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Attalos I ve Pessinus’un Fethi. I.Pessinus 1 Hakkında Değerlendirme

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2, 53 - 62, 31.12.2016

Öz

Pessinus’taki Kybele Agdistis tapınak devleti denli geniş ve muhtelif içerikli edebi, epigrafik ve nü-mizmatik geleneğe sahip olmakla Antik Dünya’nın sadece birkaç tapınağı övünebilir. Hal böyleyken kaynaklardaki tutarsızlık veya boşluklar kült merkezinin tarihçesi hakkında sayısız tar-tışmayı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Özellikle Tanrıça’nın göktaşı hakkında Roma tarafından İ.Ö. 205/4 yılında yürütülen incelemeye dair Livius’un detaylı anlatımı (Liv. 29.10.4–29.11.8, 29.14.5–14) daha sonraki dönemlerin bir uydurması olarak çoğu kez reddedilmektedir. Bu yön-deki önemli bir veri Livius’a göre Roma sefaretine rehberlik eden Pergamon Kralı Attalos I.’in o sırada Doğu Phrygia’ya henüz girmemiş olmasıdır. Her ne kadar kronolojik dizgeler açısından belirsiz kalsa da Strabon’un aktarımıyla (12.5.3) Pessinus’un idaredeki rahibi Attis’e hitaben kaleme alınan ve yaygın görüşe göre İ.Ö. 163/156 yılına tarihlenen birkaç kraliyet mektubu, Pergamon krallarıyla tapınak arasındaki yakın ikişkiyi belgelemektedir.  Bununla birlikte Christian Mi-leta (2010), I.Pessinus 1’in “Pessongoi”un İ.Ö. 207 yılındaki fethi sırasında Kral Attalos I’in kendi askeri görevlilerine gönderdiği talimatları içeren mektubu olduğunu ikna edici bir şekilde göster-miştir. Mektupta geçen “Pessongoi”u Pessinus ile özdeşleştirmemek yönündeki her girişim başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmış ve Mileta’nın daha erken bir tarihleme için sunduğu argüman mektup ve muhatabı üzerine bu makalede yapılan detaylı bir incelemeyle daha da güçlenmiştir. Bu yolla İ.Ö. 3. yüzyılın sonunda Gallos Vadisi’nde ne olduğunu anlayabilmek için çok daha iyi bir konuma sahip olunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Avram – Tsetskhladze 2014 A. Avram – G. R. Tsetskhladze, A New Attalid Letter from Pessinus, ZPE 191, 151–181.
  • Boffo 2007 L. Boffo, I centri religiosi d’Asia Minore all’epoca della conquista romana, in: G. Urso (ed.), Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28–30 settembre 2006, Rome 2007, 105–128.
  • Bowden 2012 H. Bowden, Rome, Pessinous, and Battakes: Religious Encounters with the East, in: Ch. Smith – M. Yarrow (eds.), Imperialism, Cultural Politics, and Polybius, Oxford 2012.
  • Bremmer 2004 J. N. Bremmer, Attis: A Greek God in Anatolian Pessinous and Catullan Rome, Mnemosyne 57, 2004, 534–573.
  • Claerhout – Devreker 2008 I. Claerhout – J. Devreker, Pessinous: An Archaeological Guide, Istanbul 2008.
  • Chrubasik 2013 B. Chrubasik, The Attalids and the Seleukid Kings, 281–175 BC, in: Thonemann 2013, 83–119.
  • Coşkun, APR A. Coşkun (ed.), Amici Populi Romani, Trier 2007–2008 and Waterloo 2010ff. Online: http://www.altaycoskun.com/apr.
  • Coşkun 2011 A. Coşkun, Galatians and Seleucids: a Century of Conflict and Cooperation, in: K. Erickson – G. Ramsey (eds.), Seleucid Dissolution: Fragmentation and Transformation of Empire (Exeter, July 2008), Wiesbaden 2011, 85–106.
  • Coşkun 2013 A. Coşkun, Von Anatolia bis Inscriptions of Ankara: Zwanzig Jahre Forschungen zum antiken Galatien (1993–2012), Anatolica 39, 2013, 69–95.
  • Coşkun 2014 A. Coşkun, Latène-Artefakte im hellenistischen Kleinasien: ein problematisches Kriterium für die Bestimmung der ethnischen Identität(en) der Galater, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 64, 2014, 129–162.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2016/17 A. Coşkun, The Temple State of Kybele in Phrygian and Early Hellenistic Pessinus: a Phantom?, forthcoming in G.Tsetskhladze (ed.), First Excavation Reports for Pessinous by the Melbourne Team.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2017 A. Coşkun, The War of Brothers, the Third Syrian War, and the Battle of Ankyra (246-241 BC): a Re-Appraisal, forthcoming in: K. Erickson (ed.), War within the Family – the First Century of Seleucid Rule. Proceedings of Seleucid Study Day III = Panel at the VIIth Celtic Conference of Classics, Bordeaux Sept. 2012, Swansea.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2017/18 A. Coşkun, The ‘Temple State’ of Phrygian Pessinus in the Context of Seleukid, Attalid, Galatian and Roman Hegemonial Politics (3rd–1st Centuries BC), forthcoming in G. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Phrygian Lands over Time (from Prehistory to the Middle of the 1st Millennium AD). Proceedings of the International Conference, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, 2nd – 8th November, 2015.
  • Darbyshire – Mitchell – Vardar 2000 G. Darbyshire – S. Mitchell – L. Vardar, The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor, Anatolian Studies 50, 2000, 75–97.
  • Delamarre 2003 X. Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris 2nd ed. 2003.
  • Delamarre 2012 X. Delamarre, Noms de lieux celtiques de l’Europe ancienne, Paris 2012.
  • Dittenberger, OGIS W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum, vols. I–II, Leipzig 1903/5, repr. Hildesheim 1970.
  • Falileyev 2007 A. Falileyev, Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names, Aberystwyth 2007.
  • Hansen 1971 E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamum, 2nd ed. Ithaca 1971.
  • Körte 1897 A. Körte, Kleinasiatische Studien II: Gordion und der Zug des Manlius gegen die Galater, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 22, 1897, 1–51.
  • Leigh 2004 M. Leigh, Varro and the Coming of the Magna Mater, Maia 56, 2004, 9–15.
  • Ma 2013 J. Ma, The Attalids: A Military History, in: Thonemann 2013, 49–82.
  • Marek 2010 C. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich 2010.
  • Mileta 2010 Ch. Mileta, Überlegungen zur Datierung der Inschriften des Inschriftendossiers I. Pessinous 1–7, in: Th. Brüggemann et al. (eds.), Studia Hellenistica et Historiographica. Festschrift für Andreas Mehl, Gutenberg 2010, 107–120.
  • Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor II: The Rise of the Church, Oxford1993.
  • Payen 2016 G. Payen, Les conséquences géopolitiques du traité d’Apamée en Asie Mineure. Yet unpublished PhD Universités Laval (Québec) and Sorbonne (Paris 2016).
  • Roller 1999 L. E. Roller, In Search for the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele, Berkeley 1999.
  • Roller 2009 L. E. Roller, The Sacred Landscape of Matar. Continuity and Change from the Iron Age through to the Roman Period, in: C. Gates – J. Morin – T. Zimmermann (eds.), Sacred Landscapes in Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, Oxford 2009, 1–10.
  • Russo 2014 F. Russo, The Function of the Trojan Myth in Early Roman Expansionism in Greece and Asia Minor, in: V. Cojocaru – A. Coşkun – M. Dana (eds.), Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Cluj-Napoca 2014, 581–604.
  • Russo 2015 F. Russo, L’odium regni a Roma tra realtà politica e finzione storiografica, Pisa 2015.
  • Stähelin 1907/73 F. Stähelin, Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater, Osnabrück 1897, 21907, repr. 1973.
  • Stark 2007 I. Stark, Kybele als keltische Göttin: Zur Aufnahme der Kybele von Pessinus als Mater Magna unter die römischen Staatsgötter 205/204 v. Chr., Klio 89.1, 2007, 67–117.
  • Strobel 1999 K. Strobel, ‘Kelten [III.]: Kelten im Osten’, DNP 6, 1999, 393–400.
  • Strobel 2000 K. Strobel, ‘Pessinus’, DNP 9, 2000, 658–660.
  • Strobel 2002 K. Strobel, State Formation by the Galatians of Asia Minor. Politico-Historical and Cultural Processes in Hellenistic Central Anatolia, Anatolica 28, 2002, 1–44 (cf. the German original: Die Staatenbildung bei den kleinasiatischen Galatern. Politisch-historische und kulturelle Prozesse im hellenistischen Zentralanatolien, in: H. Blum et al. (eds.), Brückenland Anatolien? Ursachen, Extensität und Modi des Kulturaustausches zwischen Anatolien und seinen Nachbarn, Tübingen 2002, 231–293).
  • Strubbe, I.Pessinus J. Strubbe, The Inscriptions of Pessinous, Bonn 2005 (IK 66).
  • Thomas 1984 G. Thomas, Magna Mater and Attis, in: ANRW II 17.3, 1984, 1500–35.
  • Thonemann 2013 P. Thonemann (ed.), Attalid Asia Minor. Money, International Relations, and the State, Oxford 2013.
  • Thonemann 2015 P. Thonemann, Pessinous and the Attalids: a New Royal Letter, ZPE 193, 117–128.
  • Tsetskhladze 2009 G. R. Tsetskhladze, Notes on Phrygian Pessinus, in: H. Sağlamtimur (ed.), Studies in Honour of Altan Çilingiroğlu. A Life Dedicated to Urartu on the Shores of the Upper Sea, Istanbul 2009, 703–717.
  • Tsetskhladze 2013 G. R. Tsetskhladze, Pessinus in Central Anatolia: New Investigations, in: G. Labarre – H. Bru (eds.), L’Anatolie des peuples, cités et cultures (IIe millénaire av. J.-C. - Ve siècle ap. J.-C.). Vol. II: Approches locales et régionales, Besançon 2013, 41–80.
  • Verlinde 2010 A. Verlinde, Monumental Architecture in Hellenistic and Julio-Claudian Pessinus, BABESCH 85, 2010, 111–139.
  • Virgilio 1981 B. Virgilio, Il «Templo Stato» di Pessinunte fra Pergamo e Roma nel II–I secólo A.C., Pisa 1981.
  • Virgilio 2003 B. Virgilio, Lancia, Diadema e porpora. Il re e la regalità ellenistica, Pisa 22003 (Studi Ellenistici 14).
  • Welles, RC C. B. Welles, Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. A Study in Greek Epigraphy, New Haven 1934.
  • Zgusta, KON L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heidelberg 1984.

Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2, 53 - 62, 31.12.2016

Öz

Only very few sanctuaries of the ancient world can boast such a broad and diverse lite-rary, epigraphic and numismatic tradition as the temple state of Kybele Agdistis in Pessinus. And yet, inconsistencies or lacunae in the sources have resulted in countless controversies on the history of the cult place. In particular, the most detailed account of the Roman quest for the sacred meteorite of the goddess in 205/4 BC (Livy 29.10.4–29.11.8; 29.14.5–14) has often been rejected as later fabrication. An impor-tant argument is that King Attalos I of Pergamon, the guide of the Roman embassy according to Livy, did not yet have access to Eastern Phrygia at the time. The close re-lation between the Attalid kings and the sanctuary is attested by Strabo (12.5.3), who remains unspecific in chronological terms though, and through a number of royal let-ters addressing Attis, the ruling priest of Pessinus, which have traditionally been da-ted to 163/156 BC. However, Christian Mileta (2010) has convincingly shown that I.Pessinus 1 should rather be identified as a letter by King Attalos I to one of his own military officials, providing instructions for the conquest of “Pessongoi” in 207 BC. All attempts at not identifying this place with Pessinus have failed, and Mileta’s ar-gument for the high date can be further enhanced by a closer study of the letter and its addressee. This way, we shall be in a much better position to understand what happened in the Gallos Valley at the end of the 3rd century BC.

Kaynakça

  • Avram – Tsetskhladze 2014 A. Avram – G. R. Tsetskhladze, A New Attalid Letter from Pessinus, ZPE 191, 151–181.
  • Boffo 2007 L. Boffo, I centri religiosi d’Asia Minore all’epoca della conquista romana, in: G. Urso (ed.), Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28–30 settembre 2006, Rome 2007, 105–128.
  • Bowden 2012 H. Bowden, Rome, Pessinous, and Battakes: Religious Encounters with the East, in: Ch. Smith – M. Yarrow (eds.), Imperialism, Cultural Politics, and Polybius, Oxford 2012.
  • Bremmer 2004 J. N. Bremmer, Attis: A Greek God in Anatolian Pessinous and Catullan Rome, Mnemosyne 57, 2004, 534–573.
  • Claerhout – Devreker 2008 I. Claerhout – J. Devreker, Pessinous: An Archaeological Guide, Istanbul 2008.
  • Chrubasik 2013 B. Chrubasik, The Attalids and the Seleukid Kings, 281–175 BC, in: Thonemann 2013, 83–119.
  • Coşkun, APR A. Coşkun (ed.), Amici Populi Romani, Trier 2007–2008 and Waterloo 2010ff. Online: http://www.altaycoskun.com/apr.
  • Coşkun 2011 A. Coşkun, Galatians and Seleucids: a Century of Conflict and Cooperation, in: K. Erickson – G. Ramsey (eds.), Seleucid Dissolution: Fragmentation and Transformation of Empire (Exeter, July 2008), Wiesbaden 2011, 85–106.
  • Coşkun 2013 A. Coşkun, Von Anatolia bis Inscriptions of Ankara: Zwanzig Jahre Forschungen zum antiken Galatien (1993–2012), Anatolica 39, 2013, 69–95.
  • Coşkun 2014 A. Coşkun, Latène-Artefakte im hellenistischen Kleinasien: ein problematisches Kriterium für die Bestimmung der ethnischen Identität(en) der Galater, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 64, 2014, 129–162.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2016/17 A. Coşkun, The Temple State of Kybele in Phrygian and Early Hellenistic Pessinus: a Phantom?, forthcoming in G.Tsetskhladze (ed.), First Excavation Reports for Pessinous by the Melbourne Team.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2017 A. Coşkun, The War of Brothers, the Third Syrian War, and the Battle of Ankyra (246-241 BC): a Re-Appraisal, forthcoming in: K. Erickson (ed.), War within the Family – the First Century of Seleucid Rule. Proceedings of Seleucid Study Day III = Panel at the VIIth Celtic Conference of Classics, Bordeaux Sept. 2012, Swansea.
  • Coşkun, ca. 2017/18 A. Coşkun, The ‘Temple State’ of Phrygian Pessinus in the Context of Seleukid, Attalid, Galatian and Roman Hegemonial Politics (3rd–1st Centuries BC), forthcoming in G. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Phrygian Lands over Time (from Prehistory to the Middle of the 1st Millennium AD). Proceedings of the International Conference, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, 2nd – 8th November, 2015.
  • Darbyshire – Mitchell – Vardar 2000 G. Darbyshire – S. Mitchell – L. Vardar, The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor, Anatolian Studies 50, 2000, 75–97.
  • Delamarre 2003 X. Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris 2nd ed. 2003.
  • Delamarre 2012 X. Delamarre, Noms de lieux celtiques de l’Europe ancienne, Paris 2012.
  • Dittenberger, OGIS W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum, vols. I–II, Leipzig 1903/5, repr. Hildesheim 1970.
  • Falileyev 2007 A. Falileyev, Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names, Aberystwyth 2007.
  • Hansen 1971 E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamum, 2nd ed. Ithaca 1971.
  • Körte 1897 A. Körte, Kleinasiatische Studien II: Gordion und der Zug des Manlius gegen die Galater, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 22, 1897, 1–51.
  • Leigh 2004 M. Leigh, Varro and the Coming of the Magna Mater, Maia 56, 2004, 9–15.
  • Ma 2013 J. Ma, The Attalids: A Military History, in: Thonemann 2013, 49–82.
  • Marek 2010 C. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich 2010.
  • Mileta 2010 Ch. Mileta, Überlegungen zur Datierung der Inschriften des Inschriftendossiers I. Pessinous 1–7, in: Th. Brüggemann et al. (eds.), Studia Hellenistica et Historiographica. Festschrift für Andreas Mehl, Gutenberg 2010, 107–120.
  • Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor II: The Rise of the Church, Oxford1993.
  • Payen 2016 G. Payen, Les conséquences géopolitiques du traité d’Apamée en Asie Mineure. Yet unpublished PhD Universités Laval (Québec) and Sorbonne (Paris 2016).
  • Roller 1999 L. E. Roller, In Search for the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele, Berkeley 1999.
  • Roller 2009 L. E. Roller, The Sacred Landscape of Matar. Continuity and Change from the Iron Age through to the Roman Period, in: C. Gates – J. Morin – T. Zimmermann (eds.), Sacred Landscapes in Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, Oxford 2009, 1–10.
  • Russo 2014 F. Russo, The Function of the Trojan Myth in Early Roman Expansionism in Greece and Asia Minor, in: V. Cojocaru – A. Coşkun – M. Dana (eds.), Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Cluj-Napoca 2014, 581–604.
  • Russo 2015 F. Russo, L’odium regni a Roma tra realtà politica e finzione storiografica, Pisa 2015.
  • Stähelin 1907/73 F. Stähelin, Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater, Osnabrück 1897, 21907, repr. 1973.
  • Stark 2007 I. Stark, Kybele als keltische Göttin: Zur Aufnahme der Kybele von Pessinus als Mater Magna unter die römischen Staatsgötter 205/204 v. Chr., Klio 89.1, 2007, 67–117.
  • Strobel 1999 K. Strobel, ‘Kelten [III.]: Kelten im Osten’, DNP 6, 1999, 393–400.
  • Strobel 2000 K. Strobel, ‘Pessinus’, DNP 9, 2000, 658–660.
  • Strobel 2002 K. Strobel, State Formation by the Galatians of Asia Minor. Politico-Historical and Cultural Processes in Hellenistic Central Anatolia, Anatolica 28, 2002, 1–44 (cf. the German original: Die Staatenbildung bei den kleinasiatischen Galatern. Politisch-historische und kulturelle Prozesse im hellenistischen Zentralanatolien, in: H. Blum et al. (eds.), Brückenland Anatolien? Ursachen, Extensität und Modi des Kulturaustausches zwischen Anatolien und seinen Nachbarn, Tübingen 2002, 231–293).
  • Strubbe, I.Pessinus J. Strubbe, The Inscriptions of Pessinous, Bonn 2005 (IK 66).
  • Thomas 1984 G. Thomas, Magna Mater and Attis, in: ANRW II 17.3, 1984, 1500–35.
  • Thonemann 2013 P. Thonemann (ed.), Attalid Asia Minor. Money, International Relations, and the State, Oxford 2013.
  • Thonemann 2015 P. Thonemann, Pessinous and the Attalids: a New Royal Letter, ZPE 193, 117–128.
  • Tsetskhladze 2009 G. R. Tsetskhladze, Notes on Phrygian Pessinus, in: H. Sağlamtimur (ed.), Studies in Honour of Altan Çilingiroğlu. A Life Dedicated to Urartu on the Shores of the Upper Sea, Istanbul 2009, 703–717.
  • Tsetskhladze 2013 G. R. Tsetskhladze, Pessinus in Central Anatolia: New Investigations, in: G. Labarre – H. Bru (eds.), L’Anatolie des peuples, cités et cultures (IIe millénaire av. J.-C. - Ve siècle ap. J.-C.). Vol. II: Approches locales et régionales, Besançon 2013, 41–80.
  • Verlinde 2010 A. Verlinde, Monumental Architecture in Hellenistic and Julio-Claudian Pessinus, BABESCH 85, 2010, 111–139.
  • Virgilio 1981 B. Virgilio, Il «Templo Stato» di Pessinunte fra Pergamo e Roma nel II–I secólo A.C., Pisa 1981.
  • Virgilio 2003 B. Virgilio, Lancia, Diadema e porpora. Il re e la regalità ellenistica, Pisa 22003 (Studi Ellenistici 14).
  • Welles, RC C. B. Welles, Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. A Study in Greek Epigraphy, New Haven 1934.
  • Zgusta, KON L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heidelberg 1984.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Altay Coşkun

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, A. (2016). Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered. PHILIA, 2, 53-62.
AMA Coşkun A. Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered. PHILIA. Aralık 2016;2:53-62.
Chicago Coşkun, Altay. “Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered”. PHILIA 2, Aralık (Aralık 2016): 53-62.
EndNote Coşkun A (01 Aralık 2016) Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered. PHILIA 2 53–62.
IEEE A. Coşkun, “Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered”, PHILIA, c. 2, ss. 53–62, 2016.
ISNAD Coşkun, Altay. “Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered”. PHILIA 2 (Aralık 2016), 53-62.
JAMA Coşkun A. Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered. PHILIA. 2016;2:53–62.
MLA Coşkun, Altay. “Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered”. PHILIA, c. 2, 2016, ss. 53-62.
Vancouver Coşkun A. Attalos I and the Conquest of Pessinus. I.Pessinus 1 Reconsidered. PHILIA. 2016;2:53-62.