Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 35 - 50, 01.05.2019
Grace Pauline Maglunog
Marison Felicidad Dy
Kaynakça
- American Institute of Stress. (2016, March 23). Why do women suffer more from depression and stress? Retrieved from https://www.stress.org/why-do-women-suffer-more-from-depression-and-stress/
- American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions about sexual orientation and homosexuality. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf
- Brooks, S., & Longstreet, P. (2015). Social networking’s peril: Cognitive absorption, social networking usage, and depression. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9 (4), 21-39. doi:10.5817/cp2015-4-5
- Burt, K. B., & Masten, A. S. (2010). Development in the transition to adulthood. Young Adult Mental Health, 5
- doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195332711.003.0001
- Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 21-33. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00712.x
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). LGBT Youth |Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htm
- Chen, W., & Lee, K. (2013). Sharing, liking commenting, and distressed? The pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 728- doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0272 734.
- Child Trends Databank. (2015). Foster care. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/indicators/foster- care/
- Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95-144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95
- Compian, L., Gowen, L. K., & Hayward, C. (2004). Peripubertal girls' romantic and platonic involvement
- with boys: Associations with body image and depression symptoms. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(1), 23-47. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401002.x
- Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLoS ONE, 9 (3), 1-5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
- Czeisler, C. A. (2013). Perspective: Casting light on sleep deficiency. Nature, 497(7450), 13thser. doi:10.1038/497s13a
- Davila, J., Steinberg, S. J., Miller, M. R., Stroud, C. B., Starr, L. R., & Yoneda, A. (2009). Assessing romantic competence in adolescence: The Romantic Competence Interview. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 55-75. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.001
- Datu, J.A., Valdez, J.P. & Datu, N. (2012). Does Facebooking make us sad? Hunting relationship between Facebook use and depression among Filipino adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology, 1 (2), 83-91.
- Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., … & Chatterji, S. (2004). WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium, 2004: Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 2581–2590. doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581
- Drayer, R. A., Mulsant, B. H., Lenze, E. J., Rollman, B. L., Dew, M. A., Kelleher, K., . . .Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Somatic symptoms of depression in elderly patients with medical comorbidities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 973-982. doi:10.1002/gps.1389
- Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C., Bovasso, G., & Smith, C. (2001). Socioeconomic status and depressive syndrome: The role of inter- and intra-generational mobility, government assistance, and work environment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(3), 277-294. doi:10.2307/3090215
- Favor, B. (2015). Adolescent attitudes towards social media in the classroom. Honor’s theses. Salem State University, Massachusetts.
- Forteza, C.G. & Torres, C. (2011). Reliability and validity of CES-D depression scale in a census of students in high school and college level in Mexico City. Salud Mental, 34(1):53-59. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288581514_Reliability_and_validity_of_CES D_depression_scale_in_a_census_of_students_in_high_school_and_college_level_in_Mexico_City
- Galambos, N., Leadbeater, B., & Barker, E. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 16-25. doi:10.1080/01650250344000235
- Golder, S. A., Wilkinson, D. M., & Huberman, B. A. (2007). Rhythms of Social Interaction: Messaging Within a Massive Online Network. In C. Steinfield, B.T. Pentland, M. Ackerman & N. Contractor (Eds.), Communities and Technologies (pp. 41-66). London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-905-7_3
- Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49-61. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5
- Greca, A. M., & Mackey, E. R. (2007). Adolescents’ anxiety in dating situations: The potential role of friends and romantic partners. Journal of Clinical Child &Adolescent Psychology, 36(4), 522-533. doi:10.1080/15374410701662097
- Green, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Davis, J. L. (2007). Ghosts from the past: An examination of romantic relationships doi:10.3200/socp.147.3.243-264
- self-discrepancy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(3), 243-264. Harvard Medical School. (2011, May). Women and depression. Retrieved from
- http://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mclaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Emotion regulation and
- internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of
- Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1270-1278. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2275-2281. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.153510
- Holleran, S. (2010). The early detection of depression from social networking sites. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/196085/1/azu_etd_10847_sip1_m.pdf University of Arizona. Retrieved from
- Hudson, C. G. (2005). Socioeconomic status and mental illness: Tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 3-18. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.3
- Jokela, M., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2011). The association between low socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms depends on temperament and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 302-308. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.004
- Johnson, M. P. (1991). Commitment to personal relationships. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 3, pp. 117-143). London: Kingsley.
- Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1),162-171.
- Kerr, M. (2016, July 08). Depression in the LGBT population - Healthline. Retrieved from www.healthline.com/health/depression/gay
- Kolowich, L. (2015, June 30). Why people like, share, and comment on Facebook [Infographic]. Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/facebook-psychology#sm.0001a3vyy0ooidojrrp1xetty5eyl
- Kramer, A. D. I. (2012). The spread of emotion via Facebook. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems – CHI ’12 (p.767). Texas: Austin. Retrieved from https://research.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/the-spread-of-emotion-via-facebook.pdf
- Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248
- Labrague, L.J. (2014). Facebook use and adolescents’ emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress.
- Health Science Journal, 8(1), 80-89.
- Larson, R. W., Clore, G. L., & Wood, G. A. (1999). The emotions of romantic relationships: Do they wreak havoc on adolescents? In W. Furman, B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 19–49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Li, J. Z., Bunney, B. G., Meng, F., Hagenauer, M. H., Walsh, D. M., Vawter, M. P., & Bunney, W. E. (2013). Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proceedings doi:10.1073/pnas.1305814110 of the National Academy of
- Sciences, 110(24), 9950-9955.
- Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
- Martinsen, E. W. (2008). Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62(47), 25-29. doi:10.1080/08039480802315640
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.129.5.674
- Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. (2013). Brain structural and functional changes in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 25(3), 245-256. doi:10.1515/ijamh- 2013-0058
- Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 243-249. doi:10.1016/j..2011.11.007
- National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2010). Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: treatment and management. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
- of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 211-223. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.211
- Norscia, I., & Palagi, E. (2011). Yawn contagion and empathy in Homo sapiens. PloS ONE, 6(12), 1-17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028472
- O'Keeffe, G.S. & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0054
- Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0070
- Peden, A. R., Hall, L. A., Rayens, M. K., & Beebe, L. (2000). Reducing negative thinking and depressive symptoms in college women. Nursing Research, 49(4), 201-207. doi:10.1097/00006199-200007000-00003 Pew Research http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/social-media/social-media-use-by-age-group (2016, January 12). Social media fact sheet. Retrieved from
- Potoczniak, D., Crosbie-Burnett, M., & Saltzburg, N. (2009). Experiences regarding coming out to parents among African American, Hispanic, and white gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 21(2-3), 189-205. doi:10.1080/10538720902772063
- Raymer, K. (2015). The effects of social media sites on self-esteem. Theses and Dissertations. New Jersey: Rowan University.
- Rivers, I., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2001). The victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Implications for intervention. In A. R. D’Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and youths: Psychological perspectives (pp. 199-223). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rudolph, K. D., & Conley, C. S. (2005). The socioemotional costs and benefits of social-evaluative concerns: Do girls care too much? Journal of Personality, 73(1), 115-138. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00306.x
- Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics,123(1), 346-352. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3524
- Sanchez-Villegas, A., Ara, I., Guillén-Grima, F., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Varo-Cenarruzabeitia, J. J., & Martínez- González, M. A. (2008). Physical activity, sedentary index, and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), 827-834. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31816348b9
- Seiter, C. (2016, August 26). The secret psychology of Facebook: Why we like, share, comment and keep coming back. Retrieved from https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychology-of-facebook
- Shapiro, L. A., & Margolin, G. (2013). Growing up wired: Social networking sites and adolescent
- psychosocial development. Clinical Child and Family PsychologyReview, 17(1), 1-18. doi:10.1007/s10567-013- 0135-1
- Simoncic, T. E. (2012). Facebook depression revisited: The absence of an association between Facebook use and depressive symptoms. Unpublished honor’s theses. University of Michigan.
- Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2009). Clarifying co-rumination: Associations with internalizing symptoms and romantic doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.005 among adolescent
- girls. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 19-37. Statista. (2016). Global social media ranking https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ 2016 | Statistic. Retrieved from
- Steinberg, L., & Duncan, P. (2002). Work group IV: Increasing the capacity of parents, families, and adults living with adolescents to improve adolescent health outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 261-263. doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00500-1
- Strickland, A. (2014). The early detection of depression from social networking sites exploring the effects of social media use on the mental health of young adults. Undergraduate Thesis. University of Central Florida.
- Subrahmanyam, K., Smahel, D., & Greenfield, P. (2006). Connecting developmental constructions to the internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 395-406. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.395
- Theobald, M. (2014, May 29). Depression and social media - Major Depression Center. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression-resource-center/depression-social-media/
- Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Self-affirmation underlies Facebook use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(3), 321-331. doi:10.1177/0146167212474694
- Uhlir, J. L. (2015). Social comparison and self-presentation on social media as predictors of depressive symptoms. Unpublished http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1801&context=scripps_theses theses. Scripps College. Retrieved from
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences. (2016, March 22). Social media use associated with depression http://www.upmc.com/media/NewsReleases/2016/Pages/lin-primack-sm-depression.aspx U.S young adults. Retrieved from
- Vitelli, R. (2015, May 25). Exploring Facebook depression: Can spending time on social networking sites like Facebook lead spotlight/201505/exploring-facebook-depression Retrieved from
- https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media
- Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(4), 362-369. doi:10.1108/qmr-06- 2013-0041 World Health Organization. (2016, February). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
- World Health Organization. (2018, March). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/depression
Facebook Usage and Depressıon Levels of Selected Filipino College Students
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 35 - 50, 01.05.2019
Grace Pauline Maglunog
Marison Felicidad Dy
Öz
This study examined the relationship of sociodemographic characteristics and Facebook usage to the depression level of college students. A total of 347 respondents were purposively selected and completed a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that: sex has a weak positive association with depression level r=0.0962 ; age did not vary much across depression level; there is a moderate positive association between sexual orientation and depression level r= 0.2794 ; socioeconomic status has an inverse relationship with depression level r= -0.2126 ; and relationship status has a moderate positive association with depression level r= 1.365 . Further, there is a moderate positive association between the number of minutes spent on Facebook and depression level r= 0.4229 ; there is a weak positive association between frequency of Facebook visits and depression level r= 0.3052 ; and Facebook activities are positively correlated to depression. Young social media users are encouraged to use it moderately to avoid negative mental health outcomes.
Kaynakça
- American Institute of Stress. (2016, March 23). Why do women suffer more from depression and stress? Retrieved from https://www.stress.org/why-do-women-suffer-more-from-depression-and-stress/
- American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions about sexual orientation and homosexuality. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf
- Brooks, S., & Longstreet, P. (2015). Social networking’s peril: Cognitive absorption, social networking usage, and depression. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9 (4), 21-39. doi:10.5817/cp2015-4-5
- Burt, K. B., & Masten, A. S. (2010). Development in the transition to adulthood. Young Adult Mental Health, 5
- doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195332711.003.0001
- Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 21-33. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00712.x
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). LGBT Youth |Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htm
- Chen, W., & Lee, K. (2013). Sharing, liking commenting, and distressed? The pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 728- doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0272 734.
- Child Trends Databank. (2015). Foster care. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/indicators/foster- care/
- Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95-144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95
- Compian, L., Gowen, L. K., & Hayward, C. (2004). Peripubertal girls' romantic and platonic involvement
- with boys: Associations with body image and depression symptoms. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(1), 23-47. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401002.x
- Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLoS ONE, 9 (3), 1-5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
- Czeisler, C. A. (2013). Perspective: Casting light on sleep deficiency. Nature, 497(7450), 13thser. doi:10.1038/497s13a
- Davila, J., Steinberg, S. J., Miller, M. R., Stroud, C. B., Starr, L. R., & Yoneda, A. (2009). Assessing romantic competence in adolescence: The Romantic Competence Interview. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 55-75. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.001
- Datu, J.A., Valdez, J.P. & Datu, N. (2012). Does Facebooking make us sad? Hunting relationship between Facebook use and depression among Filipino adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology, 1 (2), 83-91.
- Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., … & Chatterji, S. (2004). WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium, 2004: Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 2581–2590. doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581
- Drayer, R. A., Mulsant, B. H., Lenze, E. J., Rollman, B. L., Dew, M. A., Kelleher, K., . . .Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Somatic symptoms of depression in elderly patients with medical comorbidities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 973-982. doi:10.1002/gps.1389
- Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C., Bovasso, G., & Smith, C. (2001). Socioeconomic status and depressive syndrome: The role of inter- and intra-generational mobility, government assistance, and work environment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(3), 277-294. doi:10.2307/3090215
- Favor, B. (2015). Adolescent attitudes towards social media in the classroom. Honor’s theses. Salem State University, Massachusetts.
- Forteza, C.G. & Torres, C. (2011). Reliability and validity of CES-D depression scale in a census of students in high school and college level in Mexico City. Salud Mental, 34(1):53-59. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288581514_Reliability_and_validity_of_CES D_depression_scale_in_a_census_of_students_in_high_school_and_college_level_in_Mexico_City
- Galambos, N., Leadbeater, B., & Barker, E. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 16-25. doi:10.1080/01650250344000235
- Golder, S. A., Wilkinson, D. M., & Huberman, B. A. (2007). Rhythms of Social Interaction: Messaging Within a Massive Online Network. In C. Steinfield, B.T. Pentland, M. Ackerman & N. Contractor (Eds.), Communities and Technologies (pp. 41-66). London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-905-7_3
- Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49-61. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5
- Greca, A. M., & Mackey, E. R. (2007). Adolescents’ anxiety in dating situations: The potential role of friends and romantic partners. Journal of Clinical Child &Adolescent Psychology, 36(4), 522-533. doi:10.1080/15374410701662097
- Green, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Davis, J. L. (2007). Ghosts from the past: An examination of romantic relationships doi:10.3200/socp.147.3.243-264
- self-discrepancy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(3), 243-264. Harvard Medical School. (2011, May). Women and depression. Retrieved from
- http://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mclaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Emotion regulation and
- internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of
- Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1270-1278. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2275-2281. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.153510
- Holleran, S. (2010). The early detection of depression from social networking sites. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/196085/1/azu_etd_10847_sip1_m.pdf University of Arizona. Retrieved from
- Hudson, C. G. (2005). Socioeconomic status and mental illness: Tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 3-18. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.3
- Jokela, M., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2011). The association between low socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms depends on temperament and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 302-308. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.004
- Johnson, M. P. (1991). Commitment to personal relationships. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 3, pp. 117-143). London: Kingsley.
- Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1),162-171.
- Kerr, M. (2016, July 08). Depression in the LGBT population - Healthline. Retrieved from www.healthline.com/health/depression/gay
- Kolowich, L. (2015, June 30). Why people like, share, and comment on Facebook [Infographic]. Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/facebook-psychology#sm.0001a3vyy0ooidojrrp1xetty5eyl
- Kramer, A. D. I. (2012). The spread of emotion via Facebook. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems – CHI ’12 (p.767). Texas: Austin. Retrieved from https://research.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/the-spread-of-emotion-via-facebook.pdf
- Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248
- Labrague, L.J. (2014). Facebook use and adolescents’ emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress.
- Health Science Journal, 8(1), 80-89.
- Larson, R. W., Clore, G. L., & Wood, G. A. (1999). The emotions of romantic relationships: Do they wreak havoc on adolescents? In W. Furman, B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 19–49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Li, J. Z., Bunney, B. G., Meng, F., Hagenauer, M. H., Walsh, D. M., Vawter, M. P., & Bunney, W. E. (2013). Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proceedings doi:10.1073/pnas.1305814110 of the National Academy of
- Sciences, 110(24), 9950-9955.
- Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
- Martinsen, E. W. (2008). Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62(47), 25-29. doi:10.1080/08039480802315640
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.129.5.674
- Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. (2013). Brain structural and functional changes in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 25(3), 245-256. doi:10.1515/ijamh- 2013-0058
- Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 243-249. doi:10.1016/j..2011.11.007
- National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2010). Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: treatment and management. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
- of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 211-223. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.211
- Norscia, I., & Palagi, E. (2011). Yawn contagion and empathy in Homo sapiens. PloS ONE, 6(12), 1-17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028472
- O'Keeffe, G.S. & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0054
- Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0070
- Peden, A. R., Hall, L. A., Rayens, M. K., & Beebe, L. (2000). Reducing negative thinking and depressive symptoms in college women. Nursing Research, 49(4), 201-207. doi:10.1097/00006199-200007000-00003 Pew Research http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/social-media/social-media-use-by-age-group (2016, January 12). Social media fact sheet. Retrieved from
- Potoczniak, D., Crosbie-Burnett, M., & Saltzburg, N. (2009). Experiences regarding coming out to parents among African American, Hispanic, and white gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 21(2-3), 189-205. doi:10.1080/10538720902772063
- Raymer, K. (2015). The effects of social media sites on self-esteem. Theses and Dissertations. New Jersey: Rowan University.
- Rivers, I., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2001). The victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Implications for intervention. In A. R. D’Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and youths: Psychological perspectives (pp. 199-223). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rudolph, K. D., & Conley, C. S. (2005). The socioemotional costs and benefits of social-evaluative concerns: Do girls care too much? Journal of Personality, 73(1), 115-138. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00306.x
- Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics,123(1), 346-352. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3524
- Sanchez-Villegas, A., Ara, I., Guillén-Grima, F., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Varo-Cenarruzabeitia, J. J., & Martínez- González, M. A. (2008). Physical activity, sedentary index, and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), 827-834. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31816348b9
- Seiter, C. (2016, August 26). The secret psychology of Facebook: Why we like, share, comment and keep coming back. Retrieved from https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychology-of-facebook
- Shapiro, L. A., & Margolin, G. (2013). Growing up wired: Social networking sites and adolescent
- psychosocial development. Clinical Child and Family PsychologyReview, 17(1), 1-18. doi:10.1007/s10567-013- 0135-1
- Simoncic, T. E. (2012). Facebook depression revisited: The absence of an association between Facebook use and depressive symptoms. Unpublished honor’s theses. University of Michigan.
- Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2009). Clarifying co-rumination: Associations with internalizing symptoms and romantic doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.005 among adolescent
- girls. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 19-37. Statista. (2016). Global social media ranking https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ 2016 | Statistic. Retrieved from
- Steinberg, L., & Duncan, P. (2002). Work group IV: Increasing the capacity of parents, families, and adults living with adolescents to improve adolescent health outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 261-263. doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00500-1
- Strickland, A. (2014). The early detection of depression from social networking sites exploring the effects of social media use on the mental health of young adults. Undergraduate Thesis. University of Central Florida.
- Subrahmanyam, K., Smahel, D., & Greenfield, P. (2006). Connecting developmental constructions to the internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 395-406. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.395
- Theobald, M. (2014, May 29). Depression and social media - Major Depression Center. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression-resource-center/depression-social-media/
- Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Self-affirmation underlies Facebook use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(3), 321-331. doi:10.1177/0146167212474694
- Uhlir, J. L. (2015). Social comparison and self-presentation on social media as predictors of depressive symptoms. Unpublished http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1801&context=scripps_theses theses. Scripps College. Retrieved from
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences. (2016, March 22). Social media use associated with depression http://www.upmc.com/media/NewsReleases/2016/Pages/lin-primack-sm-depression.aspx U.S young adults. Retrieved from
- Vitelli, R. (2015, May 25). Exploring Facebook depression: Can spending time on social networking sites like Facebook lead spotlight/201505/exploring-facebook-depression Retrieved from
- https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media
- Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(4), 362-369. doi:10.1108/qmr-06- 2013-0041 World Health Organization. (2016, February). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
- World Health Organization. (2018, March). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/depression