Araştırma Makalesi
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Legio XII Fulminata’da optio olarak Askerlik Yapmış Olan C. Iulius’un Mezartaşı

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3, 176 - 187, 31.12.2017

Öz

Kappadokia’da Vespasianus Devri’nin hemen başından itibaren iki lejyon bulunmaktaydı: Melitene’de Legio XII Fulminata ve Satala’da Legio XVI Flavia Firma (İ.S. 120 yılından itibaren Legio XV Apollinaris). Bununla birlikte Cappadokia’da konuşlu lejyonlarda görev yapmış askerlere ilişkin veri hala son derece kısıtlıdır. Bunun temel sebebi Kappadokia’da konuya ilişkin çok az yazıt bulunmuş olmasıdır. Kappadokia lejyonlarından terhis olmuş askerlere dair her bir yeni belge tam da bu nedenle son derece önemlidir. Legio XII Fulminata’da optio olarak askerlik yaptıktan sonra memleketine geri dönen C. Iulius’un burada tanıtılan mezar yazıtı bu bağlamda ilgili konuya dair yeni bir veri sunmaktadır. Yazıt Adana İli, Saimbeyli İlçesi’ne bağlı Himmetli Köyü’nde bulunmuştur. Harf karakterleri temelinde yazıtı İ.S. II.–III. yüzyıla tarihlendirmek mümkündür. Mezar yazıtının dikildiği kırsal yerleşim Kappadokia ile Kilikia arasında Gülek Boğazı’ndan Mazgaç Geçiti istikametinde ilerleyen sınır hattının hemen kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Buna göre Kappadokia sınırları içinde kalan kırsal yerleşim, biri Kaisareia ile Melitene, diğeri ise Satala ile Tarsos arasındaki yolların kesiştiği önemli bir kavşak noktası olan Kukusos Kenti’nin territoryumunda yer almış olmalıdır. Bu yeni yazıt temelinde yazarlar şu sonuçlara ulaşmaktadırlar: 1) Roma lejyonlarına Anadolu’dan asker alımları İ.S. 2. ve 3. yüzyıllar boyunca önemli oranda devam etmiştir, 2) terhis olmuş askerlere ilişkin yeni malzemeler askerlik hizmetinin ardından memleketine dönenlerin sayısının azımsanmaması gerektiği yönünde uyarıcı olarak görülebilirler ve 3) Kappadokia’lı emekli asker C. Iulius’un mezar yazıtı, Kappadokia’nın özellikle de sınır bölgelerinin, Kappadokia lejyonları için önemli bir asker kaynağı olduğu görüşünü destekler mahiyettedir. Makaleye konu olan yazıtın çevirisi şöyledir: 

«Gaius Iulius, 12. Legio’da optio olarak saygın bir şekilde askerlik hizmeti yaptıktan sonra (vatanına) geri dönünce Priscus’un kızı olan eşi Valeria Ma ile birlikte (bu mezarı) kendileri için yaptırdı.»

Kaynakça

  • Adak – Wilson 2012 M. Adak – M. Wilson, Das Vespasiansmonument von Döşeme und die Gründung der Doppelprovinz Lycia et Pamphylia, Gephyra 9, 2012, 1–40.
  • Baz 2009 F. Baz, Überlegungen zu Münzen aus Hierapolis in Kappadokien und dem dortigen Ma-Kult, in: O. Tekin (ed.), Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in memory of Clemens E. Bosch and S. Atlan and in Honour of N. Baydur, Istanbul, 2009, 65–70.
  • Baz 2015 F. Baz, Neue Grabstele aus dem Dorf Elemanlı in Kappadokien, in: D. Beyer – O. Henry – A. Tibet (ed.), La Cappadoce méridionale: de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, Istanbul 2015, 215–221.
  • Bean 1950 G. E. Bean, Dr. U. Bahadır Alkım’ın Gezisi Esnasında Bulunmuş Yazıtlara Dair Rapor, Belleten 14, 1950, 535–541, 560–564.
  • Bennett 1997 J. Bennett, Trajan: Optimus Princeps. A Life and Times, London 1997.
  • Bertrandy – Rémy 2000 G. Bertrandy – B. Rémy, Legio XII Fulminata, in: Y. L. Bohec (ed.), Les Légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, Lyon 2000, 253–257.
  • Cagnat 1907 R. Cagnat, Le règlement du collège des tubicines de la légion IIIe Augusta, Klio 7, 1907, 183–187.
  • Cassia 2004 M. Cassia, Cappadocia Romana: strutture urbane e strutture agrarie alla periferia dell’impero, Catania 2004.
  • Cormack 1997 S. Cormack, Funerary Monuments and Mortuary Practice in Roman Asia Minor, in: S. E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman Empire in the East, Oxford 1997, 137–156.
  • Cormack 2004 S. Cormack, The Space of Death in Roman Asia Minor, Vienna 2004.
  • Cowan 2013 R. Cowan, Roman Legionary AD. 69–161, Oxford 2013.
  • Domaszewski 1908 A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordung des römischen Heeres, Bonn 1908.
  • Eck 2007 W. Eck, Die politisch-administrative Struktur der kleinasiatischen Provinzen während der hohen Kaiserzeit, in: G. Urso (ed.), Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia Minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28–30 settembre 2006, Pisa 2007, 189–207.
  • Eck 2009 W. Eck, Rekrutierung für das römische Heer in den Provinzen Kleinasiens: Das Zeugnis der Militärdiplome, in: O. Tekin (ed.), Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in Memory of Clemens E. Bosch and Sabahat Atlan and in Honour of Nezahat Baydur, Istanbul 2009, 137–142.
  • Eck 2012 W. Eck, Der Anschluß der kleinasiatischen Provinzen an Vespasian und ihre Restrukturierung unter den Flaviern, in: L. Capogrossi Colognesi – E. Tassi Scandone (ed.), Vespasiano e l’impero dei Flavi, Atti del Convegno, Roma, Palazzo Massimo, 18–20 novembre 2009, Rome 2012, 27–44.
  • Edwell 2008 P. Edwell, Between Rome and Persia. The middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman Control, London 2008.
  • Erdkamp 2007 P. Erdkamp (ed.), A Companion to the Roman Army, Malden 2007.
  • Farnum 2005 J. H. Farnum, The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions, Oxford 2005.
  • Forni 1953 G. Forni, Il reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milano 1953.
  • Forni 1974 G. Forni, Estrazione etnica e sociale dei soldati delle legioni nei primi tre secoli dell’impero, in: ANRW II 1, Berlin – New York 1974, 339–391.
  • French 2012 D. French, Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor. Vol. III.3: Cappadocia (British Institute at Ankara Electronic Monograph 3) 2012.
  • Gebhardt 2002 A. Gebhardt, Imperiale Politik und provinziale Entwicklung. Untersuchungen zum Verhältnis von Kaiser, Heer und Städten im Syrien der vorseverischen Zeit (Klio Bh. NF. Bd. 4), Berlin 2002.
  • Gwatkin 1930 W. E. Gwatkin, Cappadocia as a Roman Procuratorial Province, Princeton 1930.
  • Haensch 1997 R. Haensch, Capita provinciarum. Statthaltersitze und Provinzialverwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Mainz 1997.
  • Hesberg – Zanker 1987 H. von Hesberg – P. Zanker (ed.), Römische Gräberstraßen. Selbstdarstellung-Status-Standard. Kolloquium in München vom 28. Bis 30. Oktober 1985, Munich 1987.
  • Hild 1977 F. Hild, Das byzantinische Strassensystem in Kappadokien, Vienna 1977 (VTIB 2 = Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 131).
  • Hild – Hellenkemper 1990 F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5: Kilikien und Isaurien, Vienna 1990 (Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 215).
  • Hild – Restle 1981 F. Hild – M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2: Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), Vienna 1981 (Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 149).
  • IAnazarbos M. H. Sayar, Die Inschriften von Anazarbos und Umgebung. Teil I: Inschriften aus dem Stadtgebiet und der nächsten Umgebung der Stadt, Bonn 2000 (IK 56).
  • IKomana F. Baz, Die Inschriften von Komana (Hierapolis) in Kappadokien, Istanbul 2007.
  • IPrusias ad Hypium W. Ameling, Die Inschriften von Prusias ad Hypium, Bonn 1985 (IK 27).
  • ITyana D. Berges – J. Nollé, Tyana. Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen Kappadokien I–II, Bonn 2000 (IK 55, 1–2).
  • Kaya 2005 M. A. Kaya, Roma Lejyonerleri ve Anadolu, Tarih Araştırmaları XXII/36 2005, 87–96.
  • Keppie 1986 L. J. F. Keppie, Legions in the East from Augustus to Trajan, in Legions, in: P. Freeman – D. Kenned (ed.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East II. Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the University of Sheffield in April 1986, (BAR Intern. Ser. 297), Oxford 1986, 411–429.
  • Keppie 2000 L. J. F. Keppie, Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000, Stuttgart 2000.
  • Kissel 1995 T. K. Kissel, Untersuchungen zur Logistik des römischen Heeres in den Provinzen des griechischen Ostens (27 v. Chr. – 235 n. Chr.) St. Katherinen 1995.
  • Le Bohec 1993 Y. Le Bohec, Die römische Armee: Von Augustus zu Konstantin d. Gr., Stuttgart 1993.
  • Le Bohec 2006 Y. Le Bohec, L’armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris 2006.
  • Leschhorn 1993 W. Leschhorn, Antike Ären. Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte im Schwarz¬meerraum und in Kleinasien nördlich des Tauros, Stuttgart 1993.
  • Mann 1983 J. C. Mann, Legionary Recruitment and Veteran Settlement During the Principate, London 1983.
  • Marek 2010 C. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich 2010.
  • Metcalf 1996 W. E. Metcalf, The Silver Coinage of Cappadocia: Vespasian–Commodus, New York 1996.
  • Mason 1974 J. H. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Instutions, Toronto 1974.
  • Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 1: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • Mitford 1074 T. B. Mitford, Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes, JRS 64, 1974, 160–175.
  • Mitford 1977 T. B. Mitford, Euphrates Frontier in Cappadocia, in: D. Haupt – H. Horn (ed.), Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II.: Vorträge des 10. Internationalen Limeskongress in den Germania Inferior, Bonn 1977, 501–514.
  • Not. Dig. O. Seeck (ed.), Notitia dignitatum: accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi provinciarum, Berlin 1876.
  • Onur 2014 F. Onur, Monumentum Pergense. Anastisios’un Ordu Fermanı, Istanbul 2014.
  • Onur 2017 F. Onur, The Anastasian Military Decree from Perge in Pamphylia: Revised 2nd Edition, Gephyra 14, 2017, 133–212.
  • Öztürk – Pilevneli 2016 H. S. Öztürk – C. Pilevneli, Halûk Perk Müzesi’nden Lucius Artorius Marcianus’un Zeus Keraunios’a Adağı, Adalya 16, 2013, 107–115.
  • Rémy 1986 B. Rémy, L’Évolution administrative de l’Anatolie aux trois premiers siècles de notre ère (Collection du Centre d’Études Romaines et Gallo-Romaines, 5), Lyon 1986.
  • Rizakis 2001 A. D. Rizakis, La constitution des élites municipales dans les colonies romaines de la province d'Achaïe, in : O. Salomies (ed.), The Greek East in the Roman Context. Proceedings of a Colloquium organised by the Finnish Institute at Athens, May 21 and 22 1999, Helsinki 2001, 37–49.
  • Roth 2016 J. P. Roth, Josephus as a Military Historian, in: H. H. Chapman – Z. Rodgers (ed.), A Companion to Josephus, Malden – Oxford 2016, 199–209.
  • Sartre 1995 M. Sartre, L’Asie Mineure et l’Anatolie. D’Alexandre à Dioclétien (IV siècle av. J.-C. – III siècle ap. J.-C.), Paris 1995.
  • Sayar 2012 M. H. Sayar, Antike Strassenverbindungen Kilikiens in der Römischen Kaiserzeit, in: E. Olshausen – H. Sonnabend (ed.), Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums. Zu Wasser und zu Lande. Verkehrswege in der antiken Welt, Stuttgart 2012, 452–473.
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The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3, 176 - 187, 31.12.2017

Öz

Cappadocia had two legionary garrisons from the very beginning of Vespasian’s reign: Legio XII Fulminata at Melitene, and Legio XVI Flavia Firma at Satala (from 120 AD replaced by Legio XV Apollinaris). The evidence for the recruits of these Cappadocian legions is, however, still slight. This is mainly because very few relevant inscriptions have been found in Cappadocia itself. For this reason every new document of veterans who served in Cappadocian legions is crucial. In this context the funerary inscription of C. Iulius who returned to his homeland after serving as optio in the Legio XII Fulminata gives new evidence on the subject. It was found in the village of Himmetli situated in the territory of Saimbeyli, the district of the Pro¬vince of Adana. Judging from the letter forms the inscription can be assigned to the II.–III. century AD. The rural settlement where the gravestone was erected is situated immediately to the north of the border between Cappadocia and Cilicia, lying through the line between Kilikiai Pylai and Mazgaç Pass. Accordingly it must have lied in the territory of the Cappadocian polis Kukusos, an important junction of the roads from Kaisareia to Melitene and from Sebasteia to Tarsos. On the basis of the new inscription the authors conclude that the practice of recruitment from Asia Minor continued on a considerable scale throughout the second and third centuries AD; that new materials concerning veterans may indi-cate that the number of those who returned to their hometown must not be underestimated; and that the funerary inscription of the Cappadocian veteran, C. Iulius, may support the suggestion that Cappadocia, and especially its frontier areas, supplied a high proportion of the total recruits for the Cappadocian legions, like those of the other eastern provinces.

Kaynakça

  • Adak – Wilson 2012 M. Adak – M. Wilson, Das Vespasiansmonument von Döşeme und die Gründung der Doppelprovinz Lycia et Pamphylia, Gephyra 9, 2012, 1–40.
  • Baz 2009 F. Baz, Überlegungen zu Münzen aus Hierapolis in Kappadokien und dem dortigen Ma-Kult, in: O. Tekin (ed.), Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in memory of Clemens E. Bosch and S. Atlan and in Honour of N. Baydur, Istanbul, 2009, 65–70.
  • Baz 2015 F. Baz, Neue Grabstele aus dem Dorf Elemanlı in Kappadokien, in: D. Beyer – O. Henry – A. Tibet (ed.), La Cappadoce méridionale: de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, Istanbul 2015, 215–221.
  • Bean 1950 G. E. Bean, Dr. U. Bahadır Alkım’ın Gezisi Esnasında Bulunmuş Yazıtlara Dair Rapor, Belleten 14, 1950, 535–541, 560–564.
  • Bennett 1997 J. Bennett, Trajan: Optimus Princeps. A Life and Times, London 1997.
  • Bertrandy – Rémy 2000 G. Bertrandy – B. Rémy, Legio XII Fulminata, in: Y. L. Bohec (ed.), Les Légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, Lyon 2000, 253–257.
  • Cagnat 1907 R. Cagnat, Le règlement du collège des tubicines de la légion IIIe Augusta, Klio 7, 1907, 183–187.
  • Cassia 2004 M. Cassia, Cappadocia Romana: strutture urbane e strutture agrarie alla periferia dell’impero, Catania 2004.
  • Cormack 1997 S. Cormack, Funerary Monuments and Mortuary Practice in Roman Asia Minor, in: S. E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman Empire in the East, Oxford 1997, 137–156.
  • Cormack 2004 S. Cormack, The Space of Death in Roman Asia Minor, Vienna 2004.
  • Cowan 2013 R. Cowan, Roman Legionary AD. 69–161, Oxford 2013.
  • Domaszewski 1908 A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordung des römischen Heeres, Bonn 1908.
  • Eck 2007 W. Eck, Die politisch-administrative Struktur der kleinasiatischen Provinzen während der hohen Kaiserzeit, in: G. Urso (ed.), Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia Minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28–30 settembre 2006, Pisa 2007, 189–207.
  • Eck 2009 W. Eck, Rekrutierung für das römische Heer in den Provinzen Kleinasiens: Das Zeugnis der Militärdiplome, in: O. Tekin (ed.), Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in Memory of Clemens E. Bosch and Sabahat Atlan and in Honour of Nezahat Baydur, Istanbul 2009, 137–142.
  • Eck 2012 W. Eck, Der Anschluß der kleinasiatischen Provinzen an Vespasian und ihre Restrukturierung unter den Flaviern, in: L. Capogrossi Colognesi – E. Tassi Scandone (ed.), Vespasiano e l’impero dei Flavi, Atti del Convegno, Roma, Palazzo Massimo, 18–20 novembre 2009, Rome 2012, 27–44.
  • Edwell 2008 P. Edwell, Between Rome and Persia. The middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman Control, London 2008.
  • Erdkamp 2007 P. Erdkamp (ed.), A Companion to the Roman Army, Malden 2007.
  • Farnum 2005 J. H. Farnum, The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions, Oxford 2005.
  • Forni 1953 G. Forni, Il reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milano 1953.
  • Forni 1974 G. Forni, Estrazione etnica e sociale dei soldati delle legioni nei primi tre secoli dell’impero, in: ANRW II 1, Berlin – New York 1974, 339–391.
  • French 2012 D. French, Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor. Vol. III.3: Cappadocia (British Institute at Ankara Electronic Monograph 3) 2012.
  • Gebhardt 2002 A. Gebhardt, Imperiale Politik und provinziale Entwicklung. Untersuchungen zum Verhältnis von Kaiser, Heer und Städten im Syrien der vorseverischen Zeit (Klio Bh. NF. Bd. 4), Berlin 2002.
  • Gwatkin 1930 W. E. Gwatkin, Cappadocia as a Roman Procuratorial Province, Princeton 1930.
  • Haensch 1997 R. Haensch, Capita provinciarum. Statthaltersitze und Provinzialverwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Mainz 1997.
  • Hesberg – Zanker 1987 H. von Hesberg – P. Zanker (ed.), Römische Gräberstraßen. Selbstdarstellung-Status-Standard. Kolloquium in München vom 28. Bis 30. Oktober 1985, Munich 1987.
  • Hild 1977 F. Hild, Das byzantinische Strassensystem in Kappadokien, Vienna 1977 (VTIB 2 = Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 131).
  • Hild – Hellenkemper 1990 F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5: Kilikien und Isaurien, Vienna 1990 (Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 215).
  • Hild – Restle 1981 F. Hild – M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2: Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), Vienna 1981 (Denkschriften ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 149).
  • IAnazarbos M. H. Sayar, Die Inschriften von Anazarbos und Umgebung. Teil I: Inschriften aus dem Stadtgebiet und der nächsten Umgebung der Stadt, Bonn 2000 (IK 56).
  • IKomana F. Baz, Die Inschriften von Komana (Hierapolis) in Kappadokien, Istanbul 2007.
  • IPrusias ad Hypium W. Ameling, Die Inschriften von Prusias ad Hypium, Bonn 1985 (IK 27).
  • ITyana D. Berges – J. Nollé, Tyana. Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen Kappadokien I–II, Bonn 2000 (IK 55, 1–2).
  • Kaya 2005 M. A. Kaya, Roma Lejyonerleri ve Anadolu, Tarih Araştırmaları XXII/36 2005, 87–96.
  • Keppie 1986 L. J. F. Keppie, Legions in the East from Augustus to Trajan, in Legions, in: P. Freeman – D. Kenned (ed.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East II. Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the University of Sheffield in April 1986, (BAR Intern. Ser. 297), Oxford 1986, 411–429.
  • Keppie 2000 L. J. F. Keppie, Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000, Stuttgart 2000.
  • Kissel 1995 T. K. Kissel, Untersuchungen zur Logistik des römischen Heeres in den Provinzen des griechischen Ostens (27 v. Chr. – 235 n. Chr.) St. Katherinen 1995.
  • Le Bohec 1993 Y. Le Bohec, Die römische Armee: Von Augustus zu Konstantin d. Gr., Stuttgart 1993.
  • Le Bohec 2006 Y. Le Bohec, L’armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris 2006.
  • Leschhorn 1993 W. Leschhorn, Antike Ären. Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte im Schwarz¬meerraum und in Kleinasien nördlich des Tauros, Stuttgart 1993.
  • Mann 1983 J. C. Mann, Legionary Recruitment and Veteran Settlement During the Principate, London 1983.
  • Marek 2010 C. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich 2010.
  • Metcalf 1996 W. E. Metcalf, The Silver Coinage of Cappadocia: Vespasian–Commodus, New York 1996.
  • Mason 1974 J. H. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Instutions, Toronto 1974.
  • Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 1: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • Mitford 1074 T. B. Mitford, Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes, JRS 64, 1974, 160–175.
  • Mitford 1977 T. B. Mitford, Euphrates Frontier in Cappadocia, in: D. Haupt – H. Horn (ed.), Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II.: Vorträge des 10. Internationalen Limeskongress in den Germania Inferior, Bonn 1977, 501–514.
  • Not. Dig. O. Seeck (ed.), Notitia dignitatum: accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi provinciarum, Berlin 1876.
  • Onur 2014 F. Onur, Monumentum Pergense. Anastisios’un Ordu Fermanı, Istanbul 2014.
  • Onur 2017 F. Onur, The Anastasian Military Decree from Perge in Pamphylia: Revised 2nd Edition, Gephyra 14, 2017, 133–212.
  • Öztürk – Pilevneli 2016 H. S. Öztürk – C. Pilevneli, Halûk Perk Müzesi’nden Lucius Artorius Marcianus’un Zeus Keraunios’a Adağı, Adalya 16, 2013, 107–115.
  • Rémy 1986 B. Rémy, L’Évolution administrative de l’Anatolie aux trois premiers siècles de notre ère (Collection du Centre d’Études Romaines et Gallo-Romaines, 5), Lyon 1986.
  • Rizakis 2001 A. D. Rizakis, La constitution des élites municipales dans les colonies romaines de la province d'Achaïe, in : O. Salomies (ed.), The Greek East in the Roman Context. Proceedings of a Colloquium organised by the Finnish Institute at Athens, May 21 and 22 1999, Helsinki 2001, 37–49.
  • Roth 2016 J. P. Roth, Josephus as a Military Historian, in: H. H. Chapman – Z. Rodgers (ed.), A Companion to Josephus, Malden – Oxford 2016, 199–209.
  • Sartre 1995 M. Sartre, L’Asie Mineure et l’Anatolie. D’Alexandre à Dioclétien (IV siècle av. J.-C. – III siècle ap. J.-C.), Paris 1995.
  • Sayar 2012 M. H. Sayar, Antike Strassenverbindungen Kilikiens in der Römischen Kaiserzeit, in: E. Olshausen – H. Sonnabend (ed.), Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums. Zu Wasser und zu Lande. Verkehrswege in der antiken Welt, Stuttgart 2012, 452–473.
  • Sherk 1980 R. K. Sherk, Roman Galatia: The Governors from 25 BC, to AD 114, ANRW II.7.2, Berlin 1980, 954–1052.
  • Spanu 2000 M. Spanu, Burial in Asia Minor during the Imperial Period, with a Particular Reference to Cilicia and Cappadocia, in: J. Pearce – M. Millett – M. Struck (ed.), Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Exeter 2000, 169–177.
  • Speidel 1980 M. P. Speidel, Legionaries from Asia Minor, in: ANRW II 7.2, Berlin – New York 1980, 730–746.
  • Speidel 1983 M. P. Speidel, The Roman Army in Asia Minor: Recent Epigraphical Discoveries and Research, in: S. Mitchell (ed.), Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, Oxford 1983, 7–34.
  • Speidel 2014 M. A. Speidel, Connecting Cappadocia. The Contribution of the Roman Imperial Army in: V. Cojocaru – A. Coşkun – M. Dana (ed.), Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. The Proceedings of the International Symposium (Constanza, July 8–12, 2013), Cluj 2014, 625–640.
  • Stauner 2005 K. Stauner, Militär und Wirtschaft: Überlegungen zu den wirtschaftlichen Vor- und Nachteilen römischer Heereszüge durch Kleinasien von Septimius Severus bis Tacitus, Gephyra 2, 2005, 21–46.
  • Stoll 2001 O. Stoll, Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge 1991–1999, Stuttgart 2001.
  • Syme 1989 R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Oxford 1989.
  • Takmer 2016 B. Takmer, Havza’dan Yeni Bir Miltaşı Üzerinde Aradii Soyundan Yeni Bir Galatia Valisi: C. Aradius Rufinus, in: B. Takmer – N. Gökalp Özdil – E. N. Akdoğu Arca (ed.), Vir Doctus Anatolicus. Studies In Memory of Sencer Sahin, Istanbul 2016, 828–856.
  • Takmer et al. 2006 B. Takmer – M. Arslan – N. Tüner Önen, New Inschriptions from Kayseri Museum I, Gephyra 3, 2006, 169–181.
  • Uzunoğlu 2012 H. Uzunoğlu, Anadolu’da Roma Lejyonları, in: N. E. Akyürek Şahin – B. Takmer – F. Onur, Eskiçağ Yazıları 2 (Akron 2), Istanbul 2012, 93–127.
  • Veh 1980 P. G. Veh, Der Grenzverlauf der römischen Provinz Cappadocia unter Kaiser Traian und ihrer Nachfolgeprovinzen bis Theodosius I, Würzburg 1980.
  • Wroth 1899 W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Galatia, Cappadocia, Syria, London 1899.
  • Zgusta 1964 L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Personennamen, Prag 1964.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dilbilim
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burak Takmer

Ferit Baz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Takmer, B., & Baz, F. (2017). The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata. PHILIA, 3, 176-187.
AMA Takmer B, Baz F. The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata. PHILIA. Aralık 2017;3:176-187.
Chicago Takmer, Burak, ve Ferit Baz. “The Gravestone of C. Iulius, Optio of the Legio XII Fulminata”. PHILIA 3, Aralık (Aralık 2017): 176-87.
EndNote Takmer B, Baz F (01 Aralık 2017) The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata. PHILIA 3 176–187.
IEEE B. Takmer ve F. Baz, “The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata”, PHILIA, c. 3, ss. 176–187, 2017.
ISNAD Takmer, Burak - Baz, Ferit. “The Gravestone of C. Iulius, Optio of the Legio XII Fulminata”. PHILIA 3 (Aralık 2017), 176-187.
JAMA Takmer B, Baz F. The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata. PHILIA. 2017;3:176–187.
MLA Takmer, Burak ve Ferit Baz. “The Gravestone of C. Iulius, Optio of the Legio XII Fulminata”. PHILIA, c. 3, 2017, ss. 176-87.
Vancouver Takmer B, Baz F. The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata. PHILIA. 2017;3:176-87.