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Emotional Expressivity, Loneliness and Hopelessness Relationship in Adolescents

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 51 - 60, 21.04.2021

Öz

In this study, the model developed to investigate the relationship between emotional expressivity, loneliness and hopelessness was tested in adolescents. The sample of this study consisted of 288 high school students, 180 of whom were women and 108 of whom were men. Data were obtained using the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), The Short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained in this study showed that there was a negative and meaningful relationship between emotional expression and loneliness and hopelessness in adolescents, emotional expression predicted loneliness and hopelessness, and there was a positive and meaningful relationship between loneliness and hopelessness and loneliness predicts hopelessness.

Kaynakça

  • Abe, J. A., & Izard, C. E. (1999). A longitudinal study of emotional expression and personality relations in early development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 566-577.
  • Ahmadi, M., Abdollahi, M. H., Ramezani, V., & Heshmati, R. (2010). The impact of written emotional expression on depressive symptoms and working memory capacity in Iranian students with high depressive symptoms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1610-1614.
  • Akın, A. (2010, April). The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Berkeley Expressivity Scale. Paper presented at the World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance, April, 21-25, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Akın, A. (2012). Emotional expressivity and loneliness in religious and moral studies education students. TOJCE: The Online Journal of Counselling and Education, 1 (3), 31- 40.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In M. G. A. & S. R. E. (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 269–296). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Batıgün, A. (2005). İntihar olasılığı: Yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri, umutsuzluk ve yalnızlık açısından bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 29-39.
  • Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865.
  • Berry, D. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Nonverbal and verbal emotional expression and health. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 59(1), 11-19.
  • Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. R. (1991). Predicting vulnerability to hopelessness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(1), 29–32.
  • Buck, R., Goldman, C. K., Easton, C. J., & Smith, N. N. (1998). Social Learning and Emotional Education: Emotional Expression and Communication in Behaviorally Disordered Children and Schizophrenic Patients. Emotions in Psychopathology: Theory and Research. In. W. F. J. Flack ve J. D. Laird (Eds.), s. 298-314. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Burgin, C. J., Brown, L. H., Royal, A., Silvia, P. J., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2012). Being with others and feeling happy: Emotional expressivity in everyday life. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 185–190.
  • Burgoon, J. K., & Le Poire, B. A. (1999). Nonverbal cues and interpersonal judgments: Participant and observer perceptions of intimacy, dominance, composure and formality. Communication Monographs, 66, 105–124.
  • Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erikson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48-67.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447-454.
  • Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249.
  • Chang, E.C., Sanna, L.J., Hirsch, J. K., & Jeglic, E.L. (2010). Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in hispanics: evidence for a diathesis‐stress model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 1–12.
  • Çapan, B.E., & Sarıçalı, M. (2016). Problemli facebook kullanımında sosyal ve duygusal yalnızlığın rolü. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (17) 3, 53-66.
  • Çelik, E. (2015). Lise öğrencilerinin umutsuzluk ile duygusal dışavurum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of European Education, 5(1), 1-10.
  • De Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Review in Clinical Geontology, 8, 73-80.
  • Durak, A., & Palabıyıkoğlu, R. (1994). Beck umutsuzluk ölçeği geçerlilik çalışması. Kriz Dergisi, 2(2), 311-319.
  • Eni, Ş. (2017). Lise öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanma sıklığının yalnızlık algılarına etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Ruiz, M. A., & Garde, S. (1998). Emotional expression in healthy women and those with breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 41-50.
  • Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In Hancock, G.R. & Mueller R. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course, (pp. 269-314). Information Age Publishing, U.S.A.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
  • Girgin, G. (2009). Evaluation of the factors affecting loneliness and hopelessness among university students in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(6), 811-817.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995). Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 555-568.
  • Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.
  • Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Health Psychology, 28(3), 354-363.
  • Hays, R.D., & DiMatteo, M.R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess, 51:69-81.
  • Holmen, K., Ericsson, K., & Winblad, B. (2000). Social and emotional loneliness among non-demented and demented elderly people. Archives of Geronotology and Geriatrics, 31, 177-192. Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research (6th ed). Boston: Pearson.
  • Joiner, T. E., & Rudd, M. D. (1996). Disentangling the interrelations between hopelessness, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 26(1), 19-26.
  • Kashani, J. H., Suárez, L., Allan, W.D., & Reid, J. (1997). Hopelessness in inpatient youths: A closer look at behavior, emotional expression, and social support. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(11), 1625–1631.
  • Kırımoğlu, H., Filazoğlu-Çokluk, G., & Yıldırım, Y. (2010). Yatılı ilköğretim bölge okulu 6. 7. ve 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin spor yapma durumlarına göre yalnızlık ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Hatay ili örneği). Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 101-108.
  • Kızılgeçit, M. (2011). Yalnızlık, umutsuzluk ve dindarlık ilişkisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Koçak, R. (2015). Duygusal ifade eğitimi programının üniversite öğrencilerinin aleksitimi ve yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 29-45.
  • Lavee, Y., & Adital, B. (2004). Emotional expressiveness and neuroticism: Do they predict marital quality? Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 620-627.
  • Lee, Y., & Ko, Y. G. (2018). Feeling lonely when not socially isolated: social isolation moderates the association between loneliness and daily social interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1340-1355.
  • Levine, S. P., & Feldman, R. S. (1997). Self-presentational goals, self-monitoring, and nonverbal behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 505-518.
  • Lodder, G. M., Goossens, L., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Verhagen, M. (2016). Adolescent loneliness and social skills: Agreement and discrepancies between self-meta- and peer-evaluations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(12), 2406 - 2416.
  • Marini, C. M., Wadsworth, S. M., Christ, S. L., & Franks, M. M. (2017). Emotion expression, avoidance and psychological health during reintegration: A dyadic analysis of actor and partner associations within a sample of military couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(1), 69-90.
  • Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (1995). Identity development, parental and peer support in adolescence: Results of a national Dutch survey. Adolescence, 30, 931–944.
  • Mercan, N., Demirci, K., Özler, D., & Oyur, E . (2015). İş yaşamında yalnızlık, duygusal zekâ ve psikolojik sermaye arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (5), 197-211.
  • Mendes, W. B., Reis, H. T., Seery, M., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Cardiovascular correlates of emotional disclosure and suppression: Do content and gender context matter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 771-792.
  • Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1992). Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: A prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 667-675.
  • Nolen-Hoeksama, S., Morrow, J., & Fredickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
  • Öksüz, Y. (2005). Duyguların açılması eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 185-195.
  • Özdemir, H., & Tatar, A. (2019). Genç yetişkinlerde yalnızlığın yordayıcıları: Depresyon, kaygı, sosyal destek, duygusal zeka. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(2), 93-101.
  • Özkaya, G. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeyleri ile umutsuzluk ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Page, R. M. (1991). Loneliness as a risk factor in adolescent hopelessness. Journal of Research in Personality, 25 (2), 189-195.
  • Patel, J., & Patel, P. (2019) Consequences of repression of emotion: Physical health, mental health and general well Being. International Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 1(3),16-21.
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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 51 - 60, 21.04.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abe, J. A., & Izard, C. E. (1999). A longitudinal study of emotional expression and personality relations in early development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 566-577.
  • Ahmadi, M., Abdollahi, M. H., Ramezani, V., & Heshmati, R. (2010). The impact of written emotional expression on depressive symptoms and working memory capacity in Iranian students with high depressive symptoms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1610-1614.
  • Akın, A. (2010, April). The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Berkeley Expressivity Scale. Paper presented at the World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance, April, 21-25, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Akın, A. (2012). Emotional expressivity and loneliness in religious and moral studies education students. TOJCE: The Online Journal of Counselling and Education, 1 (3), 31- 40.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In M. G. A. & S. R. E. (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 269–296). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Batıgün, A. (2005). İntihar olasılığı: Yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri, umutsuzluk ve yalnızlık açısından bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 29-39.
  • Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865.
  • Berry, D. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Nonverbal and verbal emotional expression and health. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 59(1), 11-19.
  • Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. R. (1991). Predicting vulnerability to hopelessness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(1), 29–32.
  • Buck, R., Goldman, C. K., Easton, C. J., & Smith, N. N. (1998). Social Learning and Emotional Education: Emotional Expression and Communication in Behaviorally Disordered Children and Schizophrenic Patients. Emotions in Psychopathology: Theory and Research. In. W. F. J. Flack ve J. D. Laird (Eds.), s. 298-314. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Burgin, C. J., Brown, L. H., Royal, A., Silvia, P. J., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2012). Being with others and feeling happy: Emotional expressivity in everyday life. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 185–190.
  • Burgoon, J. K., & Le Poire, B. A. (1999). Nonverbal cues and interpersonal judgments: Participant and observer perceptions of intimacy, dominance, composure and formality. Communication Monographs, 66, 105–124.
  • Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erikson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48-67.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447-454.
  • Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249.
  • Chang, E.C., Sanna, L.J., Hirsch, J. K., & Jeglic, E.L. (2010). Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in hispanics: evidence for a diathesis‐stress model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 1–12.
  • Çapan, B.E., & Sarıçalı, M. (2016). Problemli facebook kullanımında sosyal ve duygusal yalnızlığın rolü. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (17) 3, 53-66.
  • Çelik, E. (2015). Lise öğrencilerinin umutsuzluk ile duygusal dışavurum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of European Education, 5(1), 1-10.
  • De Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Review in Clinical Geontology, 8, 73-80.
  • Durak, A., & Palabıyıkoğlu, R. (1994). Beck umutsuzluk ölçeği geçerlilik çalışması. Kriz Dergisi, 2(2), 311-319.
  • Eni, Ş. (2017). Lise öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanma sıklığının yalnızlık algılarına etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Ruiz, M. A., & Garde, S. (1998). Emotional expression in healthy women and those with breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 41-50.
  • Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In Hancock, G.R. & Mueller R. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course, (pp. 269-314). Information Age Publishing, U.S.A.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
  • Girgin, G. (2009). Evaluation of the factors affecting loneliness and hopelessness among university students in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(6), 811-817.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995). Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 555-568.
  • Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.
  • Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Health Psychology, 28(3), 354-363.
  • Hays, R.D., & DiMatteo, M.R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess, 51:69-81.
  • Holmen, K., Ericsson, K., & Winblad, B. (2000). Social and emotional loneliness among non-demented and demented elderly people. Archives of Geronotology and Geriatrics, 31, 177-192. Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research (6th ed). Boston: Pearson.
  • Joiner, T. E., & Rudd, M. D. (1996). Disentangling the interrelations between hopelessness, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 26(1), 19-26.
  • Kashani, J. H., Suárez, L., Allan, W.D., & Reid, J. (1997). Hopelessness in inpatient youths: A closer look at behavior, emotional expression, and social support. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(11), 1625–1631.
  • Kırımoğlu, H., Filazoğlu-Çokluk, G., & Yıldırım, Y. (2010). Yatılı ilköğretim bölge okulu 6. 7. ve 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin spor yapma durumlarına göre yalnızlık ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Hatay ili örneği). Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 101-108.
  • Kızılgeçit, M. (2011). Yalnızlık, umutsuzluk ve dindarlık ilişkisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Koçak, R. (2015). Duygusal ifade eğitimi programının üniversite öğrencilerinin aleksitimi ve yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 29-45.
  • Lavee, Y., & Adital, B. (2004). Emotional expressiveness and neuroticism: Do they predict marital quality? Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 620-627.
  • Lee, Y., & Ko, Y. G. (2018). Feeling lonely when not socially isolated: social isolation moderates the association between loneliness and daily social interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1340-1355.
  • Levine, S. P., & Feldman, R. S. (1997). Self-presentational goals, self-monitoring, and nonverbal behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 505-518.
  • Lodder, G. M., Goossens, L., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Verhagen, M. (2016). Adolescent loneliness and social skills: Agreement and discrepancies between self-meta- and peer-evaluations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(12), 2406 - 2416.
  • Marini, C. M., Wadsworth, S. M., Christ, S. L., & Franks, M. M. (2017). Emotion expression, avoidance and psychological health during reintegration: A dyadic analysis of actor and partner associations within a sample of military couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(1), 69-90.
  • Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (1995). Identity development, parental and peer support in adolescence: Results of a national Dutch survey. Adolescence, 30, 931–944.
  • Mercan, N., Demirci, K., Özler, D., & Oyur, E . (2015). İş yaşamında yalnızlık, duygusal zekâ ve psikolojik sermaye arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (5), 197-211.
  • Mendes, W. B., Reis, H. T., Seery, M., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Cardiovascular correlates of emotional disclosure and suppression: Do content and gender context matter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 771-792.
  • Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1992). Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: A prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 667-675.
  • Nolen-Hoeksama, S., Morrow, J., & Fredickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
  • Öksüz, Y. (2005). Duyguların açılması eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeylerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 185-195.
  • Özdemir, H., & Tatar, A. (2019). Genç yetişkinlerde yalnızlığın yordayıcıları: Depresyon, kaygı, sosyal destek, duygusal zeka. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(2), 93-101.
  • Özkaya, G. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeyleri ile umutsuzluk ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Page, R. M. (1991). Loneliness as a risk factor in adolescent hopelessness. Journal of Research in Personality, 25 (2), 189-195.
  • Patel, J., & Patel, P. (2019) Consequences of repression of emotion: Physical health, mental health and general well Being. International Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 1(3),16-21.
  • Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In S. Duck, R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31–56). London: Academic Press. Vol. 3.
  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015) Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250‐264.
  • Ruchkin, V. V., Eisemann, M., & Hagglof, B., (1999). Hopelessness, loneliness, self-esteem, and personality in Russian male delinquent adolescents versus controls. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(4), 466-477.
  • Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., & Minski, P. S. (2003). Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 707-721.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
  • Schumacher, R., & Lomax, R. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structual equation modelling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83-110.
  • Synder, C. R., Wrobleski, K. K., Parenteau, S. C., & Berg, C. J. (2004). Hope and hopelessness. L.J. Hass (Ed.). Handbook of Primary Care Psychology. In (p. 145- 155). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Şahin, Ü. (2015). Lise öğrencisi ergenlerde problem çözme, yalnızlık, umutsuzluk düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörler (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Introduction to structural equation modeling, basic principles and lisrel applications, Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 285-293.
  • Vasta, R. A. (2015). Adolescent hope and hopelessness. S. Akhtar & Kay O’Neil, M. (Eds.), Hopelessness: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms, In (p. 43-46). London: Karnac.
  • Vatan, S., Lester, D., & Gunn, J.F. (2014). Emotion dysregulation, problem-solving, and hopelessness. Psychological Reports, 114(2), 647-651.
  • Weston, R., & Gore, P. A., Jr. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751.
  • Wols, A., Scholte, R. H. J., & Qualter, P. (2015). Prospective associations between loneliness and emotional intelligence. Journal of Adolescence, 39, 40-48.
  • Yıldız, M. A., & Duy, B. (2014). Adaptation of the short-form of the UCLA loneliness scale (Uls-8) to Turkish for the adolescents. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(3), 194-203.
  • Yılmaz, Y. E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal zekâları, sosyal görünüş kaygıları ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Gaziantep.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Zeynep Akkuş Çutuk Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8364-4431

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkuş Çutuk, Z. (2021). Emotional Expressivity, Loneliness and Hopelessness Relationship in Adolescents. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(2), 51-60.