Teos Mermer Ocakları ve Lucullus Mermeri

Öz

Teos kentinin yakın çevresinde yer alan taş ocaklarında gri-mavimtırak (bigio) mermerin yanı sıra Roma’da inşaat ve dekorasyon malzemesi olarak rağbet gören, günümüzde Africano adı altında bilinen renkli mermer çıkarılmıştır. Bu mermerin İmparatorluğun başkentinde yoğun talep görmesi üzerine Teos mermer ocakları olasılıkla Augustus Dönemi’nde imparatorun himayesine girmiştir. Yaşlı Plinius (nat. hist. 36, 49–50) bu koyu renkli mermerin ilkin komutan Lucius Licinius Lucullus tarafından Roma’ya ithal edildiğini ve «Lucullus Mermeri» adını aldığını aktarmıştır. Ancak, el yazmalarında mermerin geliş yerinin belirtildiği kısım bozuk aktarıldığı için, mermerin hangi bölgede çıkarıldığı ve de Africano mermeri ile özdeş olup olmadığı hususu günümüze kadar belirsiz kalmıştır. Son yıllarda sürdürülen Teos araştırmalarında ele geçen bir epigrafik belge bu belirsizliği artık tamamen ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Bu belgede Lucullus Mermeri ocaklarından sorumlu İmparator azatlısı Communis’in Venus Pontia’ya bir adak sunduğu belirtilmektedir. Kendisini resmi unvanıyla «a lapicidinis Luculleis» olarak tanıtan azatlı, deniz yolculuğundan sorumlu olan tanrıçanın heykelini onartmıştır.

Lucullus Mermeri Teos kentinin egemenlik sahasında tespit edilen beş farklı taş ocağında çıkarılmıştır. Bu ocakların üretim kapasitesi İmparator adına Frigya, Numidya, Euböa ve diğer bölgelerde işletilen mer­mer ocaklarınınkiyle kıyaslandığında çok daha düşüktür. Bunun yanında renkli Teos mermeri aynı ocaklarda gri mermer ile karışık halde bulunduğu için az miktarlarda çıkarılmıştır. Lucullus Mermer rezervi İ.S. 2. yüzyılda giderek azaldığından üretim Marcus Aurelius Dönemi’nde sonlandırılmıştır. Teos ocaklarında merkezi mermer üretiminin 166 yılı civarında sonlandırıldığına dair Karagöl ve Kesikkaya ocaklarında terkedilmiş bloklar üzerinde yer alan konsül isimleri önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. 

Lucullus Mermeri’nin İmparatorluğun başkentinde büyük talep görmesi nedeniyle ocaklarda üretilen mermerin neredeyse tümü İtalya’ya nakledilmiş ve büyük oranda kamu binalarında kullanılmıştır. Ancak, Doğu eyalet kentleri de bu kıymetli mermerden tamamen mahrum edilmemiştir. Teos’ta Bouleuterion’da sürdürülen kazılarda bu kamu binasının orkestrasında Lucullus Mermeri’nin döşeme malzemesi olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sığacık’ta kuzey surda devşirme olarak kullanılan ve şimdiye kadar eksik okunan bir yazıtta, Teos’ta strategos olarak kamu görevi ifa eden Kleonaios’un resmi bir yapının zemin döşemesini renkli mermerle süsledikten sonra bu eseri adı yazıtta kazınarak silinmiş olan bir imparatora (Domitianus?), kentin baştanrısı Dionysos’a ve de Teos halkına adadığı belirtilmiştir.

Makalenin ikinci kısmında Roma Dönemi’nde işletilen Taşdibi, Karagöl, Kesikkaya, Beyler ve Küçükkaya taş ocaklarının arkeolojik özellikleri tanıtılmış ve bu ocakların Roma’daki merkezi yönetim tarafından nasıl organize edildiğine dair cevaplar aranmıştır. Kentte ele geçen bazı Latince mezar yazıtları taş ocaklarında çalışan İmparator köleleriyle ilişkilendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Teos,Africano,marmor Luculleum,a lapicidinis Luculleis,Venus Pontia,Taşdibi,Karagöl,Kesik-kaya,Beyler,Küçükkaya

Die Steinbrüche von Teos und «Marmor Luculleum»

Öz

Apart from grey-bluish marble (bigio), coloured marble (africano), which was highly valued as building and decoration material by the Romans, was obtained from the quarries of Teos. Owing to the great demand for Teian coloured marble in Rome, the quarries are likely to have come under imperial control as early as under Augustus. Since the pertinent passage by Pliny (nat. hist. 36, 49–50) is corrupted, the question as to whether the «marmor Luculleum», introduced into Rome by and named after the general Lucius Licinius Lucullus, actually stemmed from the quarries at Teos and can be identified with the so-called Africano marble has hitherto remained moot. A newly found inscription from Teos finally answers it in favour of this Ionian city. Said inscription is a dedication to Venus Pontia by the imperial freedman Communis, who mentions «a lapicidinis Luculleis» as his official title. In this capacity he probably supervised work in the quarries of Teos.

The extraction of coloured marble was apparently limited to five archaeologically verified quarries in the hinterland of Teos. Compared with other imperial quarries, those at Teos were rather small-scale sites. In addition, the quantity of this sought-after coloured marble extracted from these quarries was not very high, as this marble was found in close association with grey marble. The quantity of grey marble extracted there appears to have been several times higher. In the 2nd century AD the quantity of coloured marble being extracted was in rapid decline, and by 166 AD this type of marble seems to have been used up completely. Consequently, the quarries were closed, which is confirmed by the archaeological evidence as well as by dated inscriptions found on marble blocks left behind in the quarries of Karagöl and Kesikkaya. Today, traces of coloured marble can be found only in the rubble from extraction at said quarries, whereas the extraction walls themselves consist of grey marble.

The great demand in the capital for coloured marble from Teos resulted in most of the quarried material being to be shipped to Rome and Italy. However, cities in Asia Minor do not appear to have been entirely excluded from access to the Africano. In Teos itself small vestiges of the Africano from the bouleuterion prove that this marble was used as cladding material. The revision of a hitherto unsatisfactorily edited dedicatory inscription (PHI Teos 100) also shows that the strategos Kleonaios had the floor of a public building laid out with coloured marble. Said floor was dedicated to an emperor whose name is erased (perhaps Domitian), to the city god Dionysus and to the demos of Teos.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Teos,Africano,marmor Luculleum,a lapicidinis Luculleis,Venus Pontia,Taşdibi,Karagöl,Kesik-kaya,Beyler,Küçükkaya

Die Steinbrüche von Teos und «Marmor Luculleum»

Öz

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