Kentleşmeyle birlikte kentsel nüfus yoğunluğu da artmakta, bu da kentsel mekanlar üzerindeki baskıyı artırmaktadır. Kentlerde yaşam kalitesi bağlamında yeşil alanların önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu alanlar kente ve kent insanı birçok yarar sağlamakta olup, Covid-19 sürecinde açık ve yeşil alanların değeri daha fazla anlaşılmıştır. Çoğu durumda bu yararlar nitel olarak ifade edilirken, son yıllarda yeşil alanların sağladığı yararların nicel ifadesi de ön plana çıkmaktadır. Yeşil alanların bir ekonomik yarar da sağladığının kamuoyu tarafından bilinmesi ve bu yararın parasal olarak ifadesi, bu alanlara yönelik bakış açılarında yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Yeşil alanların sağladığı ekosistem hizmetlerinin ekonomik değerinin hesaplanması konusunda pek çok yöntem ve program geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarım Bakanlığı (USDA) Orman Servisi tarafından geliştirilen ve ABD’de yaygın olarak kullanılan i-Tree programı ele alınmaktadır. I-Tree, kentsel ve kırsal orman analizi ve yarar değerlendirme araçları sağlayan son teknoloji ürünü bir yazılım paketidir Bu çalışmada, i-Tree programı kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalardan örnekler verilmekte ve hem uluslararası hem de ulusal çalışmalarda i-Tree programının yaygın araçları anlatılmaktadır.
Abhijith, K. V., Kumar, P., McNabola, A., Broderick, B., Gallagher, J., Baldauf, R., Pilla, F., Di Sabatino, S., Pulvirenti, B. (2017). Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments – A review. Atmospheric Environment, 162, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014
Alvarado, O. (2019). Measuring the benefits of urban nature-based solutions through quantitative asessment tools. Master Thesis, Utrecht University, Holland.
Andrew, C. ve Slater, D. (2014). Why some UK homeowners reduce the size of their front garden trees and the consequences for urban forest benefits as assessed by i-Tree ECO. Arboricultural Journal: The International Journal of Urban Forestry, 36(4), 197-215. DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2014.994388
Baggethun, E. G. ve Barton, D. (2013). Classifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Urban Planning. Ecological Economics, (86) 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019
Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J. S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9(10),1146-56. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
Barrufol,M., Schmid, B., Bruelheide, H., Chi, X., Hector, A., Ma, K., Michalski, S. G., Tang, Z., Niklaus, P. A. (2013). Biodiversity Promotes Tree Growth during Succession in Subtropical Forest. Plos One, 8(11), e81246. 10.1371/journal.pone.0081246
Barwise, Y. ve Kumar, P. (2020). Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Clim Atmos Sci, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
Cazolla Gatti, P., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., ……Liang, J. (2022). The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS, 119 (6), e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
Davies, H.J., Doick, K., Handley, P., O’Brien, L., Wilson, J. (2017). Delivery of ecosystem services by urban forests Forest Research, Edinburgh . Forestry Commission Research Report. https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2017/02/fcrp026.pdf
Diener, A. ve Mudu, P. (2021). How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces’ mitigation abilities fora ir-borne particles from a public health perspective- with implications for urban planning. Science of The Total Environment, 796,148605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605
Elma, S. (2020). Parkların mikroiklimsel etkilerinin Aydın Kanza Parkı (Antalya) örneğinde incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
Farrell, C. A, Coleman, L., Kelly-Quinn, M., Obst, C. G., Eigenraam, M., Norton, D., O'Donoghue, C., Kinsella, S.,
Delargy, O., Stout, J. C. (2021). Applying the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting(SEEA-EA) framework at catchment scale to develop ecosystem extent and condition accounts. One Ecosystem,6,e65582. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65582
Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K., Meilby, H. (2014). Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008
Guo, W. Y., Seraa Diaz, J. M., Schrodt, F., …. Svenning, J. C. (20229. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Environmental Scıences, 119 (25), e2026733119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026733119
Hepcan, Ç.C. ve Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (1):113-120. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.299257
Hill, D. ve Baker, S. (2021). Oxford i-Tree Eco Report 2021. Treeconomics For Oxford City Council. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/file/860/oxford-i-tree-eco-study
Huang, Y., Lei, C., Liu, C., Perez, P., Forehead, H., Kong, S., Zhou, J.L. (2021). A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116971
i-Tree, (2024) a. Legacy Tools. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/legacy-tools (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) b. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, My Tree https://mytree.itreetools.org/#/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) c. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Design. https://design.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) d. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Eco. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) e. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Landscape. https://landscape.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) f. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Canoy. https://canopy.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) g. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Planting. https://planting.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) h. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Species. https://species.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
Janhäll, S. (2015). Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution – Deposition and dispersion. Atmospheric Environment, 105,130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052
Kumar, P., Druckman, A., Gallagher, J., Gatersleben, B., Allison, S., Eisenman, T. S., Hoang, U., Hama, S., Tiwari, A., Sharma, A., Abhijith, K. V., Adlakha, D., McNabola, A., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Skeldon, A. C., Lusignan, S., Morawska, L. (2019). The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. Environment International, 133(A),105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181
Liang,J., Crowter, T. W., Piscard, N., Wiser, S.K., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., ….Reich, P.B. (2016).Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science,354(6309). 10.1126/science.aaf8957
Liu, X., Trogisch, S., He, J. S., ….Ma, K. (2018). Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1885),20181240. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1240
Livesley, S.J., McPherson, E. G., Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. J. Environ Qual, 45 (1) :119-124.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Moffat, A.J. (2016). Communicating the benefits of urban trees: A critical review. Arboricultural Journal, 38 (2), 1-19. 10.1080/03071375.2016.1163111
Nemitz, E.,Vieno, M., Carnell, E., Fitch, A., Steadman, C., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Morton, R. D., Hall, J., Mills, G., Hayes, F., Dickie, I., Carruthers, D., Fowler, D., Reis, S., Jones L., (2020). Potential and limitation of air pollution mitigation by vegetation and uncertainties of deposition-based evaluations. Philosophical Transactions A, 378(2183),20190320. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0320
Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental Pollution. 193:119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.028
Nowak, D. J. (2020). Taking Stock: The First Step to Creating Healthier Cities with Trees. A Biophilic Cities Journal, 22-27.
Nowak, D. J. (2021). Understanding i-Tree: 2021 summary of programs and methods. General Technical Report NRS-200-2021. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-200-2021
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Nyelele, C., Kroll C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2022). A comparison of tree planting prioritization frameworks: i-Tree Landscape versus spatial decision support tool. Urban Foresty & Urban Greening, 7: 127703. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127703.
O’Brien, L., De Vreese, R., Kernm, M., Sievänen, T., Stojanova, B., Atmiş, E. (2017). Cultural ecosystem benefits of urban and peri-urban green infrastructure across different European countries. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 24: 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.002
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Raum, S., Hand, K.L., Hall, C., Edwards, D.M., O’Brien, L., Doick, K.J. (2019). Achieving impact from ecosystem assessment and valuation of urban greenspace: The case of i-Tree Eco in Great Britain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190:103590. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103590
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ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF GREEN SPACES THROUGH I-TREE PROGRAM
With urbanization, urban population density increases leading to the pressure on urban spaces. Green areas have an important place in the context of quality of life in cities. These areas provide many benefits to the city and its people, and the value of open and green spaces has been understood more during the Covid-19 period. While in most cases these benefits are expressed qualitatively, in recent years the quantitative expression of the benefits provided by green areas has also come to the forefront. The public knowledge that green areas also provide economic benefits and the monetary expression of this benefit offer new opportunities in the outlook towards these areas. Many methods and programs have been developed to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services provided by green areas. In this study, the i-Tree program, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and widely used in the USA, is discussed. I-Tree is a state-of-the-art software package that provides urban and rural forest analysis and benefit assessment tools. In this article, examples of studies using the i-Tree program are given and common tools of the i-Tree program in both international and national studies are described.
Abhijith, K. V., Kumar, P., McNabola, A., Broderick, B., Gallagher, J., Baldauf, R., Pilla, F., Di Sabatino, S., Pulvirenti, B. (2017). Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments – A review. Atmospheric Environment, 162, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014
Alvarado, O. (2019). Measuring the benefits of urban nature-based solutions through quantitative asessment tools. Master Thesis, Utrecht University, Holland.
Andrew, C. ve Slater, D. (2014). Why some UK homeowners reduce the size of their front garden trees and the consequences for urban forest benefits as assessed by i-Tree ECO. Arboricultural Journal: The International Journal of Urban Forestry, 36(4), 197-215. DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2014.994388
Baggethun, E. G. ve Barton, D. (2013). Classifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Urban Planning. Ecological Economics, (86) 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019
Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J. S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9(10),1146-56. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
Barrufol,M., Schmid, B., Bruelheide, H., Chi, X., Hector, A., Ma, K., Michalski, S. G., Tang, Z., Niklaus, P. A. (2013). Biodiversity Promotes Tree Growth during Succession in Subtropical Forest. Plos One, 8(11), e81246. 10.1371/journal.pone.0081246
Barwise, Y. ve Kumar, P. (2020). Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Clim Atmos Sci, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
Cazolla Gatti, P., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., ……Liang, J. (2022). The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS, 119 (6), e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
Davies, H.J., Doick, K., Handley, P., O’Brien, L., Wilson, J. (2017). Delivery of ecosystem services by urban forests Forest Research, Edinburgh . Forestry Commission Research Report. https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2017/02/fcrp026.pdf
Diener, A. ve Mudu, P. (2021). How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces’ mitigation abilities fora ir-borne particles from a public health perspective- with implications for urban planning. Science of The Total Environment, 796,148605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605
Elma, S. (2020). Parkların mikroiklimsel etkilerinin Aydın Kanza Parkı (Antalya) örneğinde incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
Farrell, C. A, Coleman, L., Kelly-Quinn, M., Obst, C. G., Eigenraam, M., Norton, D., O'Donoghue, C., Kinsella, S.,
Delargy, O., Stout, J. C. (2021). Applying the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting(SEEA-EA) framework at catchment scale to develop ecosystem extent and condition accounts. One Ecosystem,6,e65582. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65582
Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K., Meilby, H. (2014). Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008
Guo, W. Y., Seraa Diaz, J. M., Schrodt, F., …. Svenning, J. C. (20229. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Environmental Scıences, 119 (25), e2026733119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026733119
Hepcan, Ç.C. ve Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (1):113-120. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.299257
Hill, D. ve Baker, S. (2021). Oxford i-Tree Eco Report 2021. Treeconomics For Oxford City Council. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/file/860/oxford-i-tree-eco-study
Huang, Y., Lei, C., Liu, C., Perez, P., Forehead, H., Kong, S., Zhou, J.L. (2021). A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116971
i-Tree, (2024) a. Legacy Tools. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/legacy-tools (Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) b. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, My Tree https://mytree.itreetools.org/#/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) c. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Design. https://design.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) d. Tools for Assessing Individual Trees, i- Tree Eco. https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) e. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Landscape. https://landscape.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) f. Tree Canopy Assessment Tools, i-Tree Canoy. https://canopy.itreetools.org/(Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) g. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Planting. https://planting.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
i-Tree, (2024) h. Tree Planting Tools, i-Tree Species. https://species.itreetools.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2024).
Janhäll, S. (2015). Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution – Deposition and dispersion. Atmospheric Environment, 105,130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052
Kumar, P., Druckman, A., Gallagher, J., Gatersleben, B., Allison, S., Eisenman, T. S., Hoang, U., Hama, S., Tiwari, A., Sharma, A., Abhijith, K. V., Adlakha, D., McNabola, A., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Skeldon, A. C., Lusignan, S., Morawska, L. (2019). The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. Environment International, 133(A),105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181
Liang,J., Crowter, T. W., Piscard, N., Wiser, S.K., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., ….Reich, P.B. (2016).Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science,354(6309). 10.1126/science.aaf8957
Liu, X., Trogisch, S., He, J. S., ….Ma, K. (2018). Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1885),20181240. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1240
Livesley, S.J., McPherson, E. G., Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. J. Environ Qual, 45 (1) :119-124.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Moffat, A.J. (2016). Communicating the benefits of urban trees: A critical review. Arboricultural Journal, 38 (2), 1-19. 10.1080/03071375.2016.1163111
Nemitz, E.,Vieno, M., Carnell, E., Fitch, A., Steadman, C., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Morton, R. D., Hall, J., Mills, G., Hayes, F., Dickie, I., Carruthers, D., Fowler, D., Reis, S., Jones L., (2020). Potential and limitation of air pollution mitigation by vegetation and uncertainties of deposition-based evaluations. Philosophical Transactions A, 378(2183),20190320. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0320
Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental Pollution. 193:119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.028
Nowak, D. J. (2020). Taking Stock: The First Step to Creating Healthier Cities with Trees. A Biophilic Cities Journal, 22-27.
Nowak, D. J. (2021). Understanding i-Tree: 2021 summary of programs and methods. General Technical Report NRS-200-2021. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-200-2021
Nyelele, C., Kroll, C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2019). Present and future ecosystem services of trees in the Bronx, NY Urban. Urban Green., 42 :10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.018
Nyelele, C. ve Kroll, C.N. (2021). A multi-objective decision support framework to prioritize tree planting locations in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214: 104172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104172
Nyelele, C., Kroll C. N., Nowak, D.J. (2022). A comparison of tree planting prioritization frameworks: i-Tree Landscape versus spatial decision support tool. Urban Foresty & Urban Greening, 7: 127703. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127703.
O’Brien, L., De Vreese, R., Kernm, M., Sievänen, T., Stojanova, B., Atmiş, E. (2017). Cultural ecosystem benefits of urban and peri-urban green infrastructure across different European countries. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 24: 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.002
Ortaçeşme, V. Altunbey Zeğerek, P. (2022). iklim adaptasyonunun anahtarı olarak yeşil altyapı: kentsel doğa ve iklim değişikliği. Peyzaj, 4(2): 123-132. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747
Raum, S., Hand, K.L., Hall, C., Edwards, D.M., O’Brien, L., Doick, K.J. (2019). Achieving impact from ecosystem assessment and valuation of urban greenspace: The case of i-Tree Eco in Great Britain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190:103590. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103590
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Yüksel, Ü. D., ve Yılmaz, O. (2008). Ankara kentinde kentsel isi adasi etkisinin yaz aylarinda uzaktan algilama ve meteorolojik gözlemlere dayali olarak saptanmasi ve değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
Arazi Kullanımı ve Çevre Planlaması, Kentsel Alan Yönetimi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama, Peyzaj Planlama, Peyzaj Mimarlığı (Diğer)