Investigation of Emotional Expression as a Predictor of Psychological Symptoms

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 9 - 15, 01.09.2019

Mustafa Koç , Tuğba Seda Çolak Betül Düşünceli Samet Makas

https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2019.03.002

Öz

The main purpose of the study is to determine whether the level of emotional expression is a predictor of psychological symptoms. The study was performed with 338 participants, including 170 women and 168 men. Data were collected by “Expressing Feelings Scale” and “SCL-90 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised”. Data was analyzed with Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and regression analysis was performed. According to results, emotional expression was significantly related to psychological symptoms. While the levels of emotional expression have increased, psychological symptoms have decreased. The levels of psychological symptoms was predicted significantly by emotional expression. Finally, emotional expression predicted higher levels of somatization and lower levels of phobic anxiety.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotion, expressing, feelings, symptoms, well-being, somatization, phobic anxiety

Kaynakça

• Bolton, E. E., Glenn, D. M., Orsillo, S., Roemer, L., and Litz, B. T. (2003). The relationship between self‐ disclosure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers deployed to Somalia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(3), 203‐210.
• Collins, N. L., and Miller, L. C. (1994). Self‐disclosure and liking: a meta‐analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457.
• Dağ, İ. (1991). Reliability and validity of Symptom Check List‐90‐Revised among university students. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(1), 5‐12.
• Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL‐90‐R: administration, scoring and procedures manual‐I for the R(evised) version. Baltimore: John Hopkins University School Medicine.
• Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(4), 629‐633.
• Fraenkel, J.,Wallen, N., and Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). Boston: McGrawHill.
• Greenberg, M. A., and Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(1), 75‐84.
• Hamilton‐West, K. E., and Quine, L. (2007). Effects of written emotional disclosure on health outcomes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Psychology and Health, 22(6), 637‐657. doi:10.1080/14768320601020246
• Harker, L., and Keltner, D. (2001). Expressions of positive emotion in womenʹs college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 112‐124.
• Hemenover, S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional disclosure of trauma on resilient self‐concept and psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1236‐1244. doi: 10.1177/0146167203255228
• Holodynski, M., and Friedlmeier, W. (2006). Development of emotions and emotion regulation. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
• Johnson‐Laird, P. N., and Oatley, K. (1989). The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic field. Cognition and Emotion, 3(2), 81‐123. doi:10.1080/02699938908408075
• Jöreskog, K. G., and Sörbom, D. (1996). PRELIS 2 userʹs reference guide: A program for multivariate data screening and data summarization: A preprocessor for LISREL. Scientific Software International.
• Kaplan C, Lipkin M, and Gordon G.H. (1988). Somatization in primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, (24, December, 2017). Retrived from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02596128.pdf Katz, I. M., and Campbell, J. D. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and well‐being: Nomothetic and idiographic tests of the stress‐buffering hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 513‐524.
• King, L. A., and Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 864‐877.
• Kirmayer, L. J. (1984). Culture, affect and somatization: Part I, Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 21(3), 159‐188.
• Koç, M, İskender, M, Çolak, T. S. and Bayraktar, B. (2009). Emotional expressionism levels and psychopathology of university students. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 17(4), 519‐534.
• Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Adaptation of Expression of the Emotions Scale: Validity and Reliability Studies. Kastamonu Education Journals, 19(3), 779‐792.
• Laurenceau, J. P., Barrett, L. F., and Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self‐disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1238‐1251.
• Meads, C., and Nouwen, A. (2005). Does emotional disclosure have any effects? A systematic review of the literature with meta‐analyses. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21(2), 153‐164
• Morris, M. W., and Keltner, D. (2000). How emotions work: The social functions of emotional expression in negotiations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 1‐50.
• Panagopoulou, E., Kersbergen, B., and Maes, S. (2002). The effects of emotional (non‐) expression in (chronic) disease: A meta‐analytic review. Psychology and Health, 17(5), 529‐545. doi: 10.1080/08870440290025759
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162‐166.
• Pennebaker, J. W., and Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing and its links to mental and physical health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.). Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 417‐437 . Plotnik, R. (2009). Psikolojiye Giriş (1st pub.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Pub.
• Rimé, B. (2007). The social sharing of emotion as an interface between individual and collective processes in the construction of emotional climates. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 307‐322.
• Rosenhan, D. L., and Seligman, M. E. (1995). Abnormal Psychology. WW Norton & Co.
• Sanders, W., Zeman, J., Poon, J., & Miller, R. (2015). Child regulation of negative emotions and depressive symptoms: The moderating role of parental emotion socialization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2): 402‐415. doi:10.1007/s10826‐013‐9850‐y
• Seligman, M. E. P., Walker, E.F. and Rosenhan, D.L. (2001) Abnormal psychology. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
• Smyth, J. M., Stone, A. A., Hurewitz, A., and Kaell, A. (1999). Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Jama, 281(14), 1304‐1309. doi:10.1001/jama.281.14.1304
• Sroufe, L.A. (2000). Early relationships and the development of children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 21(1‐ 2), 67‐74. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097‐0355(200001/04)21:1/23.0.CO;2‐2
• Winkelman, D. K. (2000). The relationship among ambivalance over the inhibition and expression of specific emotions, physical health, and psychological well‐being. Ph. D. Thesis, Unpublished. Massachusetts: Brandeis University.
• Zeman, J., Shipman, K., and Suveg, C. (2002). Anger and sadness regulation: Predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 393‐ 398. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_11