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I-TREE PROGRAMI ARACILIĞIYLA YEŞİL ALANLARIN SAĞLADIĞI EKONOMİK DEĞERİN SAPTANMASI

Yıl 2024, , 31 - 49, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1496082

Öz

Kentleşmeyle birlikte kentsel nüfus yoğunluğu da artmakta, bu da kentsel mekanlar üzerindeki baskıyı artırmaktadır. Kentlerde yaşam kalitesi bağlamında yeşil alanların önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu alanlar kente ve kent insanı birçok yarar sağlamakta olup, Covid-19 sürecinde açık ve yeşil alanların değeri daha fazla anlaşılmıştır. Çoğu durumda bu yararlar nitel olarak ifade edilirken, son yıllarda yeşil alanların sağladığı yararların nicel ifadesi de ön plana çıkmaktadır. Yeşil alanların bir ekonomik yarar da sağladığının kamuoyu tarafından bilinmesi ve bu yararın parasal olarak ifadesi, bu alanlara yönelik bakış açılarında yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Yeşil alanların sağladığı ekosistem hizmetlerinin ekonomik değerinin hesaplanması konusunda pek çok yöntem ve program geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarım Bakanlığı (USDA) Orman Servisi tarafından geliştirilen ve ABD’de yaygın olarak kullanılan i-Tree programı ele alınmaktadır. I-Tree, kentsel ve kırsal orman analizi ve yarar değerlendirme araçları sağlayan son teknoloji ürünü bir yazılım paketidir Bu çalışmada, i-Tree programı kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalardan örnekler verilmekte ve hem uluslararası hem de ulusal çalışmalarda i-Tree programının yaygın araçları anlatılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abhijith, K. V., Kumar, P., McNabola, A., Broderick, B., Gallagher, J., Baldauf, R., Pilla, F., Di Sabatino, S., Pulvirenti, B. (2017). Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments – A review. Atmospheric Environment, 162, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014
  • Alvarado, O. (2019). Measuring the benefits of urban nature-based solutions through quantitative asessment tools. Master Thesis, Utrecht University, Holland.
  • Andrew, C. ve Slater, D. (2014). Why some UK homeowners reduce the size of their front garden trees and the consequences for urban forest benefits as assessed by i-Tree ECO. Arboricultural Journal: The International Journal of Urban Forestry, 36(4), 197-215. DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2014.994388
  • Baggethun, E. G. ve Barton, D. (2013). Classifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Urban Planning. Ecological Economics, (86) 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019
  • Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J. S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9(10),1146-56. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
  • Barrufol,M., Schmid, B., Bruelheide, H., Chi, X., Hector, A., Ma, K., Michalski, S. G., Tang, Z., Niklaus, P. A. (2013). Biodiversity Promotes Tree Growth during Succession in Subtropical Forest. Plos One, 8(11), e81246. 10.1371/journal.pone.0081246
  • Barwise, Y. ve Kumar, P. (2020). Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Clim Atmos Sci, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
  • Cazolla Gatti, P., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., ……Liang, J. (2022). The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS, 119 (6), e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
  • Davies, H.J., Doick, K., Handley, P., O’Brien, L., Wilson, J. (2017). Delivery of ecosystem services by urban forests Forest Research, Edinburgh . Forestry Commission Research Report. https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2017/02/fcrp026.pdf
  • Diener, A. ve Mudu, P. (2021). How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces’ mitigation abilities fora ir-borne particles from a public health perspective- with implications for urban planning. Science of The Total Environment, 796,148605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605
  • Elma, S. (2020). Parkların mikroiklimsel etkilerinin Aydın Kanza Parkı (Antalya) örneğinde incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
  • Farrell, C. A, Coleman, L., Kelly-Quinn, M., Obst, C. G., Eigenraam, M., Norton, D., O'Donoghue, C., Kinsella, S., Delargy, O., Stout, J. C. (2021). Applying the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting(SEEA-EA) framework at catchment scale to develop ecosystem extent and condition accounts. One Ecosystem,6,e65582. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65582
  • Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K., Meilby, H. (2014). Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008
  • Guo, W. Y., Seraa Diaz, J. M., Schrodt, F., …. Svenning, J. C. (20229. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Environmental Scıences, 119 (25), e2026733119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026733119
  • Hepcan, Ç.C. ve Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (1):113-120. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.299257
  • Hill, D. ve Baker, S. (2021). Oxford i-Tree Eco Report 2021. Treeconomics For Oxford City Council. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/file/860/oxford-i-tree-eco-study
  • Huang, Y., Lei, C., Liu, C., Perez, P., Forehead, H., Kong, S., Zhou, J.L. (2021). A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116971
  • i-Tree, (2024) a. Legacy Tools. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/legacy-tools (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) b. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, My Tree https://mytree.itreetools.org/#/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) c. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Design. https://design.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) d. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Eco. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) e. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Landscape. https://landscape.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) f. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Canoy. https://canopy.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) g. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Planting. https://planting.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) h. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Species. https://species.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • Janhäll, S. (2015). Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution – Deposition and dispersion. Atmospheric Environment, 105,130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052
  • Kumar, P., Druckman, A., Gallagher, J., Gatersleben, B., Allison, S., Eisenman, T. S., Hoang, U., Hama, S., Tiwari, A., Sharma, A., Abhijith, K. V., Adlakha, D., McNabola, A., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Skeldon, A. C., Lusignan, S., Morawska, L. (2019). The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. Environment International, 133(A),105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181
  • Liang,J., Crowter, T. W., Piscard, N., Wiser, S.K., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., ….Reich, P.B. (2016).Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science,354(6309). 10.1126/science.aaf8957
  • Liu, X., Trogisch, S., He, J. S., ….Ma, K. (2018). Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1885),20181240. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1240
  • Livesley, S.J., McPherson, E. G., Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. J. Environ Qual, 45 (1) :119-124.
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  • Nyelele, C., Kroll C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2022). A comparison of tree planting prioritization frameworks: i-Tree Landscape versus spatial decision support tool. Urban Foresty & Urban Greening, 7: 127703. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127703.
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ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF GREEN SPACES THROUGH I-TREE PROGRAM

Yıl 2024, , 31 - 49, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1496082

Öz

With urbanization, urban population density increases leading to the pressure on urban spaces. Green areas have an important place in the context of quality of life in cities. These areas provide many benefits to the city and its people, and the value of open and green spaces has been understood more during the Covid-19 period. While in most cases these benefits are expressed qualitatively, in recent years the quantitative expression of the benefits provided by green areas has also come to the forefront. The public knowledge that green areas also provide economic benefits and the monetary expression of this benefit offer new opportunities in the outlook towards these areas. Many methods and programs have been developed to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services provided by green areas. In this study, the i-Tree program, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and widely used in the USA, is discussed. I-Tree is a state-of-the-art software package that provides urban and rural forest analysis and benefit assessment tools. In this article, examples of studies using the i-Tree program are given and common tools of the i-Tree program in both international and national studies are described.

Kaynakça

  • Abhijith, K. V., Kumar, P., McNabola, A., Broderick, B., Gallagher, J., Baldauf, R., Pilla, F., Di Sabatino, S., Pulvirenti, B. (2017). Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments – A review. Atmospheric Environment, 162, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014
  • Alvarado, O. (2019). Measuring the benefits of urban nature-based solutions through quantitative asessment tools. Master Thesis, Utrecht University, Holland.
  • Andrew, C. ve Slater, D. (2014). Why some UK homeowners reduce the size of their front garden trees and the consequences for urban forest benefits as assessed by i-Tree ECO. Arboricultural Journal: The International Journal of Urban Forestry, 36(4), 197-215. DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2014.994388
  • Baggethun, E. G. ve Barton, D. (2013). Classifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Urban Planning. Ecological Economics, (86) 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019
  • Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J. S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9(10),1146-56. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
  • Barrufol,M., Schmid, B., Bruelheide, H., Chi, X., Hector, A., Ma, K., Michalski, S. G., Tang, Z., Niklaus, P. A. (2013). Biodiversity Promotes Tree Growth during Succession in Subtropical Forest. Plos One, 8(11), e81246. 10.1371/journal.pone.0081246
  • Barwise, Y. ve Kumar, P. (2020). Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Clim Atmos Sci, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
  • Cazolla Gatti, P., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., ……Liang, J. (2022). The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS, 119 (6), e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
  • Davies, H.J., Doick, K., Handley, P., O’Brien, L., Wilson, J. (2017). Delivery of ecosystem services by urban forests Forest Research, Edinburgh . Forestry Commission Research Report. https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2017/02/fcrp026.pdf
  • Diener, A. ve Mudu, P. (2021). How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces’ mitigation abilities fora ir-borne particles from a public health perspective- with implications for urban planning. Science of The Total Environment, 796,148605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605
  • Elma, S. (2020). Parkların mikroiklimsel etkilerinin Aydın Kanza Parkı (Antalya) örneğinde incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
  • Farrell, C. A, Coleman, L., Kelly-Quinn, M., Obst, C. G., Eigenraam, M., Norton, D., O'Donoghue, C., Kinsella, S., Delargy, O., Stout, J. C. (2021). Applying the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting(SEEA-EA) framework at catchment scale to develop ecosystem extent and condition accounts. One Ecosystem,6,e65582. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65582
  • Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K., Meilby, H. (2014). Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008
  • Guo, W. Y., Seraa Diaz, J. M., Schrodt, F., …. Svenning, J. C. (20229. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Environmental Scıences, 119 (25), e2026733119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026733119
  • Hepcan, Ç.C. ve Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (1):113-120. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.299257
  • Hill, D. ve Baker, S. (2021). Oxford i-Tree Eco Report 2021. Treeconomics For Oxford City Council. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/file/860/oxford-i-tree-eco-study
  • Huang, Y., Lei, C., Liu, C., Perez, P., Forehead, H., Kong, S., Zhou, J.L. (2021). A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116971
  • i-Tree, (2024) a. Legacy Tools. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/legacy-tools (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) b. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, My Tree https://mytree.itreetools.org/#/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) c. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Design. https://design.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) d. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Eco. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) e. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Landscape. https://landscape.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) f. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Canoy. https://canopy.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) g. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Planting. https://planting.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • i-Tree, (2024) h. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Species. https://species.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
  • Janhäll, S. (2015). Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution – Deposition and dispersion. Atmospheric Environment, 105,130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052
  • Kumar, P., Druckman, A., Gallagher, J., Gatersleben, B., Allison, S., Eisenman, T. S., Hoang, U., Hama, S., Tiwari, A., Sharma, A., Abhijith, K. V., Adlakha, D., McNabola, A., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Skeldon, A. C., Lusignan, S., Morawska, L. (2019). The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. Environment International, 133(A),105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181
  • Liang,J., Crowter, T. W., Piscard, N., Wiser, S.K., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., ….Reich, P.B. (2016).Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science,354(6309). 10.1126/science.aaf8957
  • Liu, X., Trogisch, S., He, J. S., ….Ma, K. (2018). Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1885),20181240. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1240
  • Livesley, S.J., McPherson, E. G., Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. J. Environ Qual, 45 (1) :119-124.
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
  • Moffat, A.J. (2016). Communicating the benefits of urban trees: A critical review. Arboricultural Journal, 38 (2), 1-19. 10.1080/03071375.2016.1163111
  • Nemitz, E.,Vieno, M., Carnell, E., Fitch, A., Steadman, C., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Morton, R. D., Hall, J., Mills, G., Hayes, F., Dickie, I., Carruthers, D., Fowler, D., Reis, S., Jones L., (2020). Potential and limitation of air pollution mitigation by vegetation and uncertainties of deposition-based evaluations. Philosophical Transactions A, 378(2183),20190320. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0320
  • Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental Pollution. 193:119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.028
  • Nowak, D. J. (2020). Taking Stock: The First Step to Creating Healthier Cities with Trees. A Biophilic Cities Journal, 22-27.
  • Nowak, D. J. (2021). Understanding i-Tree: 2021 summary of programs and methods. General Technical Report NRS-200-2021. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-200-2021
  • Nyelele, C., Kroll, C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2019). Present and future ecosystem services of trees in the Bronx, NY Urban. Urban Green., 42 :10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.018
  • Nyelele, C. ve Kroll, C.N. (2021). A multi-objective decision support framework to prioritize tree planting locations in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214: 104172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104172
  • Nyelele, C., Kroll C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2022). A comparison of tree planting prioritization frameworks: i-Tree Landscape versus spatial decision support tool. Urban Foresty & Urban Greening, 7: 127703. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127703.
  • O’Brien, L., De Vreese, R., Kernm, M., Sievänen, T., Stojanova, B., Atmiş, E. (2017). Cultural ecosystem benefits of urban and peri-urban green infrastructure across different European countries. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 24: 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.002
  • Ortaçeşme, V. Altunbey Zeğerek, P. (2022). iklim adaptasyonunun anahtarı olarak yeşil altyapı: kentsel doğa ve iklim değişikliği. Peyzaj, 4(2): 123-132. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747
  • Raum, S., Hand, K.L., Hall, C., Edwards, D.M., O’Brien, L., Doick, K.J. (2019). Achieving impact from ecosystem assessment and valuation of urban greenspace: The case of i-Tree Eco in Great Britain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190:103590. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103590
  • Salmond, J. A., Tadaki, M., Vardoulakis, S., Arbuthnott, K., Coutts, A., Demuzere, M., Dirks, K. N., Heaviside, C., Lim, S., Macintyre, H., McInnes, R. N., Wheeler B. W. (2016). Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment Environ. Health, 15(S1). 10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6
  • Schulze, E.D. (2000). ‘’Carbon And Nitrogen Cycle In Forest Ecosystems’’ In Carbon And Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
  • Tiwari, A., Kumar, P., Baldauf, R., Zhang, K.M., Pila, F., Dİ Sabatino, S., Brattich, E., Pulvirenti, B., (2019). Considerations for evaluating green infrastructure impacts in microscale and macroscale air pollution dispersion models. Science of The Total Environment. 672: 410-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.350
  • Traverso, V. (2020). The best trees to reduce air pollution. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200504-which-trees-reduce-air-pollution-best. (Erişim tarihi: 31 Mayıs 2024)
  • Tuğluer, M. (2019). Bazı Kent Ağaçlarının Biyokütle ve Karbon Depolama Miktarını Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Tuğluer, M. ve Gül, A. (2018). Kent ağaçlarının çevresel etkileri ve değerinin belirlenmesinde UFORE modelinin kullanımı ve Isparta örneğinde irdelenmesi. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 19(3): 293-307. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.341054
  • Tuğluer M, ve Çakır M. (2019). UFORE Modeli'nin Kent Ekosistemine Hizmet Eden Bileşenlerinin İrdelenmesi. Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamalar Dergisi, 4(2),193-200. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.586754
  • Tülek, B. ve Ersoy Mirici, M. (2019). Kentsel sitemlerde yeşil altyapı ve ekosistem hizmetleri. PEYZAJ, 1(2), 1-11. UNICEF, (2023). How many people are in the world?. https://data.unicef.org./how-many/how -many-people-are-in-the-world/ (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024)
  • USDA Forest Service (2006). i-Tree. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/products/dataandtools/tools/i-tree (Erişim tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2024)
  • USDA Forest Service, (2021) a. Conversion Factors for Leaf Area to Biomass. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr-nrs200-2021_appendixes/gtr_nrs200-2021_appendix4.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2024)
  • USDA Forest Service, (2021) b. Conversion Factors for Shrub Volume to Biomass. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr-nrs200-2021_appendixes/gtr_nrs200-2021_appendix5.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2024)
  • Üstündağ, Ç., Karataş, Ş. İ., Parıldar, N. N., Artar, M. (2023). Kentsel ısı adalarının azaltılmasında yeşilaltyapı sistemlerinin önemi. Peyzaj, 5(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1406139
  • Veerkamp C.J., Schipper, A. M., Hedlund, K., Lazarova, T., Nordin, A., Hanson, H. I. (2021). A review of studies assessing ecosystem services provided by urban green and blue infrastructure. Ecosystem Services 52,1011367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101367
  • Venter, Z. S., Hassani, A., Stange, E., Schneider, P., Castell, N. (2024). Reassessing the role of urban green space in air pollution control. Earth, Atmospherıc, and Planetary Scıences, 121 (6) e2306200121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306200121
  • Vos, P .E. J., Maiheu, B., Vankerkom, J., Janssen, S. (2013). Improving local air quality in cities: To tree or not to tree?. Environmental Pollution, 183:113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.021
  • World Bank (2023). Urban Development, Washington DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities. (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024)
  • Wu, J., Wang, Y., Qiu, S., Peng, J. (2019). Using the modified i-Tree Ecomodel to quantify air pollution removal by urban vegetation. Science of the Total Environment, 688, 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.437
  • Yüksel, Ü. D., ve Yılmaz, O. (2008). Ankara kentinde kentsel isi adasi etkisinin yaz aylarinda uzaktan algilama ve meteorolojik gözlemlere dayali olarak saptanmasi ve değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arazi Kullanımı ve Çevre Planlaması, Kentsel Alan Yönetimi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama, Peyzaj Planlama, Peyzaj Mimarlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sümeyra Elma 0000-0003-1230-280X

Veli Ortaçeşme 0000-0003-1832-425X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Elma, S., & Ortaçeşme, V. (2024). I-TREE PROGRAMI ARACILIĞIYLA YEŞİL ALANLARIN SAĞLADIĞI EKONOMİK DEĞERİN SAPTANMASI. PEYZAJ, 6(1), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1496082