated behavior. PLoS ONE, 7, e40333. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040333
  • Meier, B. P., Scholer, A. A., & Fincher-Kiefer, R. (2014). Conceptual metaphor theory and person perception. In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life, 43-64. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Moller, A. C., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Basic hue-meaning associations. Emotion, 9(6), 898-902. doi:10.1037/a0017811
  • Muehlenbein, M. P., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2005). Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories. American Journal of Human biology, 17, 527-558. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20419
  • Niesta-Kayser, D.., Elliot, A. J., & Feltman, R. (2010). Red and romantic behavior in men viewing women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 901-908. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.757
  • Pomerleau, V. J., Fortier-Gauthier, U., Corriveau, I., Dell’Acqua, R., and Jolicœur, P. (2014). Colour-specific differences in attentional deployment for equiluminant pop-out colours: evidence from lateralized potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 91, 194–205. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.016
  • Pravossoudovitch, K., Cury, F., Young, S. G., & Elliot, A. J. (2014). Is red the colour of danger? Testingan implicit red-danger association. Ergonomics, 57, 503-510. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.889220
  • Pryke, S. R., & Griffith, S. C. (2006). Red dominates black; Agonistic signalling among head morphs in the colour polymorphic Gouldian finch. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1589), 949-957. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3362
  • Roberts, S. C., Owen, R. C., & Havlicek, J. (2010). Distinguishing between perceiver and wearer effects in clothing color-associated attributions. Evolutionary Psychology, 8, 350-364. doi: 10.1177/147470491000800304
  • Rohr, M., Kamm, F., Koenigstorfer, J., Groeppel-Klein, A., & Wentura, D. (2015). The Color Red Supports Avoidance Reactions to Unhealthy Food. Experimental Psychology, 62(5), 335-345. doi:10.1027/1618- 3169/a000299
  • Serig, E. M. (2000). The influence of container shape and color cues on consumer product risk perception and precautionary intent. Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, 4.290-4.293.
  • Setchell, J. M., & Wickings, E. J. (2005). Dominance, status signals and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Ethology, 111(1), 25-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01054.x
  • Smith-Jackson, T. A., & Wogalter, M. S. (2000). Users’ hazard perceptions of warning components: an examination of colors and symbols. Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, 6.55-6.58.
  • Sokolik, K., Magee, R. G., and Ivory, J. D. (2014). Red-hot and ice-cold ads: the influence of web ads’ warm and cool colors on click-through ways. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 14, 31-37. doi: 10.1080/15252019.2014.907757
  • Tchernikov, I., and Fallah, M. (2010). A color hierarchy for automatic target selection. PLoS ONE 5:e9338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009338
  • Wogalter, M. S., Kalsher, M.J., Fredrick, L. J., Magurno, A. B., & Brewster, B. M. (1998). Hazard level perceptions of warning components and configurations. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
  • Young, S. G., Elliot, A. J., Feltman, R., & Ambaby, N. (2013). Red enhances the processing of facial expressions of anger. Emotion, 13, 380-384. doi: 10.1037/a0032471
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 1 - 9, 01.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2017.02.001

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Attrill, M. J., Gresty, K. A., Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2008). Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 577-582. doi: 10.1080/02640410701736244
  • Bakker, T. C., & Milinski, M. (1993). The advantages of being red: Sexual selection in the stickleback. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 23(1-4), 287-300. doi: 10.1080/10236249309378870
  • Borade, A. B., Bansod, S. V., & Gandhewar, V. R. (2008). Hazard perception based on safety words and colors: an Indian perspective. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 14(4), 407-416. doi:10.1080/10803548.2008.11076777
  • Buechner, V. L., Maier, M. A., Lichtenfeld, S., and Schwarz, S. (2014). Red – take a closer look. PLoS ONE 9:e108111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108111
  • Changizi, M. (2009). The Vision Revolution. Dallas, TX: Benbella.
  • Elliot, A. J., Kayser, D. N., Greitemeyer, T., Lichtenfeld, S., Gramzow, R. H., Maier, M. A., & Liu, H. (2010). Red, rank, and romance in women viewing men. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 399-417. doi:10.1037/a0019689
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2007). Color and psychological functioning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 250–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Color-in-context theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 61- 125. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00002-0
  • Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Moller, A. C., Friedman, R., & Meinhardt, J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(1), 154-168. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.154
  • Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: red enhances men’s attraction to women. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150–1164. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150
  • Fetterman D. K., Robinson M. D., Gordon R. B., & Elliot A. J. (2011) Anger as seeing red: Perceptual sources of evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 311–316. doi: 10.1177/1948550610390051
  • Fetterman, A. K., Robinson, M. D., & Meier, B. P. (2012). Anger as seeing red: Evidence for a perceptual association. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1445-1458. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.673477
  • Gil, S., & Le Bigot, L. (2016). Colour and emotion: children also associate red with negative valence. Developmental science, 19(6), 1087-1094. doi: 10.1111/desc.12382
  • Griffith, L. J., & Leonard, S. D. (1997). Association of colors with warning signal words. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 317-325. doi:10.1016/S0169-8141(96)00062-5
  • Guéguen, N. (2008). The effects of women’s cosmetics on men’s approach: an evaluation in a bar. North American Journal of Psychology, 10, 221-228.
  • Guéguen, N. (2010). Color and women hitchhikers’ attractiveness: gentleman drivers prefer red. Color Research & Application, 37, 76-78. doi: 10.1002/col.20651
  • Guéguen, N. (2012a). Color and women attractiveness: when red clothed women are perceived to have more intense sexual intent. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 261-265. doi:10.1080/00224545.2011.605398
  • Guéguen, N. (2012b). Does red lipstick really attract men? An evaluation in a bar. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(2), 206-209.
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2012a). Color and cyber-attractiveness: red enhances men’s attraction to women’s internet personal ads. Color Research & Application, 38, 309-312. doi: 10.1002/col.21718
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2012b). Lipstick and tipping behavior: when led lipstick enhances waitresses’ tips. International journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1333-1335. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.03.012
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2014). Clothing color and tipping: gentlemen patrons give more tips to waitresses with red clothes. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38, 275-280. doi: 10.1177/1096348012442546
  • Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., Lourel, M., & Pascual, A. (2012). When drivers see red: car color frustrators and drivers’ aggressiveness. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 166-169. doi: 10.1002/ab.21416
  • Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2005). Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature, 435(7040), 293. doi:10.1038/435293a
  • Hupka, R. B., Zaleski, Z., Otto, J., Reidl, L., & Tarabrina, N. V. (1997). The colors of anger, envy, fear, and jealousy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 156-171. doi: 10.1177/0022022197282002
  • Kövecses (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614408
  • Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. (2016). Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS). Behavior Research Methods, 1-14. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., & Keefer, L. A. (2010). A metaphor-enriched social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1045-1067. doi:10.1037/a0020970
  • Lang, P. (1980). Self-assessment manikin. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
  • Lin, H. (2014). Red-colored products enhance the attractiveness of women. Displays 35(4), 202-205.doi: 10.1016/j.displa.2014.05.009
  • Lindsay, D. T., Brown, A. M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A. N., Kuzmova, Y. I., and Wolfe, J. M. (2010). Color channels, not color appearance of color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychological Science, 21, 1208–1214. doi: 10.1177/0956797610379861
  • Luximon, A., Chung, L. W., & Goonetilleke, R. S. (2008). Safety signal words and color codes: the perception of implied hazard by Chinese people. Proceedings of the 5th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics, Kitakyushu, Japan, 20-33.
  • Maier, M. A., Elliot, A. J., & Lichtenfeld, S. (2008). Mediation of the negative effect of red on intellectual performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1530–1540. doi: 10.1177/0146167208323104
  • Meier, B. P., D’Agostino, P. R., Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., & Wilkowski, B. M. (2012). Color in context: Psychological context moderates the influence of red on approach-and avoidance-motivated behavior. PLoS ONE, 7, e40333. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040333
  • Meier, B. P., Scholer, A. A., & Fincher-Kiefer, R. (2014). Conceptual metaphor theory and person perception. In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life, 43-64. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Moller, A. C., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Basic hue-meaning associations. Emotion, 9(6), 898-902. doi:10.1037/a0017811
  • Muehlenbein, M. P., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2005). Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories. American Journal of Human biology, 17, 527-558. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20419
  • Niesta-Kayser, D.., Elliot, A. J., & Feltman, R. (2010). Red and romantic behavior in men viewing women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 901-908. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.757
  • Pomerleau, V. J., Fortier-Gauthier, U., Corriveau, I., Dell’Acqua, R., and Jolicœur, P. (2014). Colour-specific differences in attentional deployment for equiluminant pop-out colours: evidence from lateralized potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 91, 194–205. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.016
  • Pravossoudovitch, K., Cury, F., Young, S. G., & Elliot, A. J. (2014). Is red the colour of danger? Testingan implicit red-danger association. Ergonomics, 57, 503-510. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.889220
  • Pryke, S. R., & Griffith, S. C. (2006). Red dominates black; Agonistic signalling among head morphs in the colour polymorphic Gouldian finch. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1589), 949-957. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3362
  • Roberts, S. C., Owen, R. C., & Havlicek, J. (2010). Distinguishing between perceiver and wearer effects in clothing color-associated attributions. Evolutionary Psychology, 8, 350-364. doi: 10.1177/147470491000800304
  • Rohr, M., Kamm, F., Koenigstorfer, J., Groeppel-Klein, A., & Wentura, D. (2015). The Color Red Supports Avoidance Reactions to Unhealthy Food. Experimental Psychology, 62(5), 335-345. doi:10.1027/1618- 3169/a000299
  • Serig, E. M. (2000). The influence of container shape and color cues on consumer product risk perception and precautionary intent. Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, 4.290-4.293.
  • Setchell, J. M., & Wickings, E. J. (2005). Dominance, status signals and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Ethology, 111(1), 25-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01054.x
  • Smith-Jackson, T. A., & Wogalter, M. S. (2000). Users’ hazard perceptions of warning components: an examination of colors and symbols. Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, 6.55-6.58.
  • Sokolik, K., Magee, R. G., and Ivory, J. D. (2014). Red-hot and ice-cold ads: the influence of web ads’ warm and cool colors on click-through ways. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 14, 31-37. doi: 10.1080/15252019.2014.907757
  • Tchernikov, I., and Fallah, M. (2010). A color hierarchy for automatic target selection. PLoS ONE 5:e9338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009338
  • Wogalter, M. S., Kalsher, M.J., Fredrick, L. J., Magurno, A. B., & Brewster, B. M. (1998). Hazard level perceptions of warning components and configurations. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
  • Young, S. G., Elliot, A. J., Feltman, R., & Ambaby, N. (2013). Red enhances the processing of facial expressions of anger. Emotion, 13, 380-384. doi: 10.1037/a0032471
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Yasuto Okamura Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Okamura, Y. (2017). The Influence of the Background Color “Red” on the Appraisal of Pictures. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 4(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2017.02.001