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The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7, 29 - 46, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.36991/PHILIA.202102

Öz

While the Third Syrian War was raging, the Koans deployed substantial diplomatic efforts to have the asylia of their Asklepieion and the panhellenic penteteric games recognized throughout the Mediterranean world. In the 1950s, Günther Klaffenbach and Mortimer Chambers presented what was to become the consensus chronology: they saw the theoroi visit several royal courts and many more Greek poleis largely in summer 242 BCE, before the first games were held at Kos around May 241 BCE. This consensus has now been challenged by Dimitris Bosnakis and Klaus Hallof (Chiron 50, 2020, 287–326), who suggest dating the events one year earlier, based on six recently-found documents. These include a letter of king ‘Zigelas’ (sc. Ziaelas of Bithynia), dated to year 39 of an uncertain era. The present article tries to argue instead that the grant of asylia by several kings likely happened in 243, whereas the campaign in support of the Asklepieia unfolded from spring to autumn 242, before the first Asklepieia were held in 241 BCE. This chronological revision has important ramification for other aspects of 3rd-century BCE history, such as the biography of Antigonos Gonatas (whose basileia began in 283/82 BCE) and the start of the first dynastic era of Bithynia (281 BCE). Moreover, queen Laodike, the author of another new letter, should be identified with the wife of Antiochos Hierax, and further with the author of the anonymous royal letter earlier attributed to Seleukos II. The letter previously assigned to the Bosporan king Spartokos IV may rather be from Mithradates II of Pontos. The epigraphic evidence shows the Koans steadfast in their loyalty to Ptolemy III Euergetes, whereas the second letters from the courts of Nikomedeia and Sardeis may hint at a gradual shift of Ziaelas and Hierax towards Seleukos II.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank my colleagues Mustafa Adak, Kostas Buraselis, Oleg Gabelko and Klaus Hallof for helping me complete my bibliography, and Riet van Bremen for her useful and critical feedback that helped me improve the final version of this article.

Kaynakça

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  • Bosnakis – Hallof 2003 D. Bosnakis – K. Hallof, Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos I, Chiron 33, 2003, 203–262.
  • Bosnakis – Hallof 2018 D. Bosnakis – K. Hallof, Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos V, Chiron 48, 2018, 143–158.
  • Bosnakis – Hallof 2020 D. Bosnakis – K. Hallof, Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos VI, Chiron 50, 2020, 287–326.
  • Buraselis 1982 K. Buraselis, Das hellenistische Makedonien und die Ägäis, Munich 1982.
  • Buraselis 2004 K. Buraselis, Some Remarks on the Koan Asylia (242 B.C.) against Its International Background, in: Höghammer 2004, 15–20.
  • Chambers 1954a M. Chambers, Review of Herzog – Klaffenbach 1952, AJA 75, 1954, 173–174.
  • Chambers 1954b M. Chambers, The First Regnal Year of Antigonus Gonatas, AJP 75, 1954, 385–394.
  • Carlsson 2010 S. Carlsson, Hellenistic Democracies. Freedom, Independence and Political Procedure in Some East Greek City-States, Stuttgart 2010.
  • Cojocaru 2021 V. Cojocaru, Kos (Cos), EAH Online 2021.
  • Coşkun 2016a A. Coşkun, Laodike I, Berenike Phernophoros, Dynastic Murders, and the Outbreak of the Third Syrian War (253-246 BC), in A. Coşkun – A. McAuley (eds.), Seleukid Royal Women. Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire, Stuttgart 2016, 107–134.
  • Coşkun 2016b A. Coşkun, Ptolemaioi as Commanders in 3rd-Century Asia Minor and Some Glimpses on Ephesos and Mylasa during the Second and Third Syrian Wars, in: B. Takmer – E. Akdoğu Arca – N. Gökalp Özdil (eds.), Vir doctus anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin – Sencer Şahin Anısına Yazılar (Philia Supplements 1), Istanbul 2016, 211–233.
  • Coşkun 2018 A. Coşkun, The War of Brothers, the Third Syrian War, and the Battle of Ankyra (246-241 BC): a Re-Appraisal, in: K. Erickson (ed.), The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC. War within the Family, Swansea 2018, 197–252.
  • Coşkun 2021a A. Coşkun, Von Mithradates von Kios bis Mithradates V. Euergetes. Kritische Bemerkungen zu Duane Rollers „Empire of the Black Sea“, Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumswissenschaft 44, 2021, 1–36. URL: http://www.fera-journal.eu/index.php/ojs-fera/article/view/306/270.
  • Coşkun 2021b A. Coşkun, The Regnal Years of Antigonos Gonatas, forthcoming in Karanos 4, 2021, ca. 39-57.
  • Coşkun 2022 A. Coşkun, Expansion und Dynastische Politik in Pontos: Zwei neue Ären unter Pharnakes I, forthcoming in Historia 77.1, 2022, 2–26.
  • Coşkun forthcoming A. Coşkun, Polygamy and Queenship under Antiochos II The King’s Wife Laodike I and the Basilissa Title (or the Lack thereof)’, forthcoming in E. Almagor, B. Antela-Bernárdez and M. Mendoza (eds.), Cherchez la femme. Women in Hellenistic History, Historiography and Reception.
  • Coşkun in preparation The Land Transaction between Laodike, Wife of Antiochos Hierax, and Olympichos. With Updates on the Epigraphic Evidence for the Karian Magnate.
  • Curty 1995 O. Curty, Les parentés légendaires entre cités grecques, Geneva 1995.
  • Dana 2021 M. Dana, The Bosporan Kings and the Greek Features of Their Culture in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, in: A. Coşkun (ed.), Ethnic Constructs, Royal Dynasties and Historical Geography around the Black Sea Littoral, Stuttgart 2021, 141–160.
  • Daubner 2018 F. Daubner, Peer Polity Interaction in Hellenistic Northern Greece. Theoroi Going to Epirus and Macedonia, in H. Boerm – N. Luraghi (eds.), The Polis in the Hellenistic World, 2018, 138–154.
  • Errington 1990 R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia. Translated by Catherine Errington, New York 1990.
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  • Gabelko 2017 O.L. Gabelko, Bithynia and Cappadocia: Royal Courts and Ruling Society in the Minor Hellenistic Monarchies, in A. Erskine, Ll. Llewellyn-Jones and S. Wallace (eds.), The Hellenistic Court. Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra, Swansea 2017.
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  • Grainger 2014 J.D. Grainger, The Rise of the Seleukid Empire (323–223 BC). Seleukos I to Seleukos III, Barnsley.
  • Habicht 2004 C. Habicht, The Dating of the Koan Monarchoi, in: Höghammer 2004, 61–67.
  • Habicht 2007 C. Habicht, Neues zur hellenistischen Geschichte von Kos, Chiron 37, 2007, 123–152.
  • Hämmerling 2019 R. Hämmerling, Zwischen dynastischem Selbstbild und literarischem Stereotyp. Königinnen der Seleukiden und der Mittelmächte Kleinasiens, Rahden in Westfalen 2019.
  • Hammond – Walbank 1988 N.G.L. Hammond – F.W. Walbank, A History of Macedonia, vol. 3, 1988.
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  • Hallof – Hallof 2004 L. Hallof – K. Hallof, Zur Geschichte des Corpus Inscriptionum Coarum (IG XII 4), in: Höghammer 2004, 83–87.
  • Hatzopoulos 1996 M. Hatzopoulos, Macedonian Institutions Under the Kings, Athens, 2 vols. 1996.
  • Herzog 1899 R. Herzog, Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipzig 1899.
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  • Herzog 1930 R. Herzog, Griechische Königsbriefe, Hermes 65, 1930, 455–471.
  • Herzog 1932 R. Herzog, Kos: Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen und Forschungen. 1. Asklepieion: Baubeschreibung und Baugeschichte, Berlin 1932.
  • Herzog – Klaffenbach 1952 R. Herzog – G. Klaffenbach, Asylieurkunden aus Kos (Abh. Akad. Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst 1952, 1), Berlin 1952.
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  • Kosmin 2018 P.J. Kosmin, Time and Its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire, Cambridge, MA 2018.
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  • Leschhorn 1993 W. Leschhorn, Antike Ären. Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte im Schwarzmeerraum und in Kleinasien nördlich des Tauros, Stuttgart 1993.
  • MacDonald 2005 D. MacDonald, An Introduction to the History and Coinage of the Kingdom of the Bosporus. Including the Coinage of Panticapaeum (with “Apollonia” and “Myrmecium”), Phanagoria, Gorgippia, Sindicus Limen or the Sindoi, Nymphaeum, Theodosia, and the Kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus, Lancaster 2005.
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Yeni Epigrafik Belgeler Işığında Kos Asylia Dosyasının Kronolojisinin Tekrar Gözden Geçirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7, 29 - 46, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.36991/PHILIA.202102

Öz

Üçüncü Suriye Savaşı tüm şiddetiyle devam ederken, Koslular Asklepieion’larına asylia imtiyazı elde etmek, ayrıca tüm Akdeniz Dünyası’nca tanınan ve 4 yılda bir kutlanan panhelenik oyunlara sahip olmak için önemli diplomatik çabalar sarf etmişlerdir. 1950’lerde Günther Klaffenbach ve Mortimer Chambers, daha sonra üzerinde fikir birliği oluşacak şu kronoloiyi sunmuşlardı: Onlara göre theoroi MÖ 242 yazında, yani Kos’ta ilk oyunların kutlandığı İÖ 241 yılı mayıs ayı civarından önce, birkaç kraliyet sarayını ve çok sayıda Yunan polis’ini büyük oranda İÖ 242 yazında ziyaret etmişlerdi. Şimdiye kadar genel kabul gören bu kronoloji, yakın zamanda bulunan ve içlerinde Kral Zigelas’ın (Bithynia Kralı Ziaelas) bilinmeyen bir eranın 39. yılına tarihlenen bir mektubunu da bulunduğu altı belgeye dayanarak olayları bir yıl önceye çekmeyi öneren Dimitris Bosnakis ve Klaus Hallof (Chiron 50, 2020, 287-326) tarafından artık reddedilmektedir. Makalede bu görüşün yerine asylia imtiyazının bazı krallar tarafından muhtemelen İÖ 243’te tanındığı, buna karşın Asklepieia'yı desteklemek için yürütülen diplomatik girişimlerin ilk Asklepieia’nın İÖ 241’de düzenlenmesinden önce 242 yılı ilkbaharından sonbaharına kadar sürdüğü iddia edilmektedir. Kronolojideki bu düzeltme, başta Antigonos Gonatas’ın biyografisi (hükümranlığı İÖ 283/82’de başlar) ile Bithynia’nın ilk hanedanlık erasının başlangıcı (MÖ 281) olmak üzere İÖ 3. yüzyıl tarihinin diğer yönleri için de önemli sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Ayrıca, yeni mektubun yazarı olan kraliçe Laodike, Antiokhos Hieraks’ın karısı ve daha önce II. Seleukos'a atfedilen anonim kraliyet mektubunun yazarı ile özdeşleştirilmelidir. Öte yandan daha önce Bosporos Kralı IV. Spartokos’a atfedilen mektup da olasılıkla Pontos Kralı II. Mithradates’e ait olmalıdır. Epigrafik kanıtlar Kosluların III. Ptolemaios Euergetes’e sadakatlerinde kararlı olduklarını gösterirken, Nikomedeia ve Sardeis saraylarından gelen ikinci mektuplar, Ziaelas ve Hieraks’ın yönlerini giderek II. Seleukos’a doğru çevirmeye başladıklarının işareti olarak değendirilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Adams 2010 W.L. Adams, Alexander’s Successors to 221 BC, in: J. Roisman – I. Worthington (eds.), A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Malden, MA 2010.
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  • Bosnakis – Hallof 2018 D. Bosnakis – K. Hallof, Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos V, Chiron 48, 2018, 143–158.
  • Bosnakis – Hallof 2020 D. Bosnakis – K. Hallof, Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos VI, Chiron 50, 2020, 287–326.
  • Buraselis 1982 K. Buraselis, Das hellenistische Makedonien und die Ägäis, Munich 1982.
  • Buraselis 2004 K. Buraselis, Some Remarks on the Koan Asylia (242 B.C.) against Its International Background, in: Höghammer 2004, 15–20.
  • Chambers 1954a M. Chambers, Review of Herzog – Klaffenbach 1952, AJA 75, 1954, 173–174.
  • Chambers 1954b M. Chambers, The First Regnal Year of Antigonus Gonatas, AJP 75, 1954, 385–394.
  • Carlsson 2010 S. Carlsson, Hellenistic Democracies. Freedom, Independence and Political Procedure in Some East Greek City-States, Stuttgart 2010.
  • Cojocaru 2021 V. Cojocaru, Kos (Cos), EAH Online 2021.
  • Coşkun 2016a A. Coşkun, Laodike I, Berenike Phernophoros, Dynastic Murders, and the Outbreak of the Third Syrian War (253-246 BC), in A. Coşkun – A. McAuley (eds.), Seleukid Royal Women. Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire, Stuttgart 2016, 107–134.
  • Coşkun 2016b A. Coşkun, Ptolemaioi as Commanders in 3rd-Century Asia Minor and Some Glimpses on Ephesos and Mylasa during the Second and Third Syrian Wars, in: B. Takmer – E. Akdoğu Arca – N. Gökalp Özdil (eds.), Vir doctus anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin – Sencer Şahin Anısına Yazılar (Philia Supplements 1), Istanbul 2016, 211–233.
  • Coşkun 2018 A. Coşkun, The War of Brothers, the Third Syrian War, and the Battle of Ankyra (246-241 BC): a Re-Appraisal, in: K. Erickson (ed.), The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC. War within the Family, Swansea 2018, 197–252.
  • Coşkun 2021a A. Coşkun, Von Mithradates von Kios bis Mithradates V. Euergetes. Kritische Bemerkungen zu Duane Rollers „Empire of the Black Sea“, Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumswissenschaft 44, 2021, 1–36. URL: http://www.fera-journal.eu/index.php/ojs-fera/article/view/306/270.
  • Coşkun 2021b A. Coşkun, The Regnal Years of Antigonos Gonatas, forthcoming in Karanos 4, 2021, ca. 39-57.
  • Coşkun 2022 A. Coşkun, Expansion und Dynastische Politik in Pontos: Zwei neue Ären unter Pharnakes I, forthcoming in Historia 77.1, 2022, 2–26.
  • Coşkun forthcoming A. Coşkun, Polygamy and Queenship under Antiochos II The King’s Wife Laodike I and the Basilissa Title (or the Lack thereof)’, forthcoming in E. Almagor, B. Antela-Bernárdez and M. Mendoza (eds.), Cherchez la femme. Women in Hellenistic History, Historiography and Reception.
  • Coşkun in preparation The Land Transaction between Laodike, Wife of Antiochos Hierax, and Olympichos. With Updates on the Epigraphic Evidence for the Karian Magnate.
  • Curty 1995 O. Curty, Les parentés légendaires entre cités grecques, Geneva 1995.
  • Dana 2021 M. Dana, The Bosporan Kings and the Greek Features of Their Culture in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, in: A. Coşkun (ed.), Ethnic Constructs, Royal Dynasties and Historical Geography around the Black Sea Littoral, Stuttgart 2021, 141–160.
  • Daubner 2018 F. Daubner, Peer Polity Interaction in Hellenistic Northern Greece. Theoroi Going to Epirus and Macedonia, in H. Boerm – N. Luraghi (eds.), The Polis in the Hellenistic World, 2018, 138–154.
  • Errington 1990 R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia. Translated by Catherine Errington, New York 1990.
  • Errington 2008 R.M. Errington, A History of the Hellenistic World, Malden, MA 2008.
  • Gabbert 1997 J.J. Gabbert, Antigonus II Gonatas. A Political Biography, London 1997.
  • Gabelko 2005 O.L. Gabelko, History oft he Bithynian Kingdom (in Russian), Saint Petersburg 2005.
  • Gabelko 2015 O.L. Gabelko, Once again on the ‘Rescript of the Unknown King’ from the Archive of the Coan Temple of Asclepius: 1. The Criticism of the ‘Bosporan version’, in D.V. Zuravlev et al. (eds.), Wind Blows Down the Mount Mithridates. The Bosporos and the Black Sea in Antiquity. Studies Presented to V.P. Tolstikov on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, Moscow 2015, 126–134.
  • Gabelko 2017 O.L. Gabelko, Bithynia and Cappadocia: Royal Courts and Ruling Society in the Minor Hellenistic Monarchies, in A. Erskine, Ll. Llewellyn-Jones and S. Wallace (eds.), The Hellenistic Court. Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra, Swansea 2017.
  • Gehrke 2008 H.-J. Gehrke, Geschichte des Hellenismus, 4th ed., Munich 2008.
  • Grainger 1997 J.D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer, Leiden 1997.
  • Grainger 2010 J.D. Grainger, The Syrian Wars, Leiden 2010.
  • Grainger 2014 J.D. Grainger, The Rise of the Seleukid Empire (323–223 BC). Seleukos I to Seleukos III, Barnsley.
  • Habicht 2004 C. Habicht, The Dating of the Koan Monarchoi, in: Höghammer 2004, 61–67.
  • Habicht 2007 C. Habicht, Neues zur hellenistischen Geschichte von Kos, Chiron 37, 2007, 123–152.
  • Hämmerling 2019 R. Hämmerling, Zwischen dynastischem Selbstbild und literarischem Stereotyp. Königinnen der Seleukiden und der Mittelmächte Kleinasiens, Rahden in Westfalen 2019.
  • Hammond – Walbank 1988 N.G.L. Hammond – F.W. Walbank, A History of Macedonia, vol. 3, 1988.
  • Hallof 2010 K. Hallof, IG 12, 4, 1: inscriptiones Coi insulae: decreta, epistulae, edicta, tituli sacri, Berlin 2010.
  • Hallof – Hallof 2004 L. Hallof – K. Hallof, Zur Geschichte des Corpus Inscriptionum Coarum (IG XII 4), in: Höghammer 2004, 83–87.
  • Hatzopoulos 1996 M. Hatzopoulos, Macedonian Institutions Under the Kings, Athens, 2 vols. 1996.
  • Herzog 1899 R. Herzog, Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipzig 1899.
  • Herzog 1905 R. Herzog, Vorläufiger Bericht über die koische Expedition im Jahre 1904, Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 20 (Archäologischer Anzeiger) = Ath. Mitt. 1905, 173-183.
  • Herzog 1930 R. Herzog, Griechische Königsbriefe, Hermes 65, 1930, 455–471.
  • Herzog 1932 R. Herzog, Kos: Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen und Forschungen. 1. Asklepieion: Baubeschreibung und Baugeschichte, Berlin 1932.
  • Herzog – Klaffenbach 1952 R. Herzog – G. Klaffenbach, Asylieurkunden aus Kos (Abh. Akad. Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst 1952, 1), Berlin 1952.
  • Höghammer 2004 K. Höghammer (ed.), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos. State, Economy and Culture. Proceedings of an International Seminar organized by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 11–13 May, 2000, Uppsala 2004.
  • Jones 1993 C.P. Jones, The Decree of Illion in Honor of a King Antiochus, GRBS 34, 1993, 73–92.
  • Knäpper 2018 K. Knäpper, Hieros kai asylos. Territoriale Asylie im Hellenismus in ihrem historischen Kontext, Stuttgart 2018.
  • Kosmin 2018 P.J. Kosmin, Time and Its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire, Cambridge, MA 2018.
  • Kosmetatou 2012 E. Kosmetatou, Antigonids, EAH 2012, 456–459.
  • Kotsidu 2000 H. Kotsidu, ΤΙΜΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΟΞΑ: Ehrungen für hellenistische Herrscher im griechischen Mutterland und in Kleinasien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der archäologischen Denkmäler, Berlin 2000.
  • Kuzmin 2019 Y. Kuzmin, King Demetrius II of Macedon: In the Shadow of Father and Son, ŽAnt 69, 2019, 59–84.
  • Leschhorn 1993 W. Leschhorn, Antike Ären. Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte im Schwarzmeerraum und in Kleinasien nördlich des Tauros, Stuttgart 1993.
  • MacDonald 2005 D. MacDonald, An Introduction to the History and Coinage of the Kingdom of the Bosporus. Including the Coinage of Panticapaeum (with “Apollonia” and “Myrmecium”), Phanagoria, Gorgippia, Sindicus Limen or the Sindoi, Nymphaeum, Theodosia, and the Kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus, Lancaster 2005.
  • Marek 1993 C. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia, Tübingen 1993.
  • McAuley 2018 A. McAuley, The Tradition and Ideology of Naming Seleukid Queens, Historia 67, 2018, 472–494.
  • Michels 2009 C. Michels, Kulturtransfer und monarchischer ‘Philhellenismus’. Bithynien, Pontos und Kappadokien in hellenistischer Zeit, Göttingen 2009.
  • Monerie 2014 J. Monerie, D’Alexandre à Zoilos. Dictionnaire prosopographique des porteurs de nom grec dans les sources cunéiformes, Stuttgart 2014.
  • Müller 2010 C. Müller, D’Olbia à Tanaïs. Territoires et réseaux d’échanges dans la mer Noire septentrionale aux époques classiques et hellénistiques, Bordeaux 2010.
  • Piejko 1986 F. Piejko, Letter of Ptolemy II on the Coan Asylia (246 B.C.), Epigraphica 48, 1986, 9–15.
  • Ramsey 2020 G. Ramsey, Seleucid Land and Native Populations: Laodike II and the Competition for Power in Asia Minor and Babylonia, in: R. Oetjen (ed.), New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics. Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen, Berlin 2020, 243–263.
  • Raynor 2016 B. Raynor, Theorodokoi, Asylia, and the Cities of Macedonia, GRBS 56.2, 2016, 253–260.
  • Rigsby 1996 K.J. Rigsby, Asylia. Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World, Berkeley, CA 1996.
  • Rigsby – Hallof 2001 K.J. Rigsby – K. Hallof, Aus der Arbeit der “Inscriptiones Graecae” X. Decrees of Inviolability for Kos, Chiron 31, 2001, 333–346.
  • Rigsby 2004 K.J. Rigsby, Theoroi for the Koan Asklepieia, in Höghammer 2004, 9–14.
  • Roller 2020 D.W. Roller: Empire of the Black Sea: the Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World, Oxford 2020.
  • Rutherford 2014 I. Rutherford, State Pilgrims and Sacred Observers in Ancient Greece: A Study of Theōriā and Theōroi, New York 2014.
  • Sherwin-White 1978 S.M. Sherwin-White, Ancient Cos: an Historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period, Göttingen 1978.
  • Sonnabend 2021 H. Sonnabend, Cos, BNP Online 2021.
  • Stumpf 1991 G.R. Stumpf, Numismatische Studien zur Chronologie der römischen Statthalter in Kleinasien (122 v.Chr. – 163 n.Chr.), Saarbrücken 1991.
  • Tarn 1913/69 W.W. Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Oxford 1913, repr. 1969.
  • Toye 2011 D.L. Toye, Porphyry (260), BNJ 260, 2011.
  • van Bremen 2016 R. van Bremen, Olympichos and Mylasa: A New Inscription from the Temple of Zeus Osogō?, EA 49, 1–26.
  • Vitucci 1953 G. Vitucci, Il regno di Bitinia, Rome 1953.
  • Walbank et al. 1984 F. Walbank et al., The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII.1: The Hellenistic World, Cambridge, 2nd ed. 1984.
  • Wallenfels – van der Spek 2014 R. Wallenfels – R.J. van der Spek, Late Babylonian Archival and Administrative Tablets, in I. Spar – M. Jursa (eds.), The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C., New York, 203–230.
  • Welles, RC C.B. Welles, Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. A Study in Greek Epigraphy, London 1934, repr. Chicago 1974.
  • Wheatley 2012 P. Wheatley, Demetrios I Poliorketes, EAH 1995–1997. Cf. EAH online 2013.
  • Will 1979 É. Will, Histoire politique du monde hellénistique, Nancy, vol. 1, 2nd ed. 1979.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Altay Coşkun 0000-0002-4672-6195

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, A. (2021). The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. PHILIA, 7, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.36991/PHILIA.202102
AMA Coşkun A. The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. PHILIA. Aralık 2021;7:29-46. doi:10.36991/PHILIA.202102
Chicago Coşkun, Altay. “The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries”. PHILIA 7, Aralık (Aralık 2021): 29-46. https://doi.org/10.36991/PHILIA.202102.
EndNote Coşkun A (01 Aralık 2021) The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. PHILIA 7 29–46.
IEEE A. Coşkun, “The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries”, PHILIA, c. 7, ss. 29–46, 2021, doi: 10.36991/PHILIA.202102.
ISNAD Coşkun, Altay. “The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries”. PHILIA 7 (Aralık 2021), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.36991/PHILIA.202102.
JAMA Coşkun A. The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. PHILIA. 2021;7:29–46.
MLA Coşkun, Altay. “The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries”. PHILIA, c. 7, 2021, ss. 29-46, doi:10.36991/PHILIA.202102.
Vancouver Coşkun A. The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. PHILIA. 2021;7:29-46.