Bu çalışmada avlu tasarımının sosyal etkileşim, psikolojik sağlık ve termal konfor üzerindeki birçok etkisi incelenmiştir. Avlu tasarımının şekil, yönelim, açıklık oranı ve çevresel faktörler gibi pek çok yönü, halihazırda yayınlanmış literatürün kapsamlı bir analizi yoluyla incelenmiştir. Çalışma, özellikle sıcak alanlarda termal konforu en üst düzeye çıkarmak için avlu tasarımının ne kadar önemli olduğunu vurguluyor; kare şekilli avlular ve daha yüksek yükseklikler, gölge sağlamak ve kabul edilebilir sıcaklıkları sürdürmek için iyi çalışıyor. Avlu tasarımının psikolojik sonuçlarının incelenmesi, aynı zamanda önemli sosyal ve kültürel faydaları da ortaya koymaktadır. Genel olarak çalışma, avlu tasarımının insanların refahı üzerinde nasıl geniş bir yelpazede önemli etkilere sahip olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Avlu tasarımı, termal konfor, sosyal etkileşim ve doğayla bağlantı kavramlarını da dahil ederek insanların fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal refahını destekleyen mekanların geliştirilmesinde önemli bir bileşen olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Abdelaal, M. S., & Soebarto, V. (2019). Biophilia and Salutogenesis as restorative design approaches in healthcare architecture. Architectural Science Review, 62(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2019.1604313
Abdulac, S. (1982). Traditional housing design in the Arab countries. Urban Housing, Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, Cambridge, 2–9.
Abdulbasit, A., Norhati, I., Ahmad, S. S., & Salleh, W. M. N. W. (2014). Courtyard as a microclimatic modifier experimental study on actual site. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 567, 14–19. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.567.14
Abdulkareem, H. A. (2016). Thermal Comfort through the Microclimates of the Courtyard. A Critical Review of the Middle-eastern Courtyard House as a Climatic Response. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.054
Almhafdy, A., Ibrahim, N., Ahmad, S. S., & Yahya, J. (2013). Courtyard Design Variants and Microclimate Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.190
Almhafdy, A., Ibrahim, N., Sh. Ahmad, S., & Yahya, J. (2016). Courtyards Design Variants and Its Functions in Malaysian Hospitals. Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i1.15
Amirbeiki, F., & Ghasr, A. K. (2020). Investigating the effects of exposure to natural blue elements on the psychological restoration of university students. Int. J. Archit. Eng. Urban Plan, 30(1), 1–10.
Becki, B., Taskan, G., & Bogenç, Ç. (2013). The effect of courtyard designs on young people, which have been made according to different functional preferences: Barti {dotless} n university (Turkey).
Bekleyen, A., & Dalkiliç, N. (2011). The influence of climate and privacy on indigenous courtyard houses in Diyarbakır, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.958
Berkovic, S., Yezioro, A., & Bitan, A. (2012). Study of thermal comfort in courtyards in a hot arid climate. Solar Energy, 86(5), 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.010
Fu, E., Zhou, J., Ren, Y., Deng, X., Li, L., Li, X., & Li, X. (2022). Exploring the influence of residential courtyard space landscape elements on people’s emotional health in an immersive virtual environment. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017993
Guedouh, M. S., Zemmouri, N., Hanafi, A., & Qaoud, R. (2019). Passive Strategy Based on Courtyard Building Morphology Impact on Thermal and Luminous Environments in Hot and Arid Region. Energy Procedia, 157, 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.208
Horowitz, S. (2012). Therapeutic gardens and horticultural therapy: Growing roles in health care. In Alternative and Complementary Therapies (Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 78–83). https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2012.18205
Jung, D., Kim, D. I., & Kim, N. (2023). Bringing nature into hospital architecture: Machine learning-based EEG analysis of the biophilia effect in virtual reality. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102033
KARAŞAH, B. (2023). Yeşil Altyapıların Önemli Bir Parçası Olarak Avlu Peyzaj Tasarım Süreci. Kent Akademisi, 16(2), 763–775. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1112993
Kim, & Sunyoung. (2021). Environmental Design Factors for Open Space in Healing Facilities-Focused on Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital and The Nationwide Children’s Hospital. International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, 9(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.17703/IJACT.2021.9.1.7
Lea, T. (2008). Housing for Health in Indigenous Australia driving change when research and policy are part of the problem. SPRING 2008, 67.
Mahmoud, E. S., Nasr El-Din, A., & Mousa, M. G. (2019). The Role of Atriums and Courtyards in Improving Natural Light and Ventilation in Hospitals. MANSOURA ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 44(4).
Markus, B. (2016a). A review on courtyard design criteria in different climatic zones. African Research Review, 10(5), 181. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v10i5.13
Markus, B. (2016b). Review of Courtyard House in Nigeria: definitions, history, evolution, typology, and functions. AFRREV STECH: An International Journal of Science and Technology, 5(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.4314/stech.v5i2.8
Martinelli, L., & Matzarakis, A. (2017). Influence of height/width proportions on the thermal comfort of courtyard typology for Italian climate zones. Sustainable Cities and Society, 29, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.12.004
Meir Ben-, I. A., & Meir, I. A. (2000). Architecture-City-Environment. 218–222. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3085.4403
Meir, I. A., Pearlmutter, D., & Etzion, Y. (1995). On the microclimatic behavior of two semi-enclosed attached courtyards in a hot dry region. Building and Environment, 30(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(95)00018-2
MO, J. (2010). Analysis of Courtyard Buildings. https://www.jolitamo.com/Analysis-of-Courtyard-Buildings
Muhaisen, A. S. (2006). Shading simulation of the courtyard form in different climatic regions. Building and Environment, 41(12), 1731–1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.016
Naderi, J. R., & Shin, W.-H. (2008). Humane Design for Hospital Landscapes: A Case Study in Landscape Architecture of a Healing Garden for Nurses HUMANE DESIGN FOR HOSPITAL LANDSCAPES. HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL, 2(1).
Oliver, P. (2003). Dwelling: The House across the world. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd.
POLAT, A. T., GÜNGÖR, S., & DEMIR, M. (2017). The Design Principles of Therapeutic Gardens.
Ramzy, N. S. (2015). Biophilic qualities of historical architecture: In quest of the timeless terminologies of ‘life’ in architectural expression. Sustainable Cities and Society, 15, 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.11.006
Reynolds, J. (2002). Courtyards: aesthetic, social, and thermal delight. John Wiley & Sons.
Salameh, Dr. M., Touqan, Dr. B., & Salameh, M. (2020, October). Courtyard Design in Schools and its Influence on Students’ Satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre20.197
Smith, J. (2007). HEALTH AND NATURE: THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE ON DESIGN OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF CARE.
Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Abraveshdar, H., & Alipour, A. (2017). The impact of courtyard design variants on shading performance in hot- arid climates of Iran. Energy and Buildings, 143, 71–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.027
Sthapak, S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2014). Courtyard houses: An overview. 6(1), 70–73. http://recent-science.com/
Sun, H., Jimenez-Bescos, C., Mohammadi, M., Zhong, F., & Calautit, J. K. (2021). Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Vegetation on the Aero-Thermal Performance of Buildings with Courtyards in Hot Climates. Energies, 14(17), 5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175388
Totaforti, S. (2018). Applying the benefits of biophilic theory to hospital design. City, Territory and Architecture, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-018-0077-5
Verma, L. A., & Bano, F. (2023). Socio-Environmental Sustainability of Traditional Courtyard Houses of Lucknow and Varanasi. U.Porto Journal of Engineering, 9(1), 72–103. https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_009-001_001438
wang, yiming. (2006). Investigating the application of Chinese classical garden design principles to the revitalization of courtyard houses in Beijing.
Zeisel, J. (1984). Inquiry by design: Tools for environment-behaviour research.
Zhu, J., Feng, J., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Li, W., Lian, P., & Zhao, X. (2023). A review of the influence of courtyard geometry and orientation on microclimate. In Building and Environment (Vol. 236). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110269
Impact of Courtyard Architecture on Personal Well-Being and Human Health
The many effects of courtyard design on social interaction, psychological health, and thermal comfort are examined in this study. Many aspects of courtyard design, such as shape, orientation, opening ratio, and environmental factors, are studied through a thorough analysis of the literature that has already been published. The study emphasizes how crucial courtyard design is for maximizing thermal comfort, especially in warm areas, with square-shaped courtyards and higher heights working well to provide shade and sustain acceptable temperatures. Examining the psychological consequences of courtyard design also reveals important social and cultural benefits. Overall, the study highlights how courtyard design has a wide range of significant effects on people's well-being. Courtyard design emerges as a key component in developing spaces that support people's physical, psychological, and social well-being by including concepts of thermal comfort, social interaction, and connection to nature.
Abdelaal, M. S., & Soebarto, V. (2019). Biophilia and Salutogenesis as restorative design approaches in healthcare architecture. Architectural Science Review, 62(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2019.1604313
Abdulac, S. (1982). Traditional housing design in the Arab countries. Urban Housing, Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, Cambridge, 2–9.
Abdulbasit, A., Norhati, I., Ahmad, S. S., & Salleh, W. M. N. W. (2014). Courtyard as a microclimatic modifier experimental study on actual site. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 567, 14–19. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.567.14
Abdulkareem, H. A. (2016). Thermal Comfort through the Microclimates of the Courtyard. A Critical Review of the Middle-eastern Courtyard House as a Climatic Response. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.054
Almhafdy, A., Ibrahim, N., Ahmad, S. S., & Yahya, J. (2013). Courtyard Design Variants and Microclimate Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.190
Almhafdy, A., Ibrahim, N., Sh. Ahmad, S., & Yahya, J. (2016). Courtyards Design Variants and Its Functions in Malaysian Hospitals. Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i1.15
Amirbeiki, F., & Ghasr, A. K. (2020). Investigating the effects of exposure to natural blue elements on the psychological restoration of university students. Int. J. Archit. Eng. Urban Plan, 30(1), 1–10.
Becki, B., Taskan, G., & Bogenç, Ç. (2013). The effect of courtyard designs on young people, which have been made according to different functional preferences: Barti {dotless} n university (Turkey).
Bekleyen, A., & Dalkiliç, N. (2011). The influence of climate and privacy on indigenous courtyard houses in Diyarbakır, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.958
Berkovic, S., Yezioro, A., & Bitan, A. (2012). Study of thermal comfort in courtyards in a hot arid climate. Solar Energy, 86(5), 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.010
Fu, E., Zhou, J., Ren, Y., Deng, X., Li, L., Li, X., & Li, X. (2022). Exploring the influence of residential courtyard space landscape elements on people’s emotional health in an immersive virtual environment. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017993
Guedouh, M. S., Zemmouri, N., Hanafi, A., & Qaoud, R. (2019). Passive Strategy Based on Courtyard Building Morphology Impact on Thermal and Luminous Environments in Hot and Arid Region. Energy Procedia, 157, 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.208
Horowitz, S. (2012). Therapeutic gardens and horticultural therapy: Growing roles in health care. In Alternative and Complementary Therapies (Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 78–83). https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2012.18205
Jung, D., Kim, D. I., & Kim, N. (2023). Bringing nature into hospital architecture: Machine learning-based EEG analysis of the biophilia effect in virtual reality. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102033
KARAŞAH, B. (2023). Yeşil Altyapıların Önemli Bir Parçası Olarak Avlu Peyzaj Tasarım Süreci. Kent Akademisi, 16(2), 763–775. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1112993
Kim, & Sunyoung. (2021). Environmental Design Factors for Open Space in Healing Facilities-Focused on Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital and The Nationwide Children’s Hospital. International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, 9(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.17703/IJACT.2021.9.1.7
Lea, T. (2008). Housing for Health in Indigenous Australia driving change when research and policy are part of the problem. SPRING 2008, 67.
Mahmoud, E. S., Nasr El-Din, A., & Mousa, M. G. (2019). The Role of Atriums and Courtyards in Improving Natural Light and Ventilation in Hospitals. MANSOURA ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 44(4).
Markus, B. (2016a). A review on courtyard design criteria in different climatic zones. African Research Review, 10(5), 181. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v10i5.13
Markus, B. (2016b). Review of Courtyard House in Nigeria: definitions, history, evolution, typology, and functions. AFRREV STECH: An International Journal of Science and Technology, 5(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.4314/stech.v5i2.8
Martinelli, L., & Matzarakis, A. (2017). Influence of height/width proportions on the thermal comfort of courtyard typology for Italian climate zones. Sustainable Cities and Society, 29, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.12.004
Meir Ben-, I. A., & Meir, I. A. (2000). Architecture-City-Environment. 218–222. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3085.4403
Meir, I. A., Pearlmutter, D., & Etzion, Y. (1995). On the microclimatic behavior of two semi-enclosed attached courtyards in a hot dry region. Building and Environment, 30(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(95)00018-2
MO, J. (2010). Analysis of Courtyard Buildings. https://www.jolitamo.com/Analysis-of-Courtyard-Buildings
Muhaisen, A. S. (2006). Shading simulation of the courtyard form in different climatic regions. Building and Environment, 41(12), 1731–1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.016
Naderi, J. R., & Shin, W.-H. (2008). Humane Design for Hospital Landscapes: A Case Study in Landscape Architecture of a Healing Garden for Nurses HUMANE DESIGN FOR HOSPITAL LANDSCAPES. HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL, 2(1).
Oliver, P. (2003). Dwelling: The House across the world. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd.
POLAT, A. T., GÜNGÖR, S., & DEMIR, M. (2017). The Design Principles of Therapeutic Gardens.
Ramzy, N. S. (2015). Biophilic qualities of historical architecture: In quest of the timeless terminologies of ‘life’ in architectural expression. Sustainable Cities and Society, 15, 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.11.006
Reynolds, J. (2002). Courtyards: aesthetic, social, and thermal delight. John Wiley & Sons.
Salameh, Dr. M., Touqan, Dr. B., & Salameh, M. (2020, October). Courtyard Design in Schools and its Influence on Students’ Satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre20.197
Smith, J. (2007). HEALTH AND NATURE: THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE ON DESIGN OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF CARE.
Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Abraveshdar, H., & Alipour, A. (2017). The impact of courtyard design variants on shading performance in hot- arid climates of Iran. Energy and Buildings, 143, 71–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.027
Sthapak, S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2014). Courtyard houses: An overview. 6(1), 70–73. http://recent-science.com/
Sun, H., Jimenez-Bescos, C., Mohammadi, M., Zhong, F., & Calautit, J. K. (2021). Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Vegetation on the Aero-Thermal Performance of Buildings with Courtyards in Hot Climates. Energies, 14(17), 5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175388
Totaforti, S. (2018). Applying the benefits of biophilic theory to hospital design. City, Territory and Architecture, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-018-0077-5
Verma, L. A., & Bano, F. (2023). Socio-Environmental Sustainability of Traditional Courtyard Houses of Lucknow and Varanasi. U.Porto Journal of Engineering, 9(1), 72–103. https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_009-001_001438
wang, yiming. (2006). Investigating the application of Chinese classical garden design principles to the revitalization of courtyard houses in Beijing.
Zeisel, J. (1984). Inquiry by design: Tools for environment-behaviour research.
Zhu, J., Feng, J., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Li, W., Lian, P., & Zhao, X. (2023). A review of the influence of courtyard geometry and orientation on microclimate. In Building and Environment (Vol. 236). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110269
Juba, İ., & Bogenç, Ç. (2024). Impact of Courtyard Architecture on Personal Well-Being and Human Health. Türkiye Peyzaj Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 204-212. https://doi.org/10.51552/peyad.1479365