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İKLİM ADAPTASYONUNUN ANAHTARI OLARAK YEŞİL ALTYAPI: KENTSEL DOĞA VE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ

Yıl 2022, , 123 - 132, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747

Öz

İklim değişikliği, ekosistemlerin, insan sağlığının ve doğal kaynakların küresel güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. Bu tehditler, çeşitli etkileri azaltmaya yönelik teknolojik çözümlerin yanı sıra beklenen etkilere uyum sağlamak için etkili stratejilere olan talebi artırmıştır. Gün geçtikçe etkisi daha fazla hissedilen küresel iklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu iklim olaylarının olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için alınması gereken önlemler arasında kentlerde yeşil altyapı sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi önemli bir yer almaktadır. Yeşil altyapı unsurları ve teknolojileri, şehirlerdeki en iyi iklim uyum stratejilerinden biri olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, yeşil altyapı unsurlarını kullanarak şehirlerde iklim değişikliğinin azaltılması ve uyum sağlanması için bir çeşit çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçeve yeşil altyapı uygulamalarının incelenmesi kapsamında ele alınarak araştırmacılara ve karar vericilere, iklim değişikliğinin hafifletilmesi ve uyum sağlanması ve kentsel planlamaya etkili bir şekilde uyarlanması için rehberlik edecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Angold, P. G., Sadler, J. P., Hill, M. O., Pullin, A., Rushton, S., Austin, K. Thompson, K. (2006). Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Science of the Total Environment, 360(1–3), 196–204.
  • ARUP, (2016). Cities Alive. Towards a walking world. Retrieved [09.12.2022] from https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/cities-alive-towards-a-walking-world
  • European Comission, (2013). Ecosystem services and Green Infrastructure. Web online [08.12.2022]: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm#:~:text=Green%20infrastructure%20is%20a%20strategically,and%20climate%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation.
  • Benedict M. A.., and McMahon E. T., (2012). Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities Island Press, Washington, DC (2012).
  • Carter, J.G., Handley, J., Butlin, T., and Gill, S., (2018). Adapting cities to climate change-exploring the flood risk management role of green infrastructure landscapes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(9), pp; 1535-1552.
  • Ciria, (2013). Water sensitive urban design in the UK. Ideas for built environment practitioners. Retrieved from [09.12.2022] https://www.susdrain.org/files/resources/ciria_guidance/wsud_ideas_book.pdf
  • Ely, M., and Pitman, S., (2012). Green Infrastucture Life Support for human habitats. The compelling evidence for incorporating nature into urban environments. Infrastructure Australia Amdenment Bill 2013 8(1).
  • EPA, (2008) Reducing urban heat islands: Compendium of strategies. Urban Heat Island Basics. Retrieved from [12.12.22] https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-06/documents/basicscompendium.pdf
  • EPA, (2022). Air Quality and Climate Change Research. Web online [15.12.2022]: https://www.epa.gov/air-research/air-quality-and-climate-change-research#:~:text=Changes%20in%20climate%20can%20result,ozone%20standards%20in%20the%20future
  • Davies, C., MacFarlane, R., McGloin, C., and Roe M., (2006). Green infrastructure planning guide. Retrieved from [09.12.2022] http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/North_East_Green_Infrastructure_Planning_Guide.pdf
  • Emmanuel, R., and Loconsole, A., (2015). Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 13882015), pp;71-86.
  • Farrugia, S., Hudson, M. D., and Mcculloch, L., (2013). An evolution of flood control and urban cooling ecosystem services delivered by urban green infrastructure. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 9(2), pp;
  • Foster, J., Lowe A. and Winkelman, S. (2011) The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center for Clean Policy. Retrieved from [10.12.2022] https://savetherain.us/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Green_Infrastructure_Urban_Climate_Adaptation.pdf
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., (2019). Kentlerde İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele İçin Yeşil Altyapı Çözümleri. İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Desteklenmesi Projesi (iklimİN), Ankara, ss:37
  • Hewitt, C. N., Ashworth, K., and MacKenzie A. R., (2020). Using green infrastructure to improve urban air quality (GI4AQ). Ambio (49), pp; 62–73.
  • Knight, T., Price, S., Bowler, D. et al. (2021). How effective is ‘greening’ of urban areas in reducing human exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations, UV exposure and the ‘urban heat island effect’? An updated systematic review. Environ Evidence 10, 12(2021).
  • Lee, H., Mayer, H., and Chen, L., (2016). Contribution of trees and grasslands to the mitigation of human heat stress in a residential district of Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148(2016), pp; 37-50.
  • Lennon, M., Scott, M., and O’Neill, E., (2014). Urban Desing and Adapting to Flood Risk: The Role of Green Infrastructure. Journal of Urban Design, 19(5), pp;745-758.
  • Leo, N., and Escobedo, F., J., (2016). The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Environ Dev Sustain 18(2016), pp;373-392.
  • Liberalesso, T., Cruz, C. O., Silva, C. M., and Manso, M., (2020). Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives. Land Use Policy, 96(2020).
  • Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C., Murdiyarso & D., Santoso H., (2008). Facing an Uncertain Future: How Forest and People Can Adapt to Climate Change. CIFOR, Bogor.
  • Marando F., M. P. Heris, G., Zulian, A., Udías, L., Mentaschi, N., Chrysoulakis, D., Parastatidis and J., Maes, (2022). Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 77,
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
  • NACTO, (2022). National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Street Design Guide. Web online [15.12.2022]: https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-elements/stormwater-management/bioswales/
  • Oke T.R., (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108 (1982), pp; 1-24,
  • Patrcik, L., and Kinney, ScD., (2008). Climate Change, Air Quality and Human Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(5), pp;459-467.
  • Pitman, S., and Ely, M., (2012). From grey to green: Life support for human habitats. 6th International Conference and Workshop on the Built Environment in Developing Countries, 4-5 December 2012, Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from [10.12.2022] https://cdn.treenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Treenet13D1S03.pdf
  • Pitman, S., Christopher, D., Ely, M., (2015). Green infrastructure as life support: urban nature and climate change. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 139(1), pp;97–112.
  • Pozoukidou, G., (2020). Designing a green infrastructure network for metropolitan areas: a spatial planning approach Euro-Mediterranean Journal of Environmental Integration, (5), pp;1-15.
  • Ramyar, R., Ackerman, A., and Johnston, D., M., (2021). Adapting cities for climate change through urban green infrastructure planning. Cities 117(2021).
  • Rodríguez, M. I., Cuevas, M. M., Martínez, G., & Moreno, B. (2014). Planning Criteria for Water Sensitive Urban Design. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 191, pp;1579-1591.
  • Ruiz, M. A., Sosa, M. B., Cantaloube E. and Canton, M. A., (2015). Suitable configurations for forested urban canyonsa to mitigate the UHI in the city of Mendoza, Argentina. Urban Climate, 14(2), pp;197-212.
  • Sant’Anna, C., and Bezerra M., C., (2019). Urban Landscape Planning and the Contribution of Green Infrastructure in Promoting Ecosystem Services. " Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 6, Article 23. Retrieved from [08.12.2022] https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=fabos
  • Yoshida, A., Hisabayashi, T., Kashihara, K., Kinoshita, S., and Hashida S., (2015). Evaluation of effect of tree canopy on thermal environment, thermal sensation, and mental state. Urban Climate, 14, pp; 240-250
  • Wong, T. H. (2011). Stormwater management in a water sensitive city: Blueprint 2011. Melbourne, Australia: The Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University.
  • World Bank (2009). Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem‐Based Approaches to Climate Change. The World Bank, Washington DC.
  • World Bank (2022). Urban Development, Washington DC. Web online [09.12.2022] https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities.
  • Zölch, T., Maderspacher, J., Wamsler, C., and Pauleit, S., (2016). Using green infrastructure for urban climate-proofing: An evaluation of heat mitigation measures at the micro-scale. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20(2016), pp;305-316.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AS KEY OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION: URBAN NATURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Yıl 2022, , 123 - 132, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747

Öz

Climate change threatens the global security of ecosystems, human health and natural resources. These threats have increased the demand for effective strategies to adapt to expected impacts as well as technological solutions to mitigate various impacts. The development of green infrastructure systems in cities is among the measures that should be taken to reduce the negative effects of climate events caused by global climate change, the impact of which is felt more and more day by day. Green infrastructure elements and technologies are seen as one of the best climate adaptation strategies in cities. This study aims to provide a kind of framework for climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities using green infrastructure elements. This framework will be considered within the scope of the examination of green infrastructure practices and will guide researchers and decision makers in mitigating and adapting to climate change and effectively adapting it to urban planning.

Kaynakça

  • Angold, P. G., Sadler, J. P., Hill, M. O., Pullin, A., Rushton, S., Austin, K. Thompson, K. (2006). Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Science of the Total Environment, 360(1–3), 196–204.
  • ARUP, (2016). Cities Alive. Towards a walking world. Retrieved [09.12.2022] from https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/cities-alive-towards-a-walking-world
  • European Comission, (2013). Ecosystem services and Green Infrastructure. Web online [08.12.2022]: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm#:~:text=Green%20infrastructure%20is%20a%20strategically,and%20climate%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation.
  • Benedict M. A.., and McMahon E. T., (2012). Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities Island Press, Washington, DC (2012).
  • Carter, J.G., Handley, J., Butlin, T., and Gill, S., (2018). Adapting cities to climate change-exploring the flood risk management role of green infrastructure landscapes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(9), pp; 1535-1552.
  • Ciria, (2013). Water sensitive urban design in the UK. Ideas for built environment practitioners. Retrieved from [09.12.2022] https://www.susdrain.org/files/resources/ciria_guidance/wsud_ideas_book.pdf
  • Ely, M., and Pitman, S., (2012). Green Infrastucture Life Support for human habitats. The compelling evidence for incorporating nature into urban environments. Infrastructure Australia Amdenment Bill 2013 8(1).
  • EPA, (2008) Reducing urban heat islands: Compendium of strategies. Urban Heat Island Basics. Retrieved from [12.12.22] https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-06/documents/basicscompendium.pdf
  • EPA, (2022). Air Quality and Climate Change Research. Web online [15.12.2022]: https://www.epa.gov/air-research/air-quality-and-climate-change-research#:~:text=Changes%20in%20climate%20can%20result,ozone%20standards%20in%20the%20future
  • Davies, C., MacFarlane, R., McGloin, C., and Roe M., (2006). Green infrastructure planning guide. Retrieved from [09.12.2022] http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/North_East_Green_Infrastructure_Planning_Guide.pdf
  • Emmanuel, R., and Loconsole, A., (2015). Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 13882015), pp;71-86.
  • Farrugia, S., Hudson, M. D., and Mcculloch, L., (2013). An evolution of flood control and urban cooling ecosystem services delivered by urban green infrastructure. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 9(2), pp;
  • Foster, J., Lowe A. and Winkelman, S. (2011) The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center for Clean Policy. Retrieved from [10.12.2022] https://savetherain.us/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Green_Infrastructure_Urban_Climate_Adaptation.pdf
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., (2019). Kentlerde İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele İçin Yeşil Altyapı Çözümleri. İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Desteklenmesi Projesi (iklimİN), Ankara, ss:37
  • Hewitt, C. N., Ashworth, K., and MacKenzie A. R., (2020). Using green infrastructure to improve urban air quality (GI4AQ). Ambio (49), pp; 62–73.
  • Knight, T., Price, S., Bowler, D. et al. (2021). How effective is ‘greening’ of urban areas in reducing human exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations, UV exposure and the ‘urban heat island effect’? An updated systematic review. Environ Evidence 10, 12(2021).
  • Lee, H., Mayer, H., and Chen, L., (2016). Contribution of trees and grasslands to the mitigation of human heat stress in a residential district of Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148(2016), pp; 37-50.
  • Lennon, M., Scott, M., and O’Neill, E., (2014). Urban Desing and Adapting to Flood Risk: The Role of Green Infrastructure. Journal of Urban Design, 19(5), pp;745-758.
  • Leo, N., and Escobedo, F., J., (2016). The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Environ Dev Sustain 18(2016), pp;373-392.
  • Liberalesso, T., Cruz, C. O., Silva, C. M., and Manso, M., (2020). Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives. Land Use Policy, 96(2020).
  • Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C., Murdiyarso & D., Santoso H., (2008). Facing an Uncertain Future: How Forest and People Can Adapt to Climate Change. CIFOR, Bogor.
  • Marando F., M. P. Heris, G., Zulian, A., Udías, L., Mentaschi, N., Chrysoulakis, D., Parastatidis and J., Maes, (2022). Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 77,
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
  • NACTO, (2022). National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Street Design Guide. Web online [15.12.2022]: https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-elements/stormwater-management/bioswales/
  • Oke T.R., (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108 (1982), pp; 1-24,
  • Patrcik, L., and Kinney, ScD., (2008). Climate Change, Air Quality and Human Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(5), pp;459-467.
  • Pitman, S., and Ely, M., (2012). From grey to green: Life support for human habitats. 6th International Conference and Workshop on the Built Environment in Developing Countries, 4-5 December 2012, Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from [10.12.2022] https://cdn.treenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Treenet13D1S03.pdf
  • Pitman, S., Christopher, D., Ely, M., (2015). Green infrastructure as life support: urban nature and climate change. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 139(1), pp;97–112.
  • Pozoukidou, G., (2020). Designing a green infrastructure network for metropolitan areas: a spatial planning approach Euro-Mediterranean Journal of Environmental Integration, (5), pp;1-15.
  • Ramyar, R., Ackerman, A., and Johnston, D., M., (2021). Adapting cities for climate change through urban green infrastructure planning. Cities 117(2021).
  • Rodríguez, M. I., Cuevas, M. M., Martínez, G., & Moreno, B. (2014). Planning Criteria for Water Sensitive Urban Design. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 191, pp;1579-1591.
  • Ruiz, M. A., Sosa, M. B., Cantaloube E. and Canton, M. A., (2015). Suitable configurations for forested urban canyonsa to mitigate the UHI in the city of Mendoza, Argentina. Urban Climate, 14(2), pp;197-212.
  • Sant’Anna, C., and Bezerra M., C., (2019). Urban Landscape Planning and the Contribution of Green Infrastructure in Promoting Ecosystem Services. " Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 6, Article 23. Retrieved from [08.12.2022] https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=fabos
  • Yoshida, A., Hisabayashi, T., Kashihara, K., Kinoshita, S., and Hashida S., (2015). Evaluation of effect of tree canopy on thermal environment, thermal sensation, and mental state. Urban Climate, 14, pp; 240-250
  • Wong, T. H. (2011). Stormwater management in a water sensitive city: Blueprint 2011. Melbourne, Australia: The Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University.
  • World Bank (2009). Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem‐Based Approaches to Climate Change. The World Bank, Washington DC.
  • World Bank (2022). Urban Development, Washington DC. Web online [09.12.2022] https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities.
  • Zölch, T., Maderspacher, J., Wamsler, C., and Pauleit, S., (2016). Using green infrastructure for urban climate-proofing: An evaluation of heat mitigation measures at the micro-scale. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20(2016), pp;305-316.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Bilimleri, Mimarlık, Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Veli Ortaçeşme 0000-0003-1832-425X

Pınar Zeğerek Altunbey 0000-0002-5855-1484

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Ortaçeşme, V., & Zeğerek Altunbey, P. (2022). İKLİM ADAPTASYONUNUN ANAHTARI OLARAK YEŞİL ALTYAPI: KENTSEL DOĞA VE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ. PEYZAJ, 4(2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747